Midterm Chapters 1-6 Database Systems Design, Implementation and Management (12e)

Data Dictionary

" A DBMS component that stores metadata- data about data. Thus, the ____________________ _____________ contains the data definition as well as their characteristics and relationships. It may also include data that are external to the DBMS.

Data Quality

"A comprehensive approach to ensuring the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of data."

Business Intelligence (BI)

"A comprehensive, cohesive, and integrated set of tools and processes used to capture, collect, integrate, store, and analyze data with the purpose of generating and presenting information to support business decision making."

Data Anomoly

"A data abnormality in which inconsistent changes have been made to a database and not all of the required changes in the redundant data are made successfully. For example, and employee moves, but the address change is not corrected in all files in the database."

Cloud Database

"A database that is created and maintained using cloud services, such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS."

Business Rule

"A description of a policy, procedure, or principle within an organization. For example, a pilot cannot be on duty for more than 10 hours during a 24-hour period, or a professor may teach up to four classes during a semester."

Bottom-up Design

"A design that starts by identifying the data elements and the groups them together in data sets. In other words, it first defines attributes, and then groups them to form entities."

Description of Operations

"A document that provides a precise, up-to-date, and thoroughly reviewed description of the activities that define an organization's operating environment, ideally it"

Candidate Key

"A minimal superkey; that is, a key that does not contain a subset of attributes that is itself a superkey."

Big Data

"A movement to find new and better ways to manage large amounts of web-generated data and derive business insight from it, while simultaneously providing high performance and scalability at a reasonable cost."

Denormalization

"A process by which a table is changed from a higher-level normal form to a lower-level normal form, usually to increase processing speed. _____________________ potentially yields data anomalies."

Data Management

"A process that focuses on data collection, storage, and retrieval. Common data management functions include addition, deletions, modification, and listing."

Dependency Diagram

"A representation of all data dependencies (primary key, partial, or transitive) within a table. )"

Conceptual Schema

"A representation of the conceptual model, usually expressed graphically.

Crow's Foot Notation

"A representation of the entity relationship diagram that uses a three-pronged symbol to represent the ""many"" sides of the relationship."

Data Model

"A representation, usually graphic, of a complex ""real-world"" data structure. Data models are used in the database design phase of the Database Life Cycle."

Constraint

"A restriction placed on data, usually expressed in the form of rules. For example, ""A student's GPA must be between 0.00 and 4.00."" (Constraints are important because they help to ensure data integrity.)"

Computer-aided Systems Engineering (CASE)

"A set of tools, such as System Architect or Visio Professional, help produce better systems within a reasonable amount of time and at a reasonable cost. ___________ produced applications are more structured, better documented, and especially standardized, which tends to prolong the operational life of systems by making them easier and cheaper to update and maintain."

Ad Hoc Query

"A spur-of-the-moment query."

Binary Relationship

"An ER term for an association (relationship) between two entities. For example, PROFESSOR teaches CLASS."

Composite Attributes

"An attribute that can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes. For example, a phone number such as 617-896-2368 may be divided into an area code (617), and exchange number (896), and a four digit code (2368). Compare to simple attribute."

Derived Attribute

"An attribute that does not physically exist within an entity and is derived via an algorithm. For example, the Age attribute might be derived by subtracting the birth date from the current day."

Data Warehouse

"An integrated, subject-oriented, time-variant, nonvolatile collection of data in a specialized database that stores historical and aggregated data in a format that provides supports for decision making."

Database System

"An organization of components that defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, and use of data in a database environment."

DB Factors to Consider

"Cost, DBMS features and tools, underlying model, portability, DBMS hardware requirements"

Boundaries

"In DBLC, externally imposed limits to the system. They could also be imposed by existing hardware and software."

Composite Identifier

"In ER modeling, a key composed of more than one attribute."

Data Integrity

"In a relational database, a condition in which the data in the database complies with all entity and referential and integrity restraints."

DIFFERENCE

"In relational algebra, an operation used to yield all rows from one table that are not found in another union-compatible table."

ANSI SQL Standard Constraints

"Not Null, Unique, Default, and Check"

Data Note

"One of three types of nodes used in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The _____ ____ stores fixed-size data blocks (that could be replicated to other data nodes). See also, Client Node and Name Node."

Data

"Raw facts, or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user."

Common Sources of DB Failure

"Software, hardware, programming exemptions, transactions, and external factors"

Database Initial Study in DBLC

"Step 1 in DBLC: Includes Analyze the company situation, define problems and constraints, define objectives, and define scope and boundaries"

Database Design in DBLC

"Step 2 in DBLC: Create the conceptual design, DBMS software selection, Create the logical design, and create the physical design"

Conceptual Design

"The first stage in the database design process. The goal at this stage is to design a that is independent of database software and physical details. The output of this process is a conceptual data model that describes the main data entities, attributes, relationships and constraints of a given problem domain. It is descriptive and narrative in form."

Data Definition Language (DDL)

"The language that allows a database administrator to define the database structure, schema, and subschema."SQL commands to create database objects such as tables, indexes, and views, as well as commands to define access rights to those database objects. (Create Table, Primary Key, Drop Table)"

Database Life Cycle (DBLC)

"The lifecycle of the database within the larger SDLC. Contains Database Initial Study, Database Design, Implementation and Loading, Testing and Evaluation, Operation, Maintenance and Evolution."

Class Hierarchy

"The organization of classes in a hierarchical tree in which each parent class is a superclass and each child class is a subclass. See also, inheritance."

Conceptual Model

"The output of the conceptual design process. The __________ ___________ provides a global view of an entire database and describes the main data objects, voiding details."

Determination

"The role of a key. In the context of a database table, the statement "A determines B" indicates that knowing the value of attribute A means that the value of attribute B can be looked up."

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

"The set of commands that allows an end user to manipulate the data in the database, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK."

Connectivity

"The type of relationship between entities. Classifications include 1:1, 1:M , and M:N."

Determination of Subtypes and Supertypes

"There must be different, identifiable kinds of types of the entity in the user's environment. The different kinds of types of instances should each have one or more attributes that are unique to that kind of type of instance."

3 Vs

"Three basic characteristics of Big Data databases: volume, velocity, and variety."

Desirable Primary Key Characteristics

"Unique Values, Nonintelligent, No Change Over Time, Preferable Single-Attribute, Preferably Numeric, Security-Compliant"

Analysis in SDLC

"User requirements, existing system evaluation, and logical system design"

data management

"discipline that focuses on the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of data"

Database

"shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of end-user data and metadata; a collection of self-describing data; resembles a very well-organized electronic filing cabinet in which powerful software helps manage the cabinet's contents"

Attribute

A characteristic of an entity or object. An attribute has a name and data type.

Class

A collection of similar objects with shared structure (attributes) and behavior (methods). A class encapsulates an object's data representation and a method's implementation. Classes are organized in a class hierarchy.

Data Independence

A condition in which data access is unaffected by changes in the physical data storage characteristics.

Data Inconsistency

A condition in which different versions of the same data yield different (inconsistent) results.

Completeness Constraint

A constraint that specifies whether each entity supertype occurrence must also be a member of at least on subtype. The _________ __________ can be partial or total.

Analytical Database

A database focused primarily on storing historical data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making.

Centralized Database

A database located at a single site.

Discipline-Specific Database

A database that contains data focused on specific subject areas.

American National Standards Institute(ANSI)

A group that accepted the DBTG recommendations and augmented database standards in 1975 through its SPARC committee.

Composite Key

A multiple-attribute key.

Design Trap

A problem that occurs when a relationship is improperly or incompletely identified and therefore is represented in a way that is not consistent with the real world. The most common ________ ________ is known as a fan trap.

Closure

A property of relational operators that permits the use of relational algebra operators on existing tables (relations) to produce new relations.

Cardinality

A property that assigns a specific value to connectivity and expresses the range of allowed entity occurrences associated with a single occurrence of the related entity.

Database Role

A set of database privileges that could be assigned as a unit to a user or group.

Desktop Database

A single-user database that runs on a personal computer.

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

A special type of third normal form (3NF) in which every determinant is a candidate key is known as ____________________ form.

Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)

A special type of third normal form which every determinant is a candidate key. A table in BCNF must be in 3NF.

Database Fragment

A subset of a database that is stored at a given location.

Atomic Attribute

An _______________ ______________ cannot be further subdivided to produce meaningful components. For example a person's last name attribute cannot be meaningfully subdivided.

Alias

An alternate name given to a column or table in any SQL statement

Dependent

An attribute whose value is determined by another attribute is known as a ______________.

Composite Entity

An entity designed to transform an M:N relationship into two 1:M relationships. The ______________ _______________'s primary key comprises at lease the primary keys of the entities that it connects. Also known as a bridge entity or associated entity.

Determinant

Any attribute in a specific row whose value directly determines other values in that row. See also BoyceCodd Normal Form (BCNF)

Denormalization

Based on user demand that produces a lower normal form.

"Associative, bridge"

Composite Entity is synonymous with an ________________ entity and a ____________ entity.

Detailed Systems Design in SDLC

Detailed system specification

Data Redundancy

Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places.

Client Node

One of three types of nodes used in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The ________ _______ acts as the interface between the user application and HDFS.

Differential Backup

Only the objects that have been updates or modified since the last full backup are backed up

Associative Entity

Same as Composite Entity

Composite (associative) Entity

Split M:N relationships by creating linking entity with 1:M relationship with parent entities composed of primary key attributes of each parent entity

Attribute Domain

The ______________ _______________is the set of values allowed in an attribute.

Database Management System (DBMS)

The collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.

Decentralized Design

The design process used when the system's data component has a considerable number of entities and complex relations on which very complex operations are performed. It is often used when the problem itself is spread across several operational sites and each element is a subset of the entire data set.

Centralized Design

The design process used when there are a relatively small number of objects and procedures. The design can be carried out and represented in a fairly simple database.

Data Processing (DP) Specialist

The person responsible for developing and managing a computerized file processing system.

Data Modeling

The process of creating a specific data model for a determined problem domain.

Database Development

The process of database design and implementation.

Database Design

The process that yields the description of the database structure and determines the database components. The second phase of the Database Life Cycle.

Authentication

The process the DBMS uses to verify that only registered users access the database. Requires a user ID and password.

Class Diagram Notation

The set of symbols used in the creation of class diagrams in UML object modeling.

Cohesivity

The strength of the relationships found among the module's entities.

Atomicity

The transaction property that requires all parts of a transaction to be treated as a single indivisible logical unit of work is called _____________. All parts of a transaction must be completed or the entire transaction is aborted.

database management system (DBMS)

a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database; intermediary between the user and the database

data inconsistency

exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places

Chen Notation

favors conceptual modeling (ER model)

database design

refers to the activities that focus on the design of the database structure that will be used to store and manage end-user data

data integrity

the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions

data dictionary

used by the dbms to look up the required data component structures and relationship

data dependence

when change to any of the file's data storage characteristics change all data access programs

data independence

when you can change the data storage characteristics without affecting the program's ability to access the data