midterm
In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Congress placed the _________ in charge of protecting the nation's ports.
Coast Guard
Free expression clause
Confers the right to unrestricted public discourse that does not threaten public order
The framers of the Constitution intended _________ to be the strongest branch(es) of government.
Congress
This was the Branch the framers of the Constitution intended to be the strongest branch of government
Congress
Survey methodology did not become a powerful research tool until the
1950's
Survey methodology did not become a powerful research tool until the
1950s
In 1955, there were 9 workers for every Social Security beneficiary; by 2011, there were ___.
2.9
Proposal
2/3 vote in either house or senate or national convention summoned by congress at the request of 23 of state legislatures
The amendment lowering the voting age to eighteen is the
26th amendment
Including the Bill of Rights, __________ amendments have been added to the Constitution.
27 Amendments
. The U.S. Fiscal Year 2015 budget submitted by President Obama reflected expended federal government spending of approximately _________ dollars.
3,901 billion
Historians estimate that _____ percent of Americans supported the Revolution in July 1776
40
Historians estimate that _____ percent of Americans supported the Revolution in July 1776.
40
Before it could take effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by __________ states.
9
Before it could take effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by ______
9 states
James Madison made all but which of the following arguments in his essay, Federalist No. 10?
Factions can be eliminated without removing Americans' freedoms.
The major agents of early socialization in the United States are
Family, school, community, and peers
After the failure of the Articles of Confederation, the founders adopted this form of government, strong enough to maintain order but not to dominate the states.
Federal Government
Supporters of the Constitution named themselves
Federalists
Supporters of the Constitution named themselves
Federalists.
Earmarks
Federally funded local projects attached to bills passed through Congress.
Jefferson's opinion of the King
Jefferson denounced the king for participating in slavery
Thomas Jefferson' statement in the Declaration of independence that says that "all men are created equal" is similar to _________ belief that government should be based on the "consent of the governed"
John Locke
Which statement is true about most congressional elections today?
Most congressional elections are not very competitive.
Researchers have found that political apathy is _________ in the United States compared to almost all other nations.
Much lower
Citizen mobilization to stop construction of a nuclear waste facility near their homes would be an example of the _________ phenomenon.
NIMBY
With no one taking the lead in an interest group's traditional agenda building role, in the wake of the Newtown massacre the only legislation that passed was ______________.
No legislation was passed in response to the Newtown massacre.
What rules govern the use of referenda at the federal level?
No provisions exist for the use of referenda at the federal level.
Democratic Party
One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights
The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called
Political socialization
implied powers
Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution, but expected to be asserted by the national government to carry out
Communitarians
Prefer a large role for government in both the economic and social spheres
Libertarians
Prefer a small government in regards to both social and economic policy
The first political institution that young children tend to focus on is the
President
The ______________ principle indicates that what is learned first is learned best
Primacy
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
Raised the individual contribution limit to $2,000 per election, changed aggregate contribution limits, outlawed "soft money", & implemented new advertising requirements
Amendment process
Proposal and Ratification
Free Exercise Clause
Protects religions beliefs, but not actions based on those beliefs.
The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes
Questioning established values
The accuracy of the population sample used for public opinion polls depends on
Randomness of selection, size of sample, and variation in the population
Shay's Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shay preventing the foreclosure of farms
______ Is an election on a public policy issue
Referendum
Judicial Review
The power to declare congresional (and presidental) acts invalid becauase they violate the constitution.
Judicial Review
The power to declare congressional (and presidential) acts invalid because they violate the Constitution.
Judicial review
The power to declare congressional (and presidential) acts invalid because they violate the Constitution.
Which of the following is not a power granted to the president under the Constitution?
The power to declare war
Enumerate Powers
The powers explicitly granted to congress by the constitution.
Executive Office of the President
The president's executive aides and their staffs; the extended White House executive establishment.
Politics is
The process of resolving conflicts, The struggle for power in organizations, The process of deciding who gets what, when, and how, Involved in all levels of government.
One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that
The public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on daily issues of government
Front-loading
The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention.
Which of the following is NOT an essential premise of dual federalism?
The relationship between nation and state is best characterized by cooperation
the primary challenge to the democratization of Iraq after the overthrow dictator Saddam Hussein is
The religious conflict between the Sunni and the Shiite branches of Islam
The Bill of Rights includes the following rights for criminal defendants
The right to speedy and public trial, The right to silence, The right to due process, The right to a lawyer.
The idea that all adult within the boundary of a political community should be allowed to vote
Universal participation
Based on 2012 data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the United States is home to as many as __________ local governments of different sorts.
90,000
the main positive result of the Annapolis Convention
A call for a larger meeting of the states, with a broader mission
Timeline leading up to the Declaration of Independnece
Colonists enjoyed many freedoms, Protection by Britain authorized Britain to tax policies according to Englishman, Sons of Liberty destroyed taxed items, Boston tea party, Continental Congress, Right of "life, liberty, property," Revolution
Republic
A government without a monarch, a government rooted in the consent of the governed, whose power is exercized by elected representatives responsible to the governed.
Republic
A government without monarchy
Cabinet
A group of advisers to the president.
With regard to PAC contributions and congressional votes, political scientists
have not been able to document any consistent link between the two.
By 2013, __________ grants consumed more than 50 percent of national government grants to the states.
health
A libertarian is most likely to exhibit the characteristics of
high income and high education
Numerous recent preemptions have focused on...
homeland security
Congress and the states moved quickly to pass the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which lowered the voting age to eighteen, because they
hoped to channel student energy away from demonstrations and toward more conventional forms of participation
An organized group that seeks to influence government policy
interest group
Americans contributing money to a candidate's campaign is best defined as a form of
influencing behavior.
A citizen group gathering enough signature on a petition to force a popular vote on a statewide lottery proposal is an example of
initiative
Citizens circulating petition to gather signatures to put a policy question on the ballot is an example of an
initiative
Cesar Chavez's work to organize California workers into the United Farm Workers makes him an example of a(n)
interest group entrepreneur.
Any organization of individuals formed on the basis of common interest to influence public policy is called a(n)...
interest group.
Initiatives are often sponsored by these groups even though they are instrument of majoritarian democracy
interest groups
Although they are instruments of majoritarian democracy, initiatives are often sponsored by...
interest groups.
A citizen's group gathers enough signatures on a petition to force a popular vote on a statewide lottery proposal. This proposal would represent a(n)...
initiative.
When citizens circulate petitions to gather a certain minimum number of signatures to put a policy question on the ballot, it is called a(n)...
initiative.
To stay in business in the digital age, many newspapers have __________ their online content, with varying degrees of success.
instituted paywalls for
The __________ is the term researchers use to characterize the overall collection of national, state, and local governments in the United States.
intergovernmental system
The ___________ is the term researchers use to characterize the overall collection of national, state and local governments in the United States.
intergovernmental system
Articles I of the Constitution refers to the
legislative branch
Article I of the Constitution refers to the
legislative branch.
Most referenda are placed on the ballot by
legislatures
Most referenda are placed on the ballot by
legislatures.
How likely are voters to participate in state and local elections compared with national elections?
less likely
In nineteen presidential elections since 1936, Gallup polls have deviated from actual results by
less than 1.0 percentage point.
In nineteen presidential elections since 1936, Gallup polls have deviated from actual results by
less than 1.0 percentage points
Today, college students are much more __________ than the general public.
liberal
Available evidence seems to indicate that there are _________ among journalists and reporters.
liberal leanings
People who are not religious are more likely to be categorized as
libertarian
Federal Judges (unless they are impeached) serve for
life
In 2014, voters in Switzerland approved an initiative to
limit immigration
In 2014, voters in Switzerland approved an initiative to...
limit immigration.
Categories of the last 17 amendments
make public policy, correct deficiencies in government structure, promote equality
Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ___________ model more difficult to sustain.
majoritarian
Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ___________ model of democracy more difficult to sustain.
majoritarian
A popular election is the primary mechanism for democratic government in which model?
majoritarian model
Cohesive political parties with well-defined program contribute to the
majoritarian model of democracy
Cohesive political parties with well-defined programs contribute to the...
majoritarian model of democracy.
A requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service that maintains a minimum national standard is called a(n)...
mandate
The first fighting in the American Revolution happened in ________ in early 1775.
massachusetts
Established procedures and organizations that translate public opinion into government policy, like elections, are known as institutional...
mechanisms.
In recent years, the Supreme Court has denied states the power to execute individuals who are...
mentally disabled and/or seventeen years old
In recent years, the Supreme Court has denied states the power to execute individuals who are
mentally disabled and/or seventeen years old.
An important problem with the procedural view of democracy is that is can clash with
minority rights
All of the following are principles of procedural democracy except...
minority rights.
An important problem with the procedural view of democracy is that it can clash with...
minority rights.
Psychological explanations of turnout suggest that voting will rise if
more Americans believe that government is responsive.
When the wealthy and the rest of the population in American have differing policy goals the preference of the majority will ______
most likely prevail
In most democracies other than the United States, there is __________ support for the view that jobs and incomes for the unemployed are a right.
much more
In most democracies other that the US there is _____ support for the view that jobs and income for the unemployed are a right
much more
Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by two-thirds votes in both the House and the Senate or by a
national convention
When Roger B. Taney became chief justice in 1836, the Court imposed firm limits on the powers of...
national government
Surveys show today that approximately __________ of the American population today think that the United States needs a third party.
one-half
Portland's incorporation of neighborhood association into municipal government is an example of ...
participatory democracy
New England town meetings are an example of...
participatory democracy.
Portland's incorporation of neighborhood associations into its municipal government is an example of...
participatory democracy.
While majority rule is defined as decision making by 50 percent plus one person, _________ is defined as decision making by most participants.
plurality rule
A citizen, interest group member, or public official who champions a particular policy idea is called a
policy entrepreneur.
A country abiding by the principle "one man, one vote" is practicing...
political equality
A country abiding by the principle "one person, one vote" is practicing...
political equality.
The set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called
political ideology
The text defines __________ as the actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or support government and politics.
political participation
Shays Rebellion consisted of farmers trying to _______
prevent foreclosure on their property for debts and taxes owed
In Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court found _________ is(are) unconstitutional.
preventing blacks from voting in primary elections
The ______________ principle indicates that what is learned first is learned best.
primacy
The chief goal of the drafters of the Articles of Confederation was to
protect states' rights.
According to the text, with respect to political participation, "_________ is the great equalizer,..."
protest
The effect of the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which enfranchised eighteen-to-twenty-year-olds, was to
reduce the national voter turnout rate.
An election on a public policy issue is called a(n)...
referenda
Twenty-four states allow for _____ which is a policy question that the state legislature places on the ballot and allows citizens to vote on it.
referenda
In 2015 the government of Ireland held a(an) __________, in which voters legalized gay marriage.
referendum
The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is to
reflect the views of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy
The fairness doctrine, the equal opportunities rule, and the reasonable access rule are all rules under which the FCC has
regulate broadcast media content.
The national government has come to rely increasingly on its _______ power to shape state policies.
regulatory
The national government has come to rely increasingly on its _______ power to shape state policies.
regulatory
One primary challenge to democratization in Iraq after the overthrow of dictator Saddam Hussein is the...
religious conflict between Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam.
The three-fifths compromise resolved the issue of
representation of slaves
Most democracies give power to...
representatives.
resting in the consent of the governed through their representatives is a _______ government
republican government
The Twelfth Amendment
required the electoral college to vote separately for president and vice president.
A(n) _____ forbids state governments from exercising certain powers.
restraint
In the 2000 election, the candidacy of Ralph Nader
resulted in a loss of support for the Democratic candidate, Al Gore.
Originally, the Constitutional Convention's purpose was to
revise the Articles of Confederation.
The Printz v. United States decision was held to violate the constitutional principle of ___________ by transferring the president's executive authority to local sheriffs.
separation of powers
The assignment in the Constitution of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches respectively is known as
separation of powers.
Most politicians and many scholars believe that the media's greatest influence on politics is its ability to
set the political agenda.
a Political system that is "democratic" cannot be
simply defined
When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as
skewed
When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as
skewed.
In the past few years, there has been a ______ in the number of democracies around the world
slight decline
Agreement among substantive theories break down when the discussion move from civil rights to
social and economic rights
After the Constitution was amended to permit the federal government to levy a progressive income tax, government could more effectively further the goal of
social equality
After the Constitution was amended to permit the federal government to levy a progressive income tax, government could more effectively further the goal of
social equality.
Agreement among substantive theorists breaks down when the discussion moves from civil rights to...
social rights and economic rights.
A government-backed guarantee against loss by individuals without regard to need is a(n) ________________ program.
social welfare
The Daughters of Liberty opposed British rule by
spinning their own cloth and using colonial products rather than buying imported British products.
Which metaphor best describes cooperative federalism?
sponge cake
A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is a
stable
A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is called a _____ distribution
stable
According to the text, one could see the rise of coercive federalism as simply shifting the pluralist struggle from...
state capitals to Washington D.C.
The lines that define congressional districts are usually drawn by...
state legislatures
The lines that define congressional districts are usually drawn by
state legislatures.
The chief goal of the drafters of the Articles of Confederation was to protect
states' rights
Preclearance is the process of...
submitting redistricting plans to the Justice Department for approval
Preclearance is the process of
submitting redistricting plans to the Justice Department for approval.
Bible reading in public schools would violate a ___________ principle, freedom of religion.
substantive
Freedom of religion or freedom of speech are _________ principles.
substantive
The ____________ view of democracy is likely to see anti-gay marriage laws as undemocratic.
substantive
Today, the mass media conduct most polls by
telephone
During the New Deal era, Congress did NOT...
temporarily claim extra constitutional powers to meet the national emergency
Congressional redistricting occurs once every ____ years.
ten
The Bill of Rights consists of the first __________ amendments to the Constitution.
ten
From the 1930s to the mid-1990s, the Supreme Court...
tended to support expansion of national authority
Mandates (funded and unfunded)
terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants
In America, when the wealthy and the rest of the population have differing policy goals...
the preference of the wealthy will most often prevail.
In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote
both order and equality over freedom
Young Americans are more reliably socialized into their parents' religions when
both parents follow the same religion
Children are likely to adopt their parents' party identification when
both parents strongly identify with the same party.
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is an example of _________ federalism.
cooperative
The use of highway construction funds has been an effective means to promote
cooperative federalism
The use of highway construction funds has been an effective means to promote...
cooperative federalism
In McCulloch v. Maryland, Chief Justice Marshall employed the principle of
cooperative federalism.
Under the Constitution, the slave trade
could be ended after 20 years
Under the Constitution, the slave trade
could be ended after twenty years.
The text suggests that the United States struggled to promote democracy in countries that...
could not accept high degree of tolerance and freedom allowed to all groups in society.
A legal action brought by a person or group on behalf of a number of people in similar circumstances is also known as a(n)
class action suit.
According to the cooperative federalism model, the functions and responsibilities of the national and state governments are not...
clearly defined
A primary election in which voters must declare their party affiliation before they are given the primary ballot is a(n) ________ primary.
closed
In response to the use of national mandates and restraints that have become so dominant, theorists have developed a new theory known as _____ federalism.
coercive
The ___________ gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states.
commerce clause
The Greek word "demos", which is the root term of the word democracy, means
common people
The Greek word demos, which is the root of the term democracy, means...
common people
The original draft of the Declaration of Independence
condemned the king's support of the slave trade.
a loose association of independent states is best described as a
confederation
Deciding on the legality of marijuana through ballot propositions is an example of...
direct democracy.
seperation of powers
dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
Regarding the Internet, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
does not have jurisdiction to regulate Internet content.
Someone who believes that the elastic clause of the Constitution should be narrowly interpreted is MOST likely to endorse the concept of ________ federalism.
dual
Conservatives are often associated with ___________, while liberals are often associated with __________.
dual federalism; cooperative federalism
The Great Depression represented a shift away from __________ and toward __________.
dual federalism; cooperative federalism
While always a part of the federal arsenal, federal grants-in-aid grew at an astonishing pace
during the 1960s.
The standard socioeconomic model of participation chiefly refers to
education, income, and occupation.
A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as a(n) __________ clause.
elastic
The "necessary and proper" clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution is an example of a(n) "__________ clause."
elastic
A 2011 news analysis found that cable TV was particularly devoted to __________ whereas online news sites and newspapers provided more coverage of __________.
election coverage; foreign affairs
The central value underlying Lyndon Johnson's Great Society was
equality.
A central question in the McCulloch case was whether or not Congress had the power to
establish a national bank
A central question in the McCulloch case was whether or not Congress had the power to...
establish a national bank
Independent agencies
executive agencies that are not part of a cabinet department
The constitutional amendment process requires
extraordinary majorities.
A sign that pluralist democracy might NOT be working well in the United States is the...
fact that the best represented sectors in Washington are business and professional groups.
The now-abolished __________ obligated broadcasters to discuss public issues and to provide equal coverage of all opinions on those issues.
fairness doctrine
For most people, the first agent of political socialization is
family
Generally, the first agent of political socialization that people are exposed to is
family
The major agents of early socialization in the United States are
family, school, community, and peers
Shays's Rebellion consisted of
farmers trying to prevent foreclosure on their property for debts and taxes owed.
Since 1995 the Supreme Court has frequently
favored states' rights
Since 1995 the Supreme Court has frequently...
favored states' rights
The main disadvantage of the pluralist model is that it...
favors groups who need help the least.
A state moves its primary to an earlier date to encourage presidential candidates who would otherwise have skipped that state to campaign there. This is known as
front-loading.
Conflicts related to power-sharing between states and the national government are settled by...
the supreme court
Public opinion polls can be criticized on the grounds that
the way a pollster words a question can determine the answer
Based on the text, what factor does NOT determine the accuracy of the sample?
the year the sample is taken
One effect of adoption of proportional rules in Republican primaries in 2012 was
to delay conclusion of the nominating process.
The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is
to reflect the view of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy
The majoritarian model of democracy favors
voting as the primary means of participation.
What statement concerning gender and political beliefs is incorrect?
women are more likely to favor the death penalty
In his first run for the presidency, Andrew Jackson
won a plurality of the popular vote but was not chosen as president by the House of Representatives.
The first example of social insurance in the United States was
workers' compensation.
The American Revolution effectively ended with the surrender of Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in
1781
Despite new technological options, and despite criticism that in its current form it polarizes politics in an unhealthy way, _____ of Americans listen to traditional AM/FM radio weekly.
90%
Which of the following is not an important function of the news media in our political system?
All of the above are important functions of the news media in our political system.
___________ are group leaders who follow news in specific areas.
Attentive policy elites
Development of the Common Core education standards was led by the
National Governors' Association.
Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship
Transmission
The main positive result of the Annapolis Convention was
a call for a larger meeting of the states, with a broader mission.
A 2006 survey found that if the government feels information threatens national security, _______ Americans favor government censorship.
about a third of
Advocates of dropping all FCC content regulations believe that
broadcast media should be treated the same as other media.
The ___________ gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states.
commerce clause
According to the text, it is difficult for a country with a market economy to remain _________ in its internal politics.
undemocratic
It is difficult for a country with a market economy to remain ______ in its internal policies
undemocratic
International affairs, including "foreign aid" and the budget of the State Department and embassies and consulates in other countries, consume _________ percent of the FY 2015 budget.
under 1.5
According to Madison in Federalist No.10, the most common and durable source of factions has been
unequal distribution of property
The concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making
universal participation
The concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making is...
universal participation.
The idea that all adults within the boundaries of a political community should be allowed to vote is known as...
universal participation.
The text defines suffrage and franchise as the right to
vote.
Article I, Section 8 of the constitution articulates the principle of _________, granting Congress limited powers.
enumerated powers
To stay in business in the digital age, many newspapers have __________ their online content, with varying degrees of success.
instituted paywalls for
Counting both print and online users, news readership of newspapers
is up overall.
Journalistic norms of objectivity and accuracy grew, some say, because of
lack of competition, allowing focus on quality rather than sensationalism.
According to John Locke, all legitimate political authority exists to preserve
natural rights.
A citizen, interest group member, or public official who champions a particular policy idea is called a
policy entrepreneur.
Federal government decision-making tends to be dominated by
political and policy goals.
The three-fifths compromise resolved the issue of
representation of slaves.
Newspapers owned by publicly-traded chains are more likely to
resort to negative or positive spin on the news.
The text suggests that in the early days of radio, owners sought government regulation of the airwaves to
restrict others' freedom to enter broadcasting and compete.
The notion that governmental authority springs from the consent of the governed is derived from
social contract theory.
Among the most undemocratic features of the U.S. Constitution is the
state equality rule.
Preclearance is the process of
submitting redistricting plans to the Justice Department for approval.
In 2012, the Supreme Court cited ____________ in upholding the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act.
the Congress's taxing power
Shays's Rebellion was ultimately defeated by
the Massachusetts militia.
The plan presented at the Constitutional Convention generally favored by large states was
the Virginia Plan
Historian Jack Rakove argues that in the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was arguing for
the collective right of revolution and self-government.
The amount of information online is so vast that most people rely on _________ to help them determine which news is real and important.
the mainstream media
Article VI of the constitution contains provisions establishing...
the supremacy clause and the no religious test clause.
Conflicts related to power-sharing between states and the national government are settled by
the supreme court.
Patrick Henry about convention
" i smell a rat"
Madison warned that
"Factions" (interest groups) would go far to suppress the rights of others to achieve their objectives
The Virginia plan
"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.
In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court argued that "the power to tax...
... involves the power to destroy."
Problems with establishing democracy in Iraq are, according to the text, chiefly a function of the fact that
"There is no meaningful Iraqi identity."
Problems with establishing democracy in Iraq are, according to the text, chiefly a function of the fact that...
"There is no meaningful Iraqi identity."
With respect to religion, the group that has grown rapidly in the 21st century and now makes up almost 20 percent of the American population is
"Unaffiliated"
This phrase was heard by 20,000 protesters, in the October of 1932 as they demanded repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment
"We Want Beer"
__________was heard from some 20,000 protesters, many of them women, in October of 1932 as they demanded repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment.
"We want beer"
This is not a question asked by the procedural democratic theory
"What democratic outcome violates the rights of minorities"
With respect to religion, the group that has grown rapidly in the 21st century and now makes up almost 20 percent of the American population is
"unaffiliated"
Government Performance and Results Act
(1993) required agencies to set goals, measure performance, and report anually on results
Two noted exceptions to freedom of speech
-"Fighting words": defined as utterances designed to "inflict injury or [that] tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace" -obscenity
It is quite possible that campaign coverage is affected by a(n) __________ among journalists.
. anti-incumbent bias
A typical Gallup national poll surveys approximately _______ individuals
1,500
A typical Gallup national poll surveys approximately _______ individuals.
1,500
Minority parties fall into 4 categories:
1. Bolter parties(factions that split off from a major party) 2. Farmer-labor parties:(populist, working-class orientation) 3. Parties of ideological protest(socialist/libertarian parties) 4. Single-issue parties (prohibition party)
Lobbying methods
1. Direct lobbying of policymakers, including committee testimony and legal advocacy 2. Grassroots lobbying of group members 3. Information campaigns 4. Coalition-building
3 major purposes of government
1. Maintain Order 2. Provide Public Goods 3. Promote Equality
Ideal role of political parties in majoritarian democracy
1. Parties should present clear and coherent programs to voters 2. Voters should choose candidates on be basis of party programs 3. The winning party should carry out its program once in office 4. Voters should hold the governing party responsible at the next election for executing its program
The case study of capital punishment in the US demonstrates several characteristics of public opinion:
1. The public's attitudes toward a given government policy vary over time 2. Public opinion places boundaries on allowable types of public policy 3. Citizens are willing to register opinions on matters outside their expertise 4. Governments tend to react to public opinion 5. The government sometimes does not do what the public wants
Major functions of political parties
1.nominating function - parties recruit and choose candidates and then work to help those nominees win elections (solid base of support) 2.the informer stimulator function - parties inform, inspire, and activate interest in public affairs with news media and interest groups ("education") 3. the bonding agent function -ensures the good performance of its candidates and elected office holders and then makes sure candidates are not unqualified for the public office they seek 4. governmental function- both state and federal public officials are regularly appointed on a partisan basis; the executive and legislative branches much cooperate 5. the watchdog function- particularly true of the party out of power because it criticizes the policies and behavior of the party in power; makes party in control be more responsive to the public
It is estimated that ______ American colonists remained loyal to the British Crown
1/5
A January 2014 poll showed that ____ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they may have
54
A January 2014 poll showed that ____ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they may have.
54
A January 2014 poll showed that ____ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they may have.
54
In a 2014 Gallup poll, _____ percent of Americans supported affording gay marriage the same legal status as traditional marriage
54
In a 2014 Gallup poll, _____ percent of Americans supported affording gay marriage the same legal status as traditional marriage.
54
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
5th Amendment self-incrimination clause requires government agents to warn suspects of their right to remain silent and/or contact an attorney before questioning them when they are in custody. Statements made without Miranda Warning are inadmissible in court (like the exclusionary rule for evidence)
According to the 2012 American National Election Study (ANES), about ____ percent of Americans believe the government should permit abortions in many, if not all, instances.
61
There were an estimated __________ PACs contributing to congressional candidates during the 2011-2012 campaign cycle.
7,000
If voter turnout was computed on the basis of registered voters, about ________ of Americans vote.
80 percent
descriptive representation
A belief that constituents are most effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, ethnicity, religion, or gender
Electoral College
A body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice President Eliminated fear for popular vote for president and satisfied small states (if president failed to be elected they would receive the same vote)
Electoral College
A body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice president.
amicus curiae brief
A brief filed (with the permission of the court) by an individual or group that is not a party to a legal action but has an interest in it.
Federal Election Commission (FEC)
A commission created by the 1974 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act to administer election reform laws. It consists of six commissioners appointed by president and confirmed by the Senate. Its duties include overseeing disclosure of campaign finance information and public funding of presidential elections, and enforcing contribution limits.
Joint committee
A committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate; such committees oversee the Library of Congress and conduct investigations.
Political Action Committee (PAC)
A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations
The New Jersey plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress. Appealed to smaller states
Filibuster
A delaying tactic, used in the senate, that allows any senator to prevent a bill from coming to a vote
Preemption
A doctrine under which certain federal laws preempt, or take precedence over, conflicting state or local laws.
Coercive Federalism
A form of federalism in which the federal government pressures the states to change their policies by using regulations, mandates, and conditions (often involving threats to withdraw federal funding).
Republicanism
A form of gov't in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives
Republicanism
A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives
Republicanism
A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives Created by Aristotle
Totalitarianism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
Checks and balances
A government structure that gives each branch some scruitany of and control of the other branches.
Checks and balances
A government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches
Cabinet
A group of presidential advisers; the heads of the executive departments and other key officials.
Bureaucracy
A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials
Which metaphor BEST describes dual federalism?
A layer cake
Treaty
A legal agreement between two or more countries
Delegate
A legislator whose primary responsibility is to represent the majority view of his or her constituents, regardless of his or her own view.
Hold
A letter requesting that a bill be held from floor debate
Confederation
A loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters
Confederation
A loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters.
Extraordinary majority
A majority greater than the minimum of 50 + 1
Extraordinary Majority
A majority greater than the minimum of fifty percent plus one.
What metaphor BEST describes cooperative federalism?
A marble cake
standing committee
A permanent congressional committee that specializes in a particular policy area
Direct primary
A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office
Politics are
A process that resolves conflict within a society, A struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups.
Trustee
A representative who is obligated to consider the views of constituents but is not obligated to vote according to those views if he or she believes they are misguided.
exclusionary rule
A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct(unreasonable searches and seizures)
Virginia Plan
A set of proposals for a new government, submitted to the constitutional convention of 1787; included separation of the Government into 3 branches, division of legislature into 2 houses, and the proportion representation of the legislature Representation of state in legislature is proportion to taxes paid Executive with unspecified number of people be elected and serve for a single term Legislature is empowered to override state laws
Virginia Plan
A set of proposals for a new government, submitted to the constitutional convention of 1787; it included the seperation of the government into three branches, division of the legislature into two houses, and proportinal representation in the legislature.
Gridlock
A situation in which government is incapable of acting on important issues.
dissenting opinion
A statement written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion, presenting his or her opinion
Federalism
A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
Dual Federalism
A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.
Parliamentary System
A system of government in which the chief executive is the leader whose party holds the most seats in the legislature after an election or whose party forms a major part of the ruling coalition.
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
conference committee
A temporary committee created to work out differences between the House and Senate versions of a specific piece of legislation.
select committee
A temporary congressional committee created for a specific purpose and disbanded after that purpose is fulfilled.
About _______ of immigrants in America are undocumented
A third
Articles of Confederation
A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. National gov't was largely devoid of power
As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _________ emerge as more important socialization agents
Adult peer groups and the mass media
The South still casts many votes for Democrats because of the high proportion of
African Americans.
Executive Office of the President
Agencies that perform staff services for the president but are not part of the White House
Which of the following is the correct sequential order for the policymaking process?
Agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation, policy evaluation
The office of management and budget
Analyzed budget requests, is involved in policy making process, examines agency management practices
Who was the leader of the Federalists?
Alexander Hamilton
Which of the following is not a reason that states have improved their ability to govern capably over the last few decades?
All of the above are reasons states have increased their capabilities.
During the Vietnam War, protesting students on college campuses
All of the above are true
Research on the impact of soft news finds it
All of these choices are true.
Judicial Review
Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws
Which influential Washington interest group has a membership of 40 million?
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
Revolution to state (3.2)
Americans chose republic defined by the Articles of Confederation, gave rights to state, but too weak of central government, couldn't fight disorder and insurrection
Majority of war debt owed to
Americans, troops not paid, debt to allies like France much smaller, resolution: giving land for service from treaty of paris
War Powers Resolution (1973)
An act of Congress that forces that body to decide whether a commitment of troops into a war zone is permissible.
general election
An election held to choose which candidate will hold office
Federal question
An issue covered by the U.S. Constitution, national laws, or U.S. treaties.
concurring opinion
An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning.
Norms
An organization's informal, unwritten rules that guide individual behavior.
The rule of four
An unwritten rule that requires at least four justices to agree that a case warrants consideration before it is reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Locke
Argued that people have "inalienable rights"
Elastic clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.
The fact that ideological conservatives believed even more strongly that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 war after they were informed that subsequent investigations concluded that this was not true is an example of the
Backfire effect
In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote
Both order and equality over freedom
Young Americans are more reliably socialized into their parents' religions when
Both parents follow the same religion
Since the 1990s the Court has typically favored states, however, the best example of a decision in which the court did NOT defend state prerogatives is...
Bush v. Gore
According to the self-interest principle, people tend to
Choose what benefits them personally
Soft money
Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.
Recently, media outlets have started including ________ in their samples, particularly in response to the habits of younger Americans
Cell phones
A country where the government heavily censors Internet news and search engines is
China.
According to the text, what is NOT a characteristic of public opinion?
Citizens are typically unwilling to offer opinions on matters outside their experience, even when asked by pollsters
According to the text, which of the following is not a characteristic of public opinion?
Citizens are typically unwilling to offer opinions on matters outside their experience, even when asked by pollsters.
The first amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Which of the following statements regarding the New Deal era is INCORRECT?
Congress temporarily claimed extra constitutional powers to meet the national emergency.
Which of the following statements regarding the New Deal era is incorrect?
Congress temporarily claimed extra constitutional powers to meet the national emergency.
These theorists have a narrower view f the scope of social and economic rights that should be guaranteed by a democratic government than _______ theorists
Conservative theorists , Liberal theorists
_________ theorists have a narrower view of the scope of social and economic rights that should be guaranteed by a d emocratic government than _________ theorists.
Conservative, liberal
Selling the constitution (3.5)
Constitution did not list individual liberties mentioned in the Declaration of Independence, added bill of rights to ratify constitution
Final product (3.4)
Constitution was resolution, strengthen central government but put limits on power, left a lot of power still to the states, based on 4 principles: REPUBLICANISM, FEDERALISM, SEPERATION OF POWERS, AND CHECKS AND BALANCES
From Confederation to Constitution (3.3)
Constitutional convention, debated strength of government vs power of state and nature of presidency, comprises made that were supported by all delegates
Civil Liberties
Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens
The American Revolution effectively ended with the surrender of _________ in 1781
Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown
Black Americans shifted significantly to the Democratic Party in the 1960s largely in response to
Democratic Party support for civil rights legislation.
The process of institutionalizing the rules of procedural democracy and establishing substitute democratic policies
Democratization
In a 2012 election survey, respondents were asked whether abortion should be outlawed by government or a matter of personal choice, and whether government should guarantee people a job and a good standard of living or people should get ahead on their own. People's responses to the two questions
Demonstrated that these value choices cannot be explained by a one-dimensional liberal-conservative continuum
The federal bureaucracy is divided into several different types of organizations:
Departments, independent agencies, and government corporations. The people who staff them are hired on the basis of merit, and cannot be fired for political reasons
Declaration of Independence
Drafted by Thomas Jefferson the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to seperate from Great Britain.
Declaration of Independence
Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain.
The online communication channels that allow citizens to register opinions and complaints to government officials is called...
E-government
This allows a person to acquire information and documents and also provides a medium to register opinion and complaints to government officials
E-government
__________ allows a person to acquire information and documents online and also provides a medium to register opinions and complaints to government officials.
E-government
The _____ Amendment Protects against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment
Eight Amendment
Which amendment does the text categorize as "disastrous"?
Eighteenth Amendment
the text describes this Amendment as disastrous
Eighteenth Amendment
The _________ Amendment protects against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.
Eighth
A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as ____ clause
Elastic Clause
If top government jobs for both political parties were filled from only an inner circle of top corporate leader, this would serve as evidence for the
Elite Theory
Constitution (rebellious roots) (3.1)
End product of the revolutionary movement, began with Declaration of Independence (general idea for guaranteed rights of people), brought about the principles of equality of people
Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution articulates the principle of _____ granting Congress limited powers
Enumerated Powers
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established judicial review: the judiciary's power to declare acts of coordinate branches (and of state gov) void bc they violate the constitution
Which of the following taxes is not a major source (as in over 10 percent) of the federal government's revenue?
Estate taxes
The _________ Amendment prohibits Congress from abridging freedom of the press.
First
An Evaluation of the constitution (3.7)
Focus of constitution was the balance between order and freedom (original dilemma of democracy) main goal was not to create a democracy, but created based on the values and wishes of the delegates, one of their main goals was to balance the powers of the national government and those of the states, (which is a nature still contested today)
Indirect Democracy
Form of democracy in which individuals are represented by appointed representatives.
The federalists, democratic-Republicans, and whigs...
Formed the basis of the two-party system earlier in our history
Mass media
Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.
Constitutional change (3.6)
Founding father knew the constitution would need to be revised for the good of their people, enumerated different formal methods for amending the constitution, also modified through courts amend changes in political practice
The _________ guaranteed citizenship to all persons, including blacks.
Fourteenth Amendment
This amendment guaranteed citizenship to all persons, including blacks
Fourteenth Amendment
The _________ Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Fourth
The _____ Amendment protect against unreasonable searches and seizures
Fourth Amendment
A respondent who agrees with the statement, "By law, a woman should be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice" values
Freedom over order
As a general trend, college-educated individuals are more likely to choose
Freedom over social order
Individuals with higher education and income tend to favor _______ over ________
Freedom; order or equality
One of the nation's oldest polls, the __________, was started in the 1930s, and was most notably wrong in 1948 when it predicted that Thomas Dewey, the Republican candidate, would defeat the Democratic incumbent, Harry Truman in the presidential election
Gallup Poll
One of the nation's oldest polls, the __________, was started in the 1930s, and was most notably wrong in 1948 when it predicted that Thomas Dewey, the Republican candidate, would defeat the Democratic incumbent, Harry Truman in the presidential election.
Gallup Poll
President __________ passed the Medicare drug program expanding welfare benefits for seniors.
George W. Bush
government corporations
Government agencies that perform services that might be provided by the private sector but that either involve insufficient financial incentive or are better provided when they are somehow linked with government.
Reasons the Articles Failed
Government couldn't tax, no person could direct the government, the government couldn't regulate interstate and commerce, and they could not be amended without unanimous agreement
Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy
Government should do what a majority of the public wants
Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy?
Government should do what a majority of the public wants
Republic
Government without a monarch; a government rooted in the consent of the governed, whose power is exercises by elected representatives responsible to the governed
Social welfare policy in the United States today has been significantly shaped by the
Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Great Society
The concept of demcracy intially was defined centeries ago in ...
Greece
The concept of democracy was initially defined centuries ago in ancient...
Greece
Government is necessary because
Groups compete for power in society, There needs to be a means to maintain order in society, A central authority is necessary to provide for the common defense, A central authority is necessary to promote economics development.
Interest groups
Groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals for their members-even if these advantages are at the expense of the larger population
According to the Sixth Amendment, the accused
Have a right to a speedy trial.
A libertarian is most likely to exhibit the characteristics of
High income and high education
Hierarchy of Federal Courts
Highest Court: Supreme Court (1) Intermediate: U.S. Court of Appeals (13) Lowest Courts: U.S. District Courts (94)
The Framers guessed that the __________ would reflect public opinion, especially on the crucial issues of taxes and government spending
House of Representatives
The Framers guessed that the __________ would reflect public opinion, especially on the crucial issues of taxes and government spending.
House of Representatives
The current debate about "net neutrality" concerns whether
ISPs should be allowed to charge people more if they consume a large amount of bandwidth.
The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to
Identify more with the Democratic Party than men do
Bureacrats must..
Implement policies—put the ideas on paper into action.
The power of Congress to charter a bank is an example of what type of power?
Implied
The power of Congress to charter a bank is an example of ______ powers
Implied powers
Politics exists
In every community that makes decisions, In schools, social groups, and organized groups of individuals.
527 groups
Independent groups that seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly advocate the election of a particular candidate.
These 4 things are all considered to be institutional mechanism in politics
Interest groups, political parties, legislature, and elections
Civil cases
Involve a private dispute about something of value
The total collapse of government
Is an uncommon event.
As an institution, a government is unique in that
It has the ultimate authority for making decisions and establishing political values.
What was the nature of the early opposition to Medicare?
It was attacked as socialized medicine.
Which of the following statements concerning Latinos is incorrect?
Latinos are a racial group
Which of the following statements concerning Latinos is incorrect?
Latinos are a racial group.
Which of the following is not necessary for the pluralist model of interest groups to be fair?
Lawmakers should attempt to balance perfectly the views of all competing interests.
In the 2011 Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Whiting decision, the Roberts Court upheld which state law?
Legal Arizona Workers Act
How likely are voters to participate in state and local elections compared with national elections?
Less likely
Today, college students are much more __________ than the general public
Liberal
The Federalists Papers were drafted by
Madison, Hamilton & Jay
Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ___________ model more difficult to sustain
Majoritarian
In recent years, our 2nd congressional parties have been increasingly polarized working less together to fashion compromise legislation, and this trend is consistent with
Majoritarian Model of Democracy
The primary mechanism in this model of democracy is the popular election
Majoritarian Model of Democracy
extraordinary majority
Majority greater than that required by majority rule, that is, greater than 50 percent plus one.
Which of the following statements concerning ideological "moderates" is correct?
Many people identify as "moderate" because they do not understand the alternatives
Which of the following statements concerning ideological "moderates" is correct?
Many people identify as "moderate" because they do not understand the alternatives.
The Supreme Court first declared that the courts have the power to overturn government acts that conflict with the Constitution in
Marbury v Madison
The first digit in the American Revolution occurred in early 1775 in
Massachusetts
Constituional Convention details
May 1787 in Philadelphia, all summer, held in secret, windows closed so delegates could change opinion, created social contract on paper (constitution)
"Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate" is part of the broad Supreme Court interpretation of the elastic clause in the case of
McCulloch v. Maryland
"Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate" is part of the broad Supreme Court interpretation of the elastic clause in the case of
McCulloch v. Maryland.
This is not a principle of procedural democracy
Minority rights
The most frequent response (such as "I favor") in a public opinion distribution is known as the
Mode
Development of the Common Core education standards was led by the
National Governors' Association
This amendment guarantees that citizens' right to vote cannot be denied "on account of sex"
Nineteenth Amendment
A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution around a single mode is called a
Normal distribution
When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales ("liberal," "moderate," or "conservative"), the data plotted on a graph is a(n)
Normal distribution
Criminal cases
Occur when the government persecuted persons for violating criminal codes
When elementary schools introduce students to authority figures outside the family, like the teacher, they prepare students for the value of _________; when they stress norms of democratic decision making and respecting the opinions of others, they teach _________
Order; equality
Citizens groups
Organizations built around policy concerns unrelated to members' vocational interests
Establishment Clause
Part of the First Amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion."
As students move from elementary school to high school, their political socialization tends to transition from knowledge of ________ to development of _________
Patriotic ritual; good citizenship
The United States Government fulfills the ____ model of Democracy quite well
Pluralist
The ability of groups to make government respond to their special problems is best described as part of ________ theory.
Pluralist
What kind of Government is the U.S.A.?
Pluralist
This term is defined as decision making by most participants where as majority rule is decision making by 50% plus one
Plurality Rule
Incrementalism
Policymaking characterized by a series of decisions, each instituting modest change.
The set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called
Political ideology
The text defines __________ as the actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or support government and politics.
Political participation
Republican Party
Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers. Founded 2854
_________ theory implies that a group should determine what the majority of its participants want to do.
Procedural
This theory prescribes that a group should decide to do what the majority of its participant want to do
Procedural Democracy
The procedural view
Procedural democracy emphasizes the principles of universal participation, political equality, and majority rule.
_____ addresses the questions "Who should participate in decision making? and How many votes are needed to reach a decision?"
Procedural democratic theory
this view of democracy sees anti-gay marriage laws as democratic
Procedural view of Democracy
A veterans' group publicizes reports of excessive wait times at VA (US Department of Veterans Affairs) hospitals and resulting harm to patients. Which function is the veterans' group performing?
Program monitoring
____________ championed the direct primary.
Progressives
unconventional participation
Refers to relatively uncommon behavior conducted outside of political institutions; often it seems to threaten government, or at least to defy government policies.
Anarchism
Rejects government entirely
5 main functions of the media
Reporting the news, interpreting the news, influencing public opinion, setting the political agenda, and socializing citizens about politics
The __________ pressed for legislation requiring cost estimates and analysis of the impact of agency regulations.
Republicans
The original purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to
Revise the Articles of Confederation
What state did not attend the Constitutional Convention?
Rhode Island
Which state legislature sent no delegates to the Constitutional Convention?
Rhode Island
this state did not send any delegates to the Constitutional Convention
Rhode Island
If the U.S Constitution had no Bill of Rights
Rights would be dependent on the political process, Unpopular rights would be in danger, Popular rights would be safe, Some rights would be protected by state constitutions.
The assignment in the Constitution of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting function to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is known as the
Separation of Powers
A major event that led to Great Britain's taxation of the American colonies
Seven Years' War
If someone formed the "Second Amendment Party," a political party to run on a platform of removing regulations on gun ownership, that would be an example of a _________ party.
Single-issue
When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as
Skewed
Since surveying the American public about ideology began, the ideological distribution of the public has become
Skewed toward conservatism
The federal government's single largest budgeted spending item is
Social Security.
Political parties
Sponsor candidates to run for elected offices under their name; the candidates are their avowed representatives
A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is a
Stable
Precedents
Standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
Initiative
State and local voters are allowed to propose issues to be decided by their legislators
tne of the most undemocratic feature of the US Constitution
State equality rule
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
State funding of religious programs must pass a stringent test of noninterference with religion
Great Compromise
Submitted by the Connecticut Delegation to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and thus also known as the Connecticut Compromise, a plan calling for a bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to the population and the States would be represented equally in the Senate
Great Compromise
Submitted by the Connecticut delegation to the constitutional convention and thus also known as the Connecticut compromise a plan calling for a bicameral legislature in which the house of representatives would be apportioned according to population and the states would be represented equally in the senate.
New Jersey Plan
Submitted by the head of the New Jersey delegation to the Constitutional convention of 1787, a set of nine resolutions that would have, in effect, preserved the Articles of Confederation by amending rather than replacing them States have equal representation Multi person executive should be elected by the leader States have majority of rights
New Jersey Plan
Submitted by the head of the New Jersey delegation to the constitutional convention, a set of nine resolution that would have, in effect, preserved the articles of confederation by amending rather than replacing them.
If Congress were to pass a law that allows organize prayer in public school and the Supreme Court declares that the Constitution forbid this rule, this would be an example of the ....
Substantive Theory of Democracy
If voters in Texas voted by over 60% to ban gay marriage and you are arguing that gay marriage should be allowed in Texas anyway implies the reliance on the
Substantive Theory of Democracy
The Bill of Rights is at the Core of the
Substantive theories of Democracy
__________ is political action that expresses allegiance to country and government.
Supportive behavior
Supremacy Clause
The clause in article VI of the constitution that asserts that national laws take precedence over state and loval laws when they conflict.
Members of this party are the most likely to support immigration reform that includes a path to citizenship
Tea Party
Today, the mass media conduct most polls by
Telephone
The Bill of Rights consists of the first ____ amendments to the Constitution
Ten Amendments
Liberals
Tend to desire more government involvement in the economic sphere and less in social
A proponent of states' rights and enumerated powers would be more likely to quote the _________ Amendment to the Constitution
Tenth
A proponent of states' rights and enumerated powers would be more likely to quote the _________ Amendment to the Constitution.
Tenth
Which document proclaimed, "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not ... expressly delegated to the United States"?
The Articles of Confederation
Which of the following is not an essential premise of dual federalism?
The Constitution is the creation of the people of the United States.
This document proclaimed that "we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights"
The Declaration of Independence
The idea that the most important government decisions are made by editable and stable minority that share certain characteristics (wealth & business connections)
The Elite Theory
The Federal Reserve can increase the money supply in all but which of the following ways?
The Fed can increase its reserve requirement for member banks.
The basic definition of public opinion is
The collective attitudes of citizens on a given issue or question
Declaration of Independence
The colonists' response to punitive taxation and colonial restiveness. Written by Thomas Jefferson, inspired by John Locke
Articles of Confederations
The compact among the thirteen original states that established the first government of the US.
Bill of rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, 1791
Rule making
The administrative process that results in the issuance of regulations by government agencies
Separation of power
The assignment of law making, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of government
Seperation of Powers
The assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law interpreting functions to separate branches of government.
Social Contract Theory
The belief that people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against that purpose.
Social Contract theory
The belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes
Departments
The biggest units of the executive branch, covering a broad area of government responsibility. The heads of the departments, or secretaries, form the president's cabinet.
Articles of confederation
The compact among the thirteen original states that established the first government of the United States The articles gave states power States had one vote in congress
equality of outcome
The concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved.
Roe v. Wade (1973)
The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
Federalism
The division of power between a central givernment and regional government.
Federalism
The division of power between a central government and regional goverment
Federalism
The division of sovereignty between the states and the national government
racial gerrymandering
The drawing of a legislative district to maximize the chance that a minority candidate will win election.
Executive Branch
The enforcing branch of government
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution. They prevent the National government from tampering with fundamental rights and civil liberties, and emphasize the limited character of national power.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments tot the constitution, the prevent the national government from tampering with fundamental rights and vivil liberties and emphasize the limited character of natonal power.
Which of the following is an INCORRECT description of the cooperative federalism model?
The functions and responsibilities of the national and state governments are clearly defined.
In nearly every other democratic country, the burden of registration is placed on
The government
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
The government agency charged with regulating the electronic media. Consists of technical, ownership, and content regulations.
Liberty is
The greatest freedom of the individual consistent with the freedom of other individuals.
Majority leader
The head of the majority party in the Senate; the second-highest-ranking member of the majority party in the House
Necessary and Proper clause
The last clause in section 8 of article I of the constitution, which gives congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. This clause is the basus for congress's implied powers. Also called the elastic clause.
Executive Branch
The law enforcing branch of government.
Judicial Branch
The law interpreting branch of government.
Judicial Branch
The law-interpreting branch of government
Legislative Branch
The lawmaking branch of government
Legislative Branch
The lawmaking branch of government.
Cloture
The mechanism by which a filibuster is cut off in the senate
Civil service
The system by which most appointments to the federal bureaucracy are made, to ensure that government jobs are filled on the basis of merit and that employees are not fired for political reasons.
solicitor general
The third highest official of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the one who represents the national government before the Supreme Court.
The primary contribution of the Federalist papers is
Their insight into the reasons for constitutional provisions
Which president first provided space in the White House for reporters?
Theodore Roosevelt
According to the New Jersey Plan, how was representation to be structured in Congress?
There would be one house, and all states would have equal representation in it.
How do the mass media influence the socialization process?
They play contradictory roles, sometimes promoting popular support for government and sometimes eroding public confidence in it.
The early Republicans (also known as the Democratic Republicans) were led by
Thomas Jefferson.
Implied powers
Those powers that Congress needs to execute its enumerated powers
Implied Powers
Those powers that congress needs to execute its enumerated powers.
The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is
To reflect the views of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy
Conservatives
Typically want less government involvement in the economic sphere and more in the social
While government at all levels and private sector businesses all share responsibilities over managing the nations' ports, each port has a ______________ assigned to be the captain of the port...
U.S. Coast Guard officer
_________ requires foreigners who are not citizens living in the United States to register with the government and carry their registration papers.
U.S. Law
__________ requires foreigners who are not citizens living in the United States to register with the government and carry their registration papers.
U.S. Law
Government strives to protect members of society from
Violence, Criminal activity, Instability, Insecurity.
This plan was presented at the Constitutional Convention, was generally favored by the larger states
Virginia Plan
The text defines suffrage and franchise as the right to
Vote
Ratified
Vote of legislatures of 3/4 of the states or by a vote of constitutional conventions held in 3/4 of the states. Congress chooses the method and can set a time limit for its ratification
Harold Lasswell defined politics as
Who gets what, when, and how.
Which of the following statements concerning gender and political beliefs is incorrect?
Women are more likely to favor going to war
Which of the following statements concerning gender and political beliefs is incorrect?
Women are more likely to favor going to war.
Docket
a court's agenda
The best description for a referendum
a decision that resolves a legal issue
Plea bargain
a defendant's admission of guilt in exchange for a less severe punishment
Referendum
a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.
Since the present two-party system was established, how many minor-party candidates have been elected to the presidency?
Zero
Deregulation
a bureaucratic reform by which the government reduces its role as a regulator of business
party identification
a citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other. Distinguished from voting, which is a behavior.
A confederation can best be described as
a loose association of independent states.
National Sovereignty
a nation's right to establish its own form of government and laws without external influence
Federal government support for the Common Core was
a problem because it created an appearance that the standards threatened state authority.
According to the theory of dual federalism, __________________ the nation and the states.
a rigid wall separates
According to the text, in the past few years, there has been ________ in the number of democracies around the world.
a slight decline
Autocracy
a system of government by one person with absolute power.
About _______ of immigrants in America are undocumented.
a third
The Great Compromise provided for
a two-chamber legislature with equal representation for all state in one chamber and population-based representation in the other
In order to amend the Articles of Confederation, it required
a unanimous vote of the Confederation Congress
Some have argued that the use of the drug Midazolam in executing inmates is ____________; in the 2015 case Glossip v. Gross, the Court _________ with this assertion.
a violation of the Eighth Amendment; disagreed
equality of opportunity
a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential
When excluding horserace stories, media coverage of Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential campaign, compared to coverage of Barack Obama, was
about the same.
Regulations
administrative rules that guide the operation of a government program
As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _________ emerge as more important socialization agents.
adult peer groups and the mass media
As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _________ emerge as more important socialization agents.
adult peer groups and the mass media.
regulatory commissions
agencies of the executive branch of government that control or direct some aspect of the economy
Great Compromise
agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation
Treaty of Paris
agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry
Foreigners who live in the United States but are not citizens of the United States are known as...
aliens
According to the text, political liberals feared stronger states' rights because it...
allowed inequality and supported racism
According to the text, political liberals fear stronger states' rights because it
allowed inequality and supported racism.
Competitive grants are awarded based on...
an application submitted by prospective recipients
The constituional Amendment process requires
an extraordinary majorities
pluralist model of democracy
an interpretation of democracy in which government by the people is taken to mean government by people operating through competing interest groups
REAL ID, a federal mandate that imposes security standards for state driver's licenses, is an example of...
an unfunded mandate
Real ID, a federally mandated program that imposes security standards for states to issue driver's licenses, is an example of
an unfunded mandate.
It is quite possible that campaign coverage is affected by a(n) __________ among journalists.
anti-incumbent bias
When compared with the U.S. Constitution, most American state constitutions
are longer and more detailed
When compared with the U.S. Constitution, most American state constitutions
are longer and more detailed.
The phrase "off the record" means that media
are not allowed to print the information.
Citizens are knowledgeable about government & politics, want to participate in the political process, are raised in families that encourage active political participation and make rational decision in voting is ______ in the majoritarian model of democracy
are not assumptions
The fact that ideological conservatives believed even more strongly that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 war after they were informed that subsequent investigations concluded that this was not true is an example of the
backfire effect
Timothy McVeigh bombed the Oklahoma City federal building because he
believed the U.S. government had become a police state.
A polling company surveying public opinion on Obama's health-care plan finds public opinion to be almost evenly divided, for and against. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as
bimodal
Suppose Congress funds elementary education by giving states a grant. The states may then designate the specific educational programs (elementary, secondary or vocational) to receive the funds. This is an example of a _________ grant.
block
Suppose Congress funds elementary education by giving states a grant. The states may then designate the specific educational programs to receive the funds. This is an example of a _________ grant.
block
Most democracies give power to representative rather than directly to its citizens because
bringing large numbers of citizen together for discussion and votes is difficult, decisions ma require specialized knowledge not possess by the average citizen and discussion of political issues consumes more time than most people are willing to spend.
The fact that that the best represented sectors of Washington are _______ might be a sign that pluralist democracy in the US might not be working well
business and professional groups
Studies of the congressional agenda of the United States demonstrate that it is characterized by an emphasis on...
business-related legislation
Studies on the congressional agenda demonstrate that it is characterized by an emphasis on
business-related legislation
Individuals with higher education and income tend to favor _______ over ________.
freedom; order or equality
American tend to define democracy in term of
freedoms, rights or liberties
Some sophisticated research has shown that PAC donations
can have a greater influence within congressional committees than on affecting floor votes.
Whether a political system is "democratic" is chiefly defined by which of the following?
cannot be simply defined as it is not a "yes or no" question
Market economies are loosely called
capitalist economies.
Formula grants and project grants are both types of _________ grants.
categorical
A method of delegate selection that begins with local meetings and culminates in a state convention is also known as the
caucus method
Recently, media outlets have started including ________ in their samples, particularly in response to the habits of younger Americans.
cell phones
The president's power to veto legislation is an example of a
check and balance
The US system keeps power among branches balance by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of
checks and balances
Under separation of powers, the U.S. system keeps power among branches balanced by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of
checks and balances.
According to the self-interest principle, people tend to
choose what benefits them personally
According to the self-interest principle, people tend to
choose what benefits them personally.
After the 2010 and 2012 elections, Republican party establishment leaders tried to limit the success of tea party candidates by
choosing more candidates in primaries rather than party conventions.
In a system of participatory democracy,
citizens govern themselves, without electing representatives.
A group that has as its purpose issues unrelated to its members' vocations is a(n)
citizens group.
The basic standard of substantive democracy is that government must guarantee...
civil rights and liberties.
Marbury V. Madison
courts have the power to nullify government acts that conflict with the constitution. The court interprets the constitution, and have to beware of old language and it's context
The constitution expressly gives the federal government the power to _____________ within the states
create a postal system
The constitution expressly gives the federal government the power to _____________ within the states.
create a postal system
The controversial 1993 Brady bill
created a national system to check the background of gun buyers
People who ___________ are most likely to belong to interest groups.
have high income
A political who appeal to and often deice the masses by manipulating their emotion and prejudices is
demagogue
A politician who appeals to and often deceives the masses by manipulating their emotions and prejudices is a(n)...
demagogue
In a 2012 election survey, respondents were asked whether abortion should be outlawed by government or a matter of personal choice, and whether government should guarantee people a job and a good standard of living or people should get ahead on their own. People's responses to the two questions
demonstrated that these value choices cannot be explained by a one-dimensional liberal-conservative continuum.
Private ownership of the media in the United States makes the American news industry
dependent on advertising revenues.
Changes can occur in public opinion when
different generation with different experience enter the electorate
Each state has one vote in the electoral college for
each of its representatives and senators.
More and more, cable news seems analogous to
early partisan newspapers.
The text suggests that there are _________ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization.
economic
There are ________ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization
economic
In the current American context, a liberal would tend to promote
economic equality ahead of freedom, and freedom ahead of social order
Of all the social and economic variables affecting political participation, _________ is the strongest single factor.
education
Suppose that top government jobs for both political parties are filled only from an inner circle of top corporate leaders. This would be evidence for...
elite theory.
The idea that the most important government decisions are made by an identifiable and stable minority that shares certain characteristics -- particularly wealth and business connections -- is called...
elite theory.
A 2013 supreme court decision regarding the Voting Rights Act allowed numerous states to
enforce new voter identification laws.
The first objective of campaign advertising is to
ensure that a candidate has a high level of name recognition among voters.
States' rights supporters believe that Congress should restrict its activities to...
enumerated powers
States' rights supporters believe that Congress should restrict its activities to
enumerated powers
The vast majority of recent preemptions have focused on
environmental protection and homeland security.
The telecommunications act of 1996
federal legislation that deregulated the communications media. Immediately led to a number of media mergers in which already large media companies purchased other large media companies
The first newspapers in the United States were
financed by political parties that advocated party causes.
When John Maynard Keynes suggested deficit financing by the government to stabilize the economy, he was advocating the use of
fiscal policy
If government cuts taxes to encourage people to spend more money in order to stimulate economic growth, it is using
fiscal policy.
A sample of six hundred randomly selected individuals is usually accurate to (plus or minus)
five percentage points
A sample of six hundred randomly selected individuals is usually accurate to (plus or minus)
five percentage points.
The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators...
follow the general contours of public opinion.
In the presidential elections since 1968, the South has tended to vote
for Republican candidates
Unless they are impeached, federal judges serve
for life.
A respondent who agrees with the statement, "By law, a woman should be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice" values
freedom over order
Content analysis of the 2012 party convention platforms found that Republicans were more likely to mention the word __________ whereas Democrats were more likely to mention the word __________.
freedom; equality
Governments tend to respond to public opinion. In recent years, this has become particularly true regarding issues involving
gay rights
In a system of participatory democracy citizens..
govern themselves, without electing representatives
Regulation
government intervention in the workings of a business market to promote some socially desired goal
Economic criticisms of Keynesian theories include
government spending programs take too long to enact to help the economy and government spending is easier to start than to stop.
A notable trend in the backgrounds of recent presidents is experience as a
governor
A notable trend in the backgrounds of recent presidents is experience as a...
governor
A notable trend in the backgrounds of recent presidents is experience as a
governor.
Medicaid is an example of a(n) ...
grant-in-aid
During a presidential election, the tendency of journalists to limit coverage of campaigns to coverage of which candidate is leading or behind in the polls at the time, rather than chiefly covering the issues, is known as
horse race journalism.
The Procedural view of democracy is most concerned with...
how government decisions are made
The procedural view of democracy is most concerned with...
how government decisions are made
The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to
identify more with the Democratic Party than men do
The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to
identify more with the democratic party than men do
im missing a couple more but ive worked on this for two hours so
if its not on this quizlet its probably on another one somewhere lol go find it
Reaction to a film posted on YouTube made by an Egyptian-American that mocked the Muslim prophet Muhammad is an example of the influence of new media platforms; that they
impact the types of stories that get picked up by the "mainstream media."
A power NOT specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) _________ power.
implied
A power not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) _________ power.
implied
The Constitution did not give Congress the authority to establish the Internal Revenue Service. Congress did so, however, to implement its power to "lay and collect taxes." This is an example of the use of a(n) _________ power.
implied
The Internet was started
in 1969, with support from the U.S. Department of Defense.
Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the early Supreme Court generally...
increased national power
Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the early Supreme Court generally
increased national power.
Voting in the United States decreased during the 1970s and 1980s. Other forms of participation
increased or remained stable.
Developing budgets by using last year's budget as the base and adding an amount to cover the increased costs of doing business (inflation) and any new programs is called
incremental budgeting.
Traditionally the Federal Reserve has tended to be more concerned about __________ than __________.
inflation; unemployment
The "television hypothesis" is the belief that television
is to blame for the low level of citizens' knowledge about public affairs.
One of the weaknesses of the procedural model of democracy is that...
it permits policies that violate standards of substantive democracy.
Americans are less likely to __________ than citizens of other countries.
join demonstrations
The key principle argued in the case Marbury vs Madison was
judicial review
The key principle argued in the case Marbury v. Madison was
judicial review.
Studies suggest that much of the elite;s power comes from the ability of the elites to...
keep issues off the political agenda
Studies on decision making concerning public policy issues suggest that much of the elite's power comes from the ability of elites to...
keep issues off the political agenda.
Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship.
kinship
clear and present danger test
law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions
Which metaphor best describes dual federalism?
layer cake
one of the similarity between the Virginia and the New Jersey Plan
leaving an unspecified number of how many people might compromise the executive branch
common, or judge-made, law
legal precedents derived from previous judicial decisions
In 2012 and 2013, voters approved a number of ballot propositions, including ones in Colorado and Washington that
legalized marijuana.
New England town meetings are an example of
participatory democracy
Because it depends on mass participation in politics, majoritarianism tends to
limit individual freedom.
stare decisis
literally, "let the decision stand"; the doctrine that a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled
In Oregon, everyone votes by
John Locke believed that all legitimate political authority exist to preserve
natural rights
A poll of Americans who had seen or heard of Michael Moore's 2007 documentary Sicko found that _________ changed their mind and said health-care reform was more necessary.
nearly half
According to the text, Americans were __________ politically apathetic in 2012 compared to 1952.
neither more nor less
An important idea of pluralist theory is that
new interest groups naturally form when the need arises.
Until the early 1960s, most Americans cited __________ as the source from which they got most of their news.
newspapers
The original procedure for electing the vice president, under the electoral college was the candidate with the _________ would become vice president
next greater number of votes
There are _____ rules that govern the use of referenda at the federal level
no rules
In response to financial stress, some have suggested that newspapers operate as ___________, allowing them to be funded through endowments, donations, and perhaps government support.
nonprofits
A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution around a single mode is called a
normal distribution
When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales ("liberal," "moderate," or "conservative"), the data plotted on a graph is a(n)
normal distribution
When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales ("liberal," "moderate," or "conservative"), the data plotted on a graph is a(n)
normal distribution.
The power to Declare ware is _____ a power granted to the president under the Constitution
not a power
The text of the Constitution deals with slavery by
not mentioning it directly
The text of the Constitution deals with slavery by
not mentioning it directly.
According to the text, if the criterion is ___________, America has the best and most democratic government in the world.
number of elections held
A form of government that puts power in the hands of an elite is a(n)...
oligarchy
The form of government that its power is in the hands of an elite
oligarchy
In the New Jersey Plan, Congress would be structured with
one house in which all the state would have equal representation
An estimated _________ American colonists remained loyal to the British Crown.
one in five
An autocracy is a political system ruled by
one individual
An autocracy is a political system ruled by...
one individual
divided government
one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress
this was not a political principle relied upon by the founders
one person, one vote
Representatives of the mass media frequently defend the importance of freedom of the press, even if it comes at the expense of
order
Someone who asserts that elections "socialize political activity" is contending that elections are mechanisms that maintain
order
When elementary schools introduce students to authority figures outside the family, like the teacher, they prepare students for the value of _________; when they stress norms of democratic decision making and respecting the opinions of others, they teach _________.
order; equality
The pluralist model of democracy shift the focus of democracy decision making from the mass electorate to
organized groups
The disabled and the elderly account for __________ of Medicaid expenditures.
over half
In 2011, the state of Ohio approved an initiative to
overturn a law that had weakened unions
As students move from elementary school to high school, their political socialization tends to transition from knowledge of ________ to development of _________.
patriotic ritual; good citizenship
Anti-Federalists
people who opposed the Constitution, ex:Patrick Henry, though Alexander Hamilton and Edmund Randolph were "the rat"
standard socioeconomic model
people with higher status, more money and education are more likely to participate than those with less status, $, education
Based on poll test how closely American follow news about politics, policymakers should
place less credence in poll measuring public opinion on policy questions
According to John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the elastic clause might be interpreted to mean that Congress can take a particular action not specified in the Constitution if that action is...
plainly adapted to achieving a legitimate constitutional end
According to John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the elastic clause might be interpreted to mean that Congress can take a particular action not specified in the Constitution if that action is
plainly adapted to achieving a legitimate constitutional end.
The complexity of the American federal system encourages...
pluralism
The ability of groups to make government respond to their special problems is best described as part of ________ theory.
pluralist
The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called
political socialization
The Greek word "kratos", one of the many root of the word democracy, mean
power
The Greek word kratos, one of the roots of the word democracy, means...
power
inherent powers
powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it
The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes complete or partial responsibility for a state government function is known as
preemption
The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes complete or partial responsibility for a state government function is known as...
preemption
The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes complete or partial responsibility for a state government function is known as
preemption.
The traditional division of mass media into _________ has been made problematic by the Internet.
print and broadcast
According to the ____________ view of democracy, anti-gay marriage laws are democratic.
procedural
Recall
procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office
competition and outsourcing
procedures that allow private contractors to bid for jobs previously held exclusively by government employees
Democratization is the...
process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one.
In Dred Scott, the Supreme Court decided that Congress had no power to
prohibit slavery
In Dred Scott, the Supreme Court decided that Congress had no power to...
prohibit slavery
The extent to which any socializing agent is influential depends on
prolonged exposure to and good communication with the agent, as well as being receptive
The extent to which any socializing agent is influential depends on
prolonged exposure to and good communication with the agent, as well as being receptive.
Which of the following qualifications for voting was virtually eliminated in all states by the 1850s?
property ownership
The collective attitude of the citizens on a given issue is known as
public opinion
The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes
questioning established values
The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes
questioning established values.
Political differences between the South and the rest of the country today are often rooted in attitudes about
racial politics and social issues
The first media technology to make broadcast journalists into household names was
radio.
In 2011, under pressure from the tea party movement, congressional Republicans opposed
raising the federal debt ceiling.
The accuracy of the population sample used for public opinion polls depends on
randomness of selection, size of sample, and variation in the population
Participatory democracy today is...
rare in the United States and in other democracies.
51. The process of preclearance is used when states are ...
redistricting
The process of redrawing boundaries for electoral jurisdictions is known as
redistricting
The process of redrawing boundaries for electoral jurisdictions is known as...
redistricting
When a political opinion is based on what is considered to be in the best interest of the nation rather than what people think is in their own interest it is an example of
sociotropic responses
General entertainment programming that often includes discussions of political affairs, such as The Daily Show, The Today Show, and The View is called
soft news.
A government unit created to perform particular functions, such as fire protection and water purification and distribution is known as a(n)
special district
A government unit created to perform particular functions, such as fire protection and water purification and distribution is known as a(n)
special district.
Analysis of Super PAC ads during the 2012 Republican nomination shows that they
spent over 70 percent of their money on negative ads attacking other candidates.
Examples of the Daughters of Liberty opposed British rule
spinning their own cloth using colonial products rather than buying imported British Goods
The anti-gay marriage laws and amendments passed in many states in recent years w ere overturned in by the Supreme Court in 2015. In other words,
substantive democratic theory outweighed procedural democratic theory.
The Bill of Rights is at the core of our...
substantive theories of democracy.
In August of 2010, a federal judge overturns a decision by the voters of California that had banned gay marriage. This judicial decision is an example of
substantive theory
The Statement "We don't put our fundamental right, like freedom of speech, up for a vote!" reflects the...
substantive theory of democracy
The 1955 Montgomery bus boycott is an example of
successful unconventional political participation
The 1955 Montgomery bus boycott is an example of
successful unconventional political participation.
Cooperative Federalism
system in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems
Although terrorism is an unconventional political action, it is generally not counted as unconventional political participation because
terrorists do not seek to influence government but to destroy it.
In 2012, the Supreme Court cited ____________ in upholding the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act.
the Congress's taxing power
The main argument against the need for a bill of rights was that
the Constitution established a government of limited powers; because the government was not given the power to regulate individual liberties, no bill of rights was necessary
The main argument against the need for a bill of rights was that
the Constitution established a government of limited powers; because the government was not given the power to regulate individual liberties, no bill of rights was necessary.
The Framers wanted to build public opinion into our government structure by creating
the House of Representatives
If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral college votes, the election is decided by
the House of Representatives.
When responding to the economic downturn that afflicted the nation at the beginning of his first term, President Obama drew on the logic of...
the New Deal and the preamble to the U.S. Constitution
A major event that led to greater British taxation of American colonies was
the Seven Years' War.
Conflicts related to power-sharing between states and the national government are settled by
the Supreme Court
From the 1930s to the mid-1990s,
the Supreme Court tended to support expansion of national authority.
Participatory democracy today is rare in ...
the US and in other democracies
The country with the lowest voter turnout among eligible voters in congressional elections is
the United States.
appellate jurisdiction
the authority of a court to hear cases that have been tried, decided, or reexamined in other courts
original jurisdiction
the authority of a trial court to be first to hear a case
Television hypothesis
the belief that television is to blame for the low level of citizens' knowledge about public affairs
The original procedure for selecting the vice president, under the electoral college, was
the candidate with the next-greatest number of votes would become vice president.
majoritarian model of democracy
the classical theory of democracy in which gov't by the people is interpreted as gov't by the majority of the people(mass participation, majority rule)
The basic definition of public opinion is
the collective attitude of citizens on a given issue or question.
Pressure on an individual to conform to community values or views is strongest when
the community is homogeneous
Pressure on an individual to conform to community values or views is strongest when .
the community is homogeneous.
Adam Smith's "invisible hand" refers to
the economic force that converts individual pursuit of personal profit into societal good.
In the last 200 years, Congress has tremendously increased the scope of the national government by using...
the elastic clause combined with its enumerated powers
The extent of the influence of any socializing agent depends on
the extent of our exposure to it, our communication with it, and our receptivity to it
The power to coin money belongs to __________ and the power to grant divorces belongs to _________.
the federal government; the states
The power to coin money belongs to __________ and the power to grant divorces belongs to...
the federal government; the states
The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators follow
the general contours of public opinion
The original draft of the Declaration of Independence condemned
the king's support of the slave trade
necessary and proper clause
the last clause in section 8 article 1 of the Constitution, which gives congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. This clause is the basis for Congress's implied powers. Also called the elastic clause
administrative discretion
the latitude that Congress gives agencies to make policy in the spirit of their legislative mandate
Compared with majoritarian thought, the pluralist model of democracy shifts the focus of democratic decision making from __________ to _________.
the mass electorate; organized groups
The Constitution explicitly recognizes...
the national government and state governments
The Constitution explicitly recognizes
the national government and state governments.
Anti-federalists attacked the proposed Constitution on the grounds that
the national government it created was too strong
Antifederalists attacked the proposed Constitution on the grounds that
the national government it created was too strong.
In 2012, the Supreme Court cited ____________ in upholding the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act.
the national government's taxing power
The ancient Greeks classified governments as autocracies, oligarchies, or democracies based on...
the number of citizens involved in governing.
The ancient Greeks classified governments as autocracies, oligarchies or democracies based on...
the number of citizens involved in the gathering
The chief obstacle to ratification of the Constitution by the states was
the omission of a bill of rights
The chief obstacle to ratification of the Constitution by the states was
the omission of a bill of rights.
legislative liaison staff
the people who compose the communications link between the White House and Congress, lobbies
Electoral mandate
the perception that an election victory signals broad support for the winner's proposed policies
one of the weaknesses of the procedural model of democracy is
the permitting of politics that violate standard of substantive democracy
Enumerated powers
the powers explicitly granted to congress by the Constitution. 18 powers are enumerated, the first 17 are specific powers. The last clause is the necessary and proper clause
two-step flow of communication
the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others
Implementation
the process of putting specific policies into operation
One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that
the public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on daily issues of government
One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that
the public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on the daily issues of government
Home rule is...
the right of municipal governments to enact their own legislation in certain administrative areas
Home rule is
the right of municipal governments to enact their own legislation in certain administrative areas.
Civil rights
the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
The framers of the Constitution left the issue of voter enfranchisement to
the states.
The general conclusion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez was that
there are limits of the national government's ability to regulate behavior based on the commerce clause
The general conclusion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez was that...
there are limits to the national government's ability to regulate behavior based on the commerce clause
One major criticism of issue networks is that
there is no guarantee that all relevant interests are represented within them.
The American emphasis on freedom over equality in political participation works to the benefit of
those with greater resources.
One recent criticism of referenda and initiatives is that
they create an expensive "industry" designed around circulating petitions and spending millions.
Reason #3 why the Articles of Confederation Failed
they did not give the government the power to regulate commerce
Reason #2 why the Articles of Confederation Failed
they did not include an independent leader to direct the government
Reason #1 why the Articles of Confederation Failed
they did not provide an effective means for the government to raise money
The Articles of Confederation failed because
they did not provide an effective means for the government to raise money, they did not include an independent leader to direct the government, and they did not give the government the power to regulate commerce.
One notable feature of first-past-the-post elections is that
they produce sizable discrepancies between votes won and seats won.
Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship
transmission
Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship.
transmission
Officials send out __________ when they intentionally leak news to gauge the reaction of the public or other political leaders.
trial balloons
The basic premise of federalism is that...
two or more governments share power and authority over the same land and people
The basic premise of federalism is that
two or more governments share power and authority over the same land and people.
Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 each argue, from different angles, that the constitution combats
tyranny
Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 each argue, from different angles, that the constitution combats
tyranny
To amend the Articles of Confederation required a(n)
unanimous vote of the Confederation Congress.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South
To maintain order, the government has a stake in converting ______________ whenever possible.
unconventional participation into conventional participation
Compared with other nations in the world in granting suffrage to women, the United States
was among the first.
How does education affect voter turnout?
well-educated people are more likely to vote than are their less-educated counterparts.
The Procedural theory believe that the government should do
whatever the majority wants
According to procedural theory, the government should do...
whatever the majority wants.
Although public opinion does not fluctuate erratically, change can occur...
when different generations with different experiences enter the electorate.
