Midterm Chapter 1,3,11&14
As income goes up among U.S. families
the share of children going to college rises sharply
In Freud's model of personality,
the superego represents the presence of culture within the individual
More than 1 million immigrants enter the United States each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that:
the worlds nations are increasingly interconnected
two variables are said to display correlation if
they vary together
According to Ervin Goffman, the goal of a total institution is:
to radically alter a person's personality or behavior
For Karl Marx, the point of studying society was:
to reduce inequality
Max Weber urged sociologist
to strive toward the goal of being value-free in their research
From a sociological perspective, patterns of childbearing around the world suggest that the number of children born to a woman reflects:
whether she lives in a poor or rich society
Mead considered the "generalized other" to be:
widespread cultural norms and values people learn
Sociology is a good background for
work in advertising, criminal justice, and public relations
Middle-income Nations
A country in which the average income is typical for the world as a whole; and people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area
The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by
Auguste Comte
The United States falls within what income level category?
High-income nations
The basic reason that schooling is limited in India is that:
In India as in other poor countries, many families need children to work for income
In the United States
Men have a higher suicide rate than women
France
The country where sociology first developed
The experiment
The method of sociological research best suited to identifying cause-and-effect relationships
Max Weber
The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free
if we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves
We have constructed a theory of family life
anticipatory socialization
When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join
In the United States, how does the life expectancy of white people differ from that of black people?
Whites live about five years longer
A sample
a small number of people used to represent an entire population
Family is important to the socialization process because:
a. Family members are often what Mead called "significant others." b. families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. c. parents greatly affect a child's self-concept.
Current research on human genetics promises to
a. not simply treat disease but stop it before it develops b. give people information about their future medical condition c. allow parents to asses the health profile of a future child
The importance of community colleges to higher education in the U.S. lies in the fact that these schools
a. place higher education within the financial reach of millions of people b. enroll half of all African American and Hispanic undergraduates c. have faculty that focus their efforts on classroom teaching rather than research
People usually do not recognize
all of the functions of any particular social structure
Because the U.S. is so rich,
almost 90 percent of students don't attend private schools
The structural-functional, social-conflict and symbolic-interaction approaches
are all used by sociologist in building theory
Gonorrhea ans Syphilis
are effectively treated with the drug penicillin
U.S. sociologist C. Wright Mills
argued that times of social crisis encourage widespread sociological thinking
Most private school students in the U.S.
attend a school operated by the Roman Catholic Church
In the U.S. half of all African American and Hispanic students in college
attend community colleges
The social-conflict approach is sometimes criticized for:
being clearly political
In the U.S. today, completing a four-year college degree
can add about $1 million to a person's lifetime income
Over a lifetime, a college degree
can add as much as $1 million to a person's income
Making use of the sociological perspective encourages:
challenging commonly held beliefs
Jean Piaget's focus was on:
cognition, which means how people think and understand
Historically, the sociological perspective was most likely to develop in
countries experiencing rapid social changes
Sociologist claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience confusion during adolescence is:
cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike
An idea in Freud's thinking that has special importance to sociology is his assertion that
culture demands that individuals become less self-centered
Peter Berger
described using the sociological perspective as seeing the general in the particular
Robert K Merton
did not say that social patterns have much the same effect of all members of a society
Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations:
do not apply to all individuals in some category, are based on all available facts and are offered fair-mindedly with an interest in the truth
In general, a structural-functional approach to health and medicine treats illness as
dysfunctional, preventing people from performing their roles
The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes:
exposing the child to people whose backgrounds differ from their own.
The cost of medical care in the United States, compared to the cost in other countries, is
far higher
on average, a U.S. household has at least one television turned on for about how many hours a day?
for about eight hours a day
The role of government in providing medical care is not
greater in the U.S. than in other high-income nations
Physicians in the former Soviet Union do not
have higher income than their counterparts in the U.S.
Learning more about other societies
helps us better understand our own way of life
Talcott Parsons describes the physician-patient relationship as
hierarchical with physicians in charge
Sociology differs from earlier philosophy by focusing on
how society actually operates
Human beings' basic drives, or needs are reflected in Freud's concept of:
id
In his study of prison behavior, Philip Zimbardo was trying to learn:
if prisons themselves create violence
two airplane passengers getting to know one another
illustrates a micro-level focus
By"Taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind:
imagining a situation from another person's point of view
Mandatory schooling came to Japan after
industrialization in the 1870's
The symbolic-interaction approach
is a micro-level orientation
A stereotype
is an exaggerated description that somebody applies to every person in a category of the population
providing people with recreation and physical conditioning
is an example of a manifest function of sports
In her research, Elizabeth Kubler-Ross found that death:
is an orderly transition involving specific stages
The focus of the structural-functional approach
is best described as the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society
Participant observation
is not a research method by which researchers stand back in the laboratory and carefully record the behavior of others
The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach
is not how society is divided by class, race and gender
Private insurance programs
is the most widespread strategy for covering people's medical expenses in the United States
Survey
is the research method that asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview
completing school
is the single most important factor in being defined as an adult
Theoretical approach
is the term for a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
Structural-functional approach
is the theoretical approach closest to that taken by early sociologist Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim
The social world guides human behavior
is what a sociologist might say about why an individual chooses a particular person to marry
From a social-conflict point of view, capitalism fails to support human health because
it makes quality of care dependent on income
In the socialization process, what makes the peer group different from the family is that the peer group:
lets children escape the direct supervision of parents
Patterns of socialization vary by class; in child rearing,
lower-class parents stress obedience, while well-to-do parents stress creativity.
In China
medical care is almost entirely under the control of government
Holistic medicine seeks to change the focus of
medical practice from treating symptoms of disease to preventing disease and promoting health
almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within what income category?
middle-income nations
The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher
must strive to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research
In deciding what questions to ask as they begin research, sociologist are guided by
one or more theoretical approaches
In the world as a whole, about what share of all people cannot read or write?
one-third
The structural-functional and social-conflict theoretical approaches
paints societies in broad strokes at a macro-level
When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that:
people see themselves as they think others see them
Race
refers to socially constructed categories based on biological traits a society defines as important
By saying that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that this point of view:
rejects the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives
Of all the high-income countries, the United States
relies the most on a direct-fee market system to pay for medical treatment
Looking at childhood in a global perspective, we find that:
rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do.
A major advantage of using existing data is
saving money, saving time and the quality of the data is often better than what you collect on your own
Following the social-conflict approach, patterns of health and illness are seen as resulting from
social inequality
Looking at the operations of US schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that:
society provides much better schooling to some categories of students than to others
Revolutionary changes in European societies
sparked the development of sociology
The theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the
structural-functional approach
How do people experience society?
summarizes the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach
the social-conflict approach
the "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change"
Social Structure
the concept that refers to relatively stable patterns of social behavior
Sociology
the discipline that defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"
In Freud's model of personality the ego is
the element of the personality which represents a person's efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society
According to George Herbert Mead, social experience is based on
the exchange of symbols
Cigarette smoking is
the greatest preventable cause of death in the United States
Symbolic-interaction views health as:
the meanings people attach to health and illness
In general, the higher a family's income,
the more likely children in the family will attend college
Genital herpes is not
the most deadly of all sexually transmitted diseases (STD's).