Midterm Chapter 1,3,11&14

As income goes up among U.S. families

the share of children going to college rises sharply

In Freud's model of personality,

the superego represents the presence of culture within the individual

More than 1 million immigrants enter the United States each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that:

the worlds nations are increasingly interconnected

two variables are said to display correlation if

they vary together

According to Ervin Goffman, the goal of a total institution is:

to radically alter a person's personality or behavior

For Karl Marx, the point of studying society was:

to reduce inequality

Max Weber urged sociologist

to strive toward the goal of being value-free in their research

From a sociological perspective, patterns of childbearing around the world suggest that the number of children born to a woman reflects:

whether she lives in a poor or rich society

Mead considered the "generalized other" to be:

widespread cultural norms and values people learn

Sociology is a good background for

work in advertising, criminal justice, and public relations

Middle-income Nations

A country in which the average income is typical for the world as a whole; and people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area

The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by

Auguste Comte

The United States falls within what income level category?

High-income nations

The basic reason that schooling is limited in India is that:

In India as in other poor countries, many families need children to work for income

In the United States

Men have a higher suicide rate than women

France

The country where sociology first developed

The experiment

The method of sociological research best suited to identifying cause-and-effect relationships

Max Weber

The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free

if we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves

We have constructed a theory of family life

anticipatory socialization

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join

In the United States, how does the life expectancy of white people differ from that of black people?

Whites live about five years longer

A sample

a small number of people used to represent an entire population

Family is important to the socialization process because:

a. Family members are often what Mead called "significant others." b. families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. c. parents greatly affect a child's self-concept.

Current research on human genetics promises to

a. not simply treat disease but stop it before it develops b. give people information about their future medical condition c. allow parents to asses the health profile of a future child

The importance of community colleges to higher education in the U.S. lies in the fact that these schools

a. place higher education within the financial reach of millions of people b. enroll half of all African American and Hispanic undergraduates c. have faculty that focus their efforts on classroom teaching rather than research

People usually do not recognize

all of the functions of any particular social structure

Because the U.S. is so rich,

almost 90 percent of students don't attend private schools

The structural-functional, social-conflict and symbolic-interaction approaches

are all used by sociologist in building theory

Gonorrhea ans Syphilis

are effectively treated with the drug penicillin

U.S. sociologist C. Wright Mills

argued that times of social crisis encourage widespread sociological thinking

Most private school students in the U.S.

attend a school operated by the Roman Catholic Church

In the U.S. half of all African American and Hispanic students in college

attend community colleges

The social-conflict approach is sometimes criticized for:

being clearly political

In the U.S. today, completing a four-year college degree

can add about $1 million to a person's lifetime income

Over a lifetime, a college degree

can add as much as $1 million to a person's income

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages:

challenging commonly held beliefs

Jean Piaget's focus was on:

cognition, which means how people think and understand

Historically, the sociological perspective was most likely to develop in

countries experiencing rapid social changes

Sociologist claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience confusion during adolescence is:

cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike

An idea in Freud's thinking that has special importance to sociology is his assertion that

culture demands that individuals become less self-centered

Peter Berger

described using the sociological perspective as seeing the general in the particular

Robert K Merton

did not say that social patterns have much the same effect of all members of a society

Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations:

do not apply to all individuals in some category, are based on all available facts and are offered fair-mindedly with an interest in the truth

In general, a structural-functional approach to health and medicine treats illness as

dysfunctional, preventing people from performing their roles

The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes:

exposing the child to people whose backgrounds differ from their own.

The cost of medical care in the United States, compared to the cost in other countries, is

far higher

on average, a U.S. household has at least one television turned on for about how many hours a day?

for about eight hours a day

The role of government in providing medical care is not

greater in the U.S. than in other high-income nations

Physicians in the former Soviet Union do not

have higher income than their counterparts in the U.S.

Learning more about other societies

helps us better understand our own way of life

Talcott Parsons describes the physician-patient relationship as

hierarchical with physicians in charge

Sociology differs from earlier philosophy by focusing on

how society actually operates

Human beings' basic drives, or needs are reflected in Freud's concept of:

id

In his study of prison behavior, Philip Zimbardo was trying to learn:

if prisons themselves create violence

two airplane passengers getting to know one another

illustrates a micro-level focus

By"Taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind:

imagining a situation from another person's point of view

Mandatory schooling came to Japan after

industrialization in the 1870's

The symbolic-interaction approach

is a micro-level orientation

A stereotype

is an exaggerated description that somebody applies to every person in a category of the population

providing people with recreation and physical conditioning

is an example of a manifest function of sports

In her research, Elizabeth Kubler-Ross found that death:

is an orderly transition involving specific stages

The focus of the structural-functional approach

is best described as the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society

Participant observation

is not a research method by which researchers stand back in the laboratory and carefully record the behavior of others

The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach

is not how society is divided by class, race and gender

Private insurance programs

is the most widespread strategy for covering people's medical expenses in the United States

Survey

is the research method that asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview

completing school

is the single most important factor in being defined as an adult

Theoretical approach

is the term for a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

Structural-functional approach

is the theoretical approach closest to that taken by early sociologist Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim

The social world guides human behavior

is what a sociologist might say about why an individual chooses a particular person to marry

From a social-conflict point of view, capitalism fails to support human health because

it makes quality of care dependent on income

In the socialization process, what makes the peer group different from the family is that the peer group:

lets children escape the direct supervision of parents

Patterns of socialization vary by class; in child rearing,

lower-class parents stress obedience, while well-to-do parents stress creativity.

In China

medical care is almost entirely under the control of government

Holistic medicine seeks to change the focus of

medical practice from treating symptoms of disease to preventing disease and promoting health

almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within what income category?

middle-income nations

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher

must strive to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research

In deciding what questions to ask as they begin research, sociologist are guided by

one or more theoretical approaches

In the world as a whole, about what share of all people cannot read or write?

one-third

The structural-functional and social-conflict theoretical approaches

paints societies in broad strokes at a macro-level

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that:

people see themselves as they think others see them

Race

refers to socially constructed categories based on biological traits a society defines as important

By saying that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that this point of view:

rejects the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives

Of all the high-income countries, the United States

relies the most on a direct-fee market system to pay for medical treatment

Looking at childhood in a global perspective, we find that:

rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do.

A major advantage of using existing data is

saving money, saving time and the quality of the data is often better than what you collect on your own

Following the social-conflict approach, patterns of health and illness are seen as resulting from

social inequality

Looking at the operations of US schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that:

society provides much better schooling to some categories of students than to others

Revolutionary changes in European societies

sparked the development of sociology

The theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the

structural-functional approach

How do people experience society?

summarizes the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach

the social-conflict approach

the "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change"

Social Structure

the concept that refers to relatively stable patterns of social behavior

Sociology

the discipline that defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"

In Freud's model of personality the ego is

the element of the personality which represents a person's efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society

According to George Herbert Mead, social experience is based on

the exchange of symbols

Cigarette smoking is

the greatest preventable cause of death in the United States

Symbolic-interaction views health as:

the meanings people attach to health and illness

In general, the higher a family's income,

the more likely children in the family will attend college

Genital herpes is not

the most deadly of all sexually transmitted diseases (STD's).