midterm

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In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks​, Congress placed the _________ in charge of protecting the nation's ports.

Coast Guard

Free expression clause

Confers the right to unrestricted public discourse that does not threaten public order

The framers of the Constitution intended _________ to be the strongest branch(es) of government.

Congress

This was the Branch the framers of the Constitution intended to be the strongest branch of government

Congress

Survey methodology did not become a powerful research tool until the

1950's

Survey methodology did not become a powerful research tool until the

1950s

In 1955, there were 9 workers for every Social Security beneficiary; by 2011, there were ___.

2.9

Proposal

2/3 vote in either house or senate or national convention summoned by congress at the request of 23 of state legislatures

The amendment lowering the voting age to eighteen is the

26th amendment

Including the Bill of Rights, __________ amendments have been added to the Constitution.

27 Amendments

. The U.S. Fiscal Year 2015 budget submitted by President Obama reflected expended federal government spending of approximately _________ dollars.

3,901 billion

Historians estimate that _____ percent of Americans supported the Revolution in July 1776

40

Historians estimate that _____ percent of Americans supported the Revolution in July 1776.

40

Before it could take effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by __________ states.

9

Before it could take effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by ______

9 states

James Madison made all but which of the following arguments in his essay, Federalist No. 10?

Factions can be eliminated without removing Americans' freedoms.

The major agents of early socialization in the United States are

Family, school, community, and peers

After the failure of the Articles of Confederation, the founders adopted this form of government, strong enough to maintain order but not to dominate the states.​

Federal Government

Supporters of the Constitution named themselves

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution named themselves

Federalists.

Earmarks

Federally funded local projects attached to bills passed through Congress.

Jefferson's opinion of the King

Jefferson denounced the king for participating in slavery

Thomas Jefferson' statement in the Declaration of independence that says that "all men are created equal" is similar to _________ belief that government should be based on the "consent of the governed"

John Locke

Which statement is true about most congressional elections today?

Most congressional elections are not very competitive.

Researchers have found that political apathy is _________ in the United States compared to almost all other nations.

Much lower

Citizen mobilization to stop construction of a nuclear waste facility near their homes would be an example of the _________ phenomenon.

NIMBY

With no one taking the lead in an interest group's traditional agenda building role, in the wake of the Newtown massacre the only legislation that passed was ______________.

No legislation was passed in response to the Newtown massacre.

What rules govern the use of referenda at the federal level?

No provisions exist for the use of referenda at the federal level.

Democratic Party

One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights

The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called

Political socialization

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution, but expected to be asserted by the national government to carry out

Communitarians

Prefer a large role for government in both the economic and social spheres

Libertarians

Prefer a small government in regards to both social and economic policy

The first political institution that young children tend to focus on is the

President

​The ______________ principle indicates that what is learned first is learned best

Primacy

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

Raised the individual contribution limit to $2,000 per election, changed aggregate contribution limits, outlawed "soft money", & implemented new advertising requirements

Amendment process

Proposal and Ratification

Free Exercise Clause

Protects religions beliefs, but not actions based on those beliefs.

The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes

Questioning established values

The accuracy of the population sample used for public opinion polls depends on

Randomness of selection, size of sample, and variation in the population

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shay preventing the foreclosure of farms

______ Is an election on a public policy issue

Referendum

Judicial Review

The power to declare congresional (and presidental) acts invalid becauase they violate the constitution.

Judicial Review

The power to declare congressional (and presidential) acts invalid because they violate the Constitution.

Judicial review

The power to declare congressional (and presidential) acts invalid because they violate the Constitution.

Which of the following is not a power granted to the president under the Constitution?

The power to declare war

Enumerate Powers

The powers explicitly granted to congress by the constitution.

Executive Office of the President

The president's executive aides and their staffs; the extended White House executive establishment.

Politics is

The process of resolving conflicts, The struggle for power in organizations, The process of deciding who gets what, when, and how, Involved in all levels of government.

One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that

The public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on daily issues of government

Front-loading

The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention.

Which of the following is NOT an essential premise of dual federalism?

The relationship between nation and state is best characterized by cooperation

the primary challenge to the democratization of Iraq after the overthrow dictator Saddam Hussein is

The religious conflict between the Sunni and the Shiite branches of Islam

The Bill of Rights includes the following rights for criminal defendants

The right to speedy and public trial, The right to silence, The right to due process, The right to a lawyer.

The idea that all adult within the boundary of a political community should be allowed to vote

Universal participation

Based on 2012 data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the United States is home to as many as __________ local governments of different sorts.

90,000

the main positive result of the Annapolis Convention

A call for a larger meeting of the states, with a broader mission

Timeline leading up to the Declaration of Independnece

Colonists enjoyed many freedoms, Protection by Britain authorized Britain to tax policies according to Englishman, Sons of Liberty destroyed taxed items, Boston tea party, Continental Congress, Right of "life, liberty, property," Revolution

Republic

A government without a monarch, a government rooted in the consent of the governed, whose power is exercized by elected representatives responsible to the governed.

Republic

A government without monarchy

Cabinet

A group of advisers to the president.

With regard to PAC contributions and congressional votes, political scientists

have not been able to document any consistent link between the two.

By 2013, __________ grants consumed more than 50 percent of national government grants to the states.

health

A libertarian is most likely to exhibit the characteristics of

high income and high education

Numerous recent preemptions have focused on...

homeland security

Congress and the states moved quickly to pass the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which lowered the voting age to eighteen, because they

hoped to channel student energy away from demonstrations and toward more conventional forms of participation

An organized group that seeks to influence government policy

interest group

Americans contributing money to a candidate's campaign is best defined as a form of

influencing behavior.

A citizen group gathering enough signature on a petition to force a popular vote on a statewide lottery proposal is an example of

initiative

Citizens circulating petition to gather signatures to put a policy question on the ballot is an example of an

initiative

Cesar Chavez's work to organize California workers into the United Farm Workers makes him an example of a(n)

interest group entrepreneur.

Any organization of individuals formed on the basis of common interest to influence public policy is called a(n)...

interest group.

Initiatives are often sponsored by these groups even though they are instrument of majoritarian democracy

interest groups

Although they are instruments of majoritarian democracy, initiatives are often sponsored by...

interest groups.

A citizen's group gathers enough signatures on a petition to force a popular vote on a statewide lottery proposal. This proposal would represent a(n)...

initiative.

When citizens circulate petitions to gather a certain minimum number of signatures to put a policy question on the ballot, it is called a(n)...

initiative.

To stay in business in the digital age, many newspapers have __________ their online content, with varying degrees of success.

instituted paywalls for

The __________ is the term researchers use to characterize the overall collection of national, state, and local governments in the United States.

intergovernmental system

The ___________ is the term researchers use to characterize the overall collection of national, state and local governments in the United States.

intergovernmental system

Articles I of the Constitution refers to the

legislative branch

Article I of the Constitution refers to the

legislative branch.

Most referenda are placed on the ballot by

legislatures

Most referenda are placed on the ballot by

legislatures.

How likely are voters to participate in state and local elections compared with national elections?

less likely

In nineteen presidential elections since 1936, Gallup polls have deviated from actual results by

less than 1.0 percentage point.

In nineteen presidential elections since 1936, Gallup polls have deviated from actual ​results by

less than 1.0 percentage points

Today, college students are much more __________ than the general public.

liberal

Available evidence seems to indicate that there are _________ among journalists and reporters.

liberal leanings

People who are not religious are more likely to be categorized as

libertarian

Federal Judges (unless they are impeached) serve for

life

In 2014, voters in Switzerland approved an initiative to

limit immigration

In 2014, voters in Switzerland approved an initiative to...

limit immigration.

Categories of the last 17 amendments

make public policy, correct deficiencies in government structure, promote equality

Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ___________ model more difficult to sustain.

majoritarian

Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ___________ model of democracy more difficult to sustain.​

majoritarian

A popular election is the primary mechanism for democratic government in which model?

majoritarian model

Cohesive political parties with well-defined program contribute to the

majoritarian model of democracy

Cohesive political parties with well-defined programs contribute to the...

majoritarian model of democracy.

A requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service that maintains a minimum national standard is called a(n)...

mandate

The first fighting in the American Revolution happened in ________ in early 1775.​

massachusetts

Established procedures and organizations that translate public opinion into government policy, like elections, are known as institutional...

mechanisms.

In recent years, the Supreme Court has denied states the power to execute individuals who are...

mentally disabled and/or seventeen years old

In recent years, the Supreme Court has denied states the power to execute individuals who are

mentally disabled and/or seventeen years old.

An important problem with the procedural view of democracy is that is can clash with

minority rights

All of the following are principles of procedural democracy except...

minority rights.

An important problem with the procedural view of democracy is that it can clash with...

minority rights.

Psychological explanations of turnout suggest that voting will rise if

more Americans believe that government is responsive.

When the wealthy and the rest of the population in American have differing policy goals the preference of the majority will ______

most likely prevail

In most democracies other than the United States, there is __________ support for the view that jobs and incomes for the unemployed are a right.

much more

In most democracies other that the US there is _____ support for the view that jobs and income for the unemployed are a right

much more

Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by two-thirds votes in both the House and the Senate or by a

national convention

When Roger B. Taney became chief justice in 1836, the Court imposed firm limits on the powers of...

national government

Surveys show today that approximately __________ of the American population today think that the United States needs a third party.

one-half

Portland's incorporation of neighborhood association into municipal government is an example of ...

participatory democracy

New England town meetings are an example of...

participatory democracy.

Portland's incorporation of neighborhood associations into its municipal government is an example of...

participatory democracy.

While majority rule is defined as decision making by 50 percent plus one person, _________ is defined as decision making by most participants.

plurality rule

A citizen, interest group member, or public official who champions a particular policy idea is called a

policy entrepreneur.

A country abiding by the principle "one man, one vote" is practicing...

political equality

A country abiding by the principle "one person, one vote" is practicing...

political equality.

The set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called

political ideology

The text defines __________ as the actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or support government and politics.

political participation

Shays Rebellion consisted of farmers trying to _______

prevent foreclosure on their property for debts and taxes owed

In Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court found _________ is(are) unconstitutional.

preventing blacks from voting in primary elections

The ______________ principle indicates that what is learned first is learned best.

primacy

The chief goal of the drafters of the Articles of Confederation was to​

protect states' rights.

According to the text, with respect to political participation, "_________ is the great equalizer,..."

protest

The effect of the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which enfranchised eighteen-to-twenty-year-olds, was to

reduce the national voter turnout rate.

An election on a public policy issue is called a(n)...

referenda

Twenty-four states allow for _____ which is a policy question that the state legislature places on the ballot and allows citizens to vote on it.

referenda

In 2015 the government of Ireland held a(an) __________, in which voters legalized gay marriage.

referendum

The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is to

reflect the views of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy

The fairness doctrine, the equal opportunities rule, and the reasonable access rule are all rules under which the FCC has

regulate broadcast media content.

The national government has come to rely increasingly on its _______ power to shape state policies.

regulatory

​The national government has come to rely increasingly on its _______ power to shape state policies.

regulatory

One primary challenge to democratization in Iraq after the overthrow of dictator Saddam Hussein is the...

religious conflict between Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam.

The three-fifths compromise resolved the issue of​

representation of slaves

Most democracies give power to...

representatives.

resting in the consent of the governed through their representatives is a _______ government

republican government

The Twelfth Amendment

required the electoral college to vote separately for president and vice president.

A(n) _____ forbids state governments from exercising certain powers.

restraint

In the 2000 election, the candidacy of Ralph Nader

resulted in a loss of support for the Democratic candidate, Al Gore.

Originally, the Constitutional Convention's purpose was to

revise the Articles of Confederation.

​The Printz v. United States decision was held to violate the constitutional principle of ___________ by transferring the president's executive authority to local sheriffs.

separation of powers

The assignment in the Constitution of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches respectively is known as

separation of powers.

Most politicians and many scholars believe that the media's greatest influence on politics is its ability to

set the political agenda.

a Political system that is "democratic" cannot be

simply defined

When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

skewed

When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

skewed.

In the past few years, there has been a ______ in the number of democracies around the world

slight decline

Agreement among substantive theories break down when the discussion move from civil rights to

social and economic rights

After the Constitution was amended to permit the federal government to levy a progressive income tax, government could more effectively further the goal of

social equality

After the Constitution was amended to permit the federal government to levy a progressive income tax, government could more effectively further the goal of

social equality.

Agreement among substantive theorists breaks down when the discussion moves from civil rights to...

social rights and economic rights.

A government-backed guarantee against loss by individuals without regard to need is a(n) ________________ program.

social welfare

The Daughters of Liberty opposed British rule by

spinning their own cloth and using colonial products rather than buying imported British products.

Which metaphor best describes cooperative federalism?

sponge cake

A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is a

stable

A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is called a _____ distribution

stable

According to the text, one could see the rise of coercive federalism as simply shifting the pluralist struggle from...

state capitals to Washington D.C.

The lines that define congressional districts are usually drawn by...

state legislatures

The lines that define congressional districts are usually drawn by

state legislatures.

The chief goal of the drafters of the Articles of Confederation was to protect

states' rights

Preclearance is the process of...

submitting redistricting plans to the Justice Department for approval

Preclearance is the process of

submitting redistricting plans to the Justice Department for approval.

Bible reading in public schools would violate a ___________ principle, freedom of religion.

substantive

Freedom of religion or freedom of speech are _________ principles.

substantive

The ____________ view of democracy is likely to see anti-gay marriage laws as undemocratic.

substantive

Today, the mass media conduct most polls by

telephone

During the New Deal era, Congress did NOT...

temporarily claim extra constitutional powers to meet the national emergency

Congressional redistricting occurs once every ____ years.

ten

The Bill of Rights consists of the first __________ amendments to the Constitution.

ten

From the 1930s to the mid-1990s, the Supreme Court...

tended to support expansion of national authority

Mandates (funded and unfunded)

terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

In America, when the wealthy and the rest of the population have differing policy goals...

the preference of the wealthy will most often prevail.

In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote

both order and equality over freedom

Young Americans are more reliably socialized into their parents' religions when

both parents follow the same religion

Children are likely to adopt their parents' party identification when

both parents strongly identify with the same party.

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is an example of _________ federalism.

cooperative

The use of highway construction funds has been an effective means to promote

cooperative federalism

The use of highway construction funds has been an effective means to promote...

cooperative federalism

In McCulloch v. Maryland, Chief Justice Marshall employed the principle of

cooperative federalism.

Under the Constitution, the slave trade

could be ended after 20 years

Under the Constitution, the slave trade

could be ended after twenty years.

The text suggests that the United States struggled to promote democracy in countries that...

could not accept high degree of tolerance and freedom allowed to all groups in society.

A legal action brought by a person or group on behalf of a number of people in similar circumstances is also known as a(n)

class action suit.

According to the cooperative federalism model, the functions and responsibilities of the national and state governments are not...

clearly defined

A primary election in which voters must declare their party affiliation before they are given the primary ballot is a(n) ________ primary.

closed

In response to the use of national mandates and restraints that have become so dominant, theorists have developed a new theory known as _____ federalism.

coercive

The ___________ gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states.

commerce clause

The Greek word "demos", which is the root term of the word democracy, means

common people

The Greek word demos, which is the root of the term democracy, means...

common people

The original draft of the Declaration of Independence

condemned the king's support of the slave trade.

a loose association of independent states is best described as a

confederation

Deciding on the legality of marijuana through ballot propositions is an example of...

direct democracy.

seperation of powers

dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Regarding the Internet, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

does not have jurisdiction to regulate Internet content.

Someone who believes that the elastic clause of the Constitution should be narrowly interpreted is MOST likely to endorse the concept of ________ federalism.

dual

Conservatives are often associated with ___________, while liberals are often associated with __________.

dual federalism; cooperative federalism

The Great Depression represented a shift away from __________ and toward __________.

dual federalism; cooperative federalism

While always a part of the federal arsenal, federal grants-in-aid grew at an astonishing pace

during the 1960s.

The standard socioeconomic model of participation chiefly refers to

education, income, and occupation.

A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as a(n) __________ clause.

elastic

The "necessary and proper" clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution is an example of a(n) "__________ clause."

elastic

A 2011 news analysis found that cable TV was particularly devoted to __________ whereas online news sites and newspapers provided more coverage of __________.

election coverage; foreign affairs

The central value underlying Lyndon Johnson's Great Society was

equality.

A central question in the McCulloch case was whether or not Congress had the power to

establish a national bank

A central question in the McCulloch case was whether or not Congress had the power to...

establish a national bank

Independent agencies

executive agencies that are not part of a cabinet department

The constitutional amendment process requires

extraordinary majorities.

A sign that pluralist democracy might NOT be working well in the United States is the...

fact that the best represented sectors in Washington are business and professional groups.

The now-abolished __________ obligated broadcasters to discuss public issues and to provide equal coverage of all opinions on those issues.

fairness doctrine

For most people, the first agent of political socialization is

family

Generally, the first agent of political socialization that people are exposed to is

family

The major agents of early socialization in the United States are

family, school, community, and peers

Shays's Rebellion consisted of

farmers trying to prevent foreclosure on their property for debts and taxes owed.

Since 1995 the Supreme Court has frequently

favored states' rights

Since 1995 the Supreme Court has frequently...

favored states' rights

The main disadvantage of the pluralist model is that it...

favors groups who need help the least.

A state moves its primary to an earlier date to encourage presidential candidates who would otherwise have skipped that state to campaign there. This is known as

front-loading.

Conflicts related to power-sharing between states and the national government are settled by...

the supreme court

Public opinion polls can be criticized on the grounds that

the way a pollster words a question can determine the answer

Based on the text, what factor does NOT determine the accuracy of the sample?

the year the sample is taken

One effect of adoption of proportional rules in Republican primaries in 2012 was

to delay conclusion of the nominating process.

The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is

to reflect the view of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy

The majoritarian model of democracy favors

voting as the primary means of participation.

What statement concerning gender and political beliefs is incorrect?

women are more likely to favor the death penalty

In his first run for the presidency, Andrew Jackson

won a plurality of the popular vote but was not chosen as president by the House of Representatives.

The first example of social insurance in the United States was

workers' compensation.

The American Revolution effectively ended with the surrender of Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in

​1781

Despite new technological options, and despite criticism that in its current form it polarizes politics in an unhealthy way, _____ of Americans listen to traditional AM/FM radio weekly.

​90%

​Which of the following is not an important function of the news media in our political system?

​All of the above are important functions of the news media in our political system.

___________ are group leaders who follow news in specific areas.​

​Attentive policy elites

Development of the Common Core education standards was led by​ the

​National Governors' Association.

Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship

​Transmission

​The main positive result of the Annapolis Convention was

​a call for a larger meeting of the states, with a broader mission.

A 2006 survey found that if the government feels information threatens national security, _______ Americans favor government censorship.​

​about a third of

Advocates of dropping all FCC content regulations believe that​

​broadcast media should be treated the same as other media.

The ___________ gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states.​

​commerce clause

According to the text, it is difficult for a country with a market economy to remain _________ in its internal politics.

undemocratic

It is difficult for a country with a market economy to remain ______ in its internal policies

undemocratic

International affairs, including "foreign aid" and the budget of the State Department and embassies and consulates in other countries, consume _________ percent of the FY 2015 budget.

under 1.5

According to Madison in Federalist No.10, the most common and durable source of factions has been

unequal distribution of property

The concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making

universal participation

The concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making is...

universal participation.

The idea that all adults within the boundaries of a political community should be allowed to vote is known as...

universal participation.

The text defines suffrage and franchise as the right to

vote.

Article I, Section 8 of the constitution articulates the principle of _________, granting Congress limited powers.​

​enumerated powers

​To stay in business in the digital age, many newspapers have __________ their online content, with varying degrees of success.

​instituted paywalls for

Counting both print and online users, news readership of newspapers​

​is up overall.

​Journalistic norms of objectivity and accuracy grew, some say, because of

​lack of competition, allowing focus on quality rather than sensationalism.

According to John Locke, all legitimate political authority exists to preserve​

​natural rights.

A citizen, interest group member, or public official who champions a particular policy idea is called a​

​policy entrepreneur.

Federal government decision-making tends to be dominated by​

​political and policy goals.

The three-fifths compromise resolved the issue of​

​representation of slaves.

​Newspapers owned by publicly-traded chains are more likely to

​resort to negative or positive spin on the news.

The text suggests that in the early days of radio, owners​ sought government regulation of the airwaves to

​restrict others' freedom to enter broadcasting and compete.

​The notion that governmental authority springs from the consent of the governed is derived from

​social contract theory.

Among the most undemocratic​ features of the U.S. Constitution is the

​state equality rule.

Preclearance is the process of​

​submitting redistricting plans to the Justice Department for approval.

In 2012, the Supreme Court cited ____________ in upholding the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act.

​the Congress's taxing power

Shays's Rebellion was ultimately defeated by​

​the Massachusetts militia.

The plan presented at the Constitutional Convention generally favored ​by large states was

​the Virginia Plan

​Historian Jack Rakove argues that in the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was arguing for

​the collective right of revolution and self-government.

The amount of information online is so vast that most people rely on _________ to help them determine which news is real and important.​

​the mainstream media

Article VI of the constitution contains provisions establishing...

​the supremacy clause and the no religious test clause.

Conflicts related to power-sharing between states and the national government​ are settled by

​the supreme court.

Patrick Henry about convention

" i smell a rat"

Madison warned that

"Factions" (interest groups) would go far to suppress the rights of others to achieve their objectives

The Virginia plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court argued that "the power to tax...

... involves the power to destroy."

Problems with establishing democracy in Iraq are, according to the text, chiefly a function of the fact that

"There is no meaningful Iraqi identity."

Problems with establishing democracy in Iraq are, according to the text, chiefly a function of the fact that...

"There is no meaningful Iraqi identity."

With respect to religion, the group that has grown rapidly in the 21st century and now makes up almost 20 percent of the American population is

"Unaffiliated"

This phrase was heard by 20,000 protesters, in the October of 1932 as they demanded repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment

"We Want Beer"

__________was heard from some 20,000 protesters, many of them women, in October of 1932 as they demanded repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment.

"We want beer"

This is not a question asked by the procedural democratic theory

"What democratic outcome violates the rights of minorities"

With respect to religion, the group that has grown rapidly in the 21st century and now makes up almost 20 percent of the American population is

"unaffiliated"

Government Performance and Results Act

(1993) required agencies to set goals, measure performance, and report anually on results

Two noted exceptions to freedom of speech

-"Fighting words": defined as utterances designed to "inflict injury or [that] tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace" -obscenity

It is quite possible that campaign coverage is affected by a(n) __________ among journalists.

. anti-incumbent bias

A typical Gallup national ​poll surveys approximately _______ individuals

1,500

A typical Gallup national ​poll surveys approximately _______ individuals.

1,500

Minority parties fall into 4 categories:

1. Bolter parties(factions that split off from a major party) 2. Farmer-labor parties:(populist, working-class orientation) 3. Parties of ideological protest(socialist/libertarian parties) 4. Single-issue parties (prohibition party)

Lobbying methods

1. Direct lobbying of policymakers, including committee testimony and legal advocacy 2. Grassroots lobbying of group members 3. Information campaigns 4. Coalition-building

3 major purposes of government

1. Maintain Order 2. Provide Public Goods 3. Promote Equality

Ideal role of political parties in majoritarian democracy

1. Parties should present clear and coherent programs to voters 2. Voters should choose candidates on be basis of party programs 3. The winning party should carry out its program once in office 4. Voters should hold the governing party responsible at the next election for executing its program

The case study of capital punishment in the US demonstrates several characteristics of public opinion:

1. The public's attitudes toward a given government policy vary over time 2. Public opinion places boundaries on allowable types of public policy 3. Citizens are willing to register opinions on matters outside their expertise 4. Governments tend to react to public opinion 5. The government sometimes does not do what the public wants

Major functions of political parties

1.nominating function - parties recruit and choose candidates and then work to help those nominees win elections (solid base of support) 2.the informer stimulator function - parties inform, inspire, and activate interest in public affairs with news media and interest groups ("education") 3. the bonding agent function -ensures the good performance of its candidates and elected office holders and then makes sure candidates are not unqualified for the public office they seek 4. governmental function- both state and federal public officials are regularly appointed on a partisan basis; the executive and legislative branches much cooperate 5. the watchdog function- particularly true of the party out of power because it criticizes the policies and behavior of the party in power; makes party in control be more responsive to the public

It is estimated that ______ American colonists remained loyal to the British Crown

1/5

A January 2014 poll showed that ____ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they may have

54

A January 2014 poll showed that ____ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they may have.

54

A January 2014 poll showed that ____ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they may have.​

54

In a 2014 Gallup poll, _____ percent of Americans supported affording gay marriage the same legal status as traditional marriage

54

In a 2014 Gallup poll, _____ percent of Americans supported affording gay marriage the same legal status as traditional marriage.

54

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

5th Amendment self-incrimination clause requires government agents to warn suspects of their right to remain silent and/or contact an attorney before questioning them when they are in custody. Statements made without Miranda Warning are inadmissible in court (like the exclusionary rule for evidence)

According to the 2012 American National Election Study (ANES), about ____ percent of Americans believe the government should permit abortions in many, if not all, instances.

61

There were an estimated __________ PACs contributing to congressional candidates during the 2011-2012 campaign cycle.

7,000

If voter turnout was computed on the basis of registered voters, about ________ of Americans vote.

80 percent

descriptive representation

A belief that constituents are most effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, ethnicity, religion, or gender

Electoral College

A body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice President Eliminated fear for popular vote for president and satisfied small states (if president failed to be elected they would receive the same vote)

Electoral College

A body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice president.

amicus curiae brief

A brief filed (with the permission of the court) by an individual or group that is not a party to a legal action but has an interest in it.

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

A commission created by the 1974 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act to administer election reform laws. It consists of six commissioners appointed by president and confirmed by the Senate. Its duties include overseeing disclosure of campaign finance information and public funding of presidential elections, and enforcing contribution limits.

Joint committee

A committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate; such committees oversee the Library of Congress and conduct investigations.

Political Action Committee (PAC)

A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations

The New Jersey plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress. Appealed to smaller states

Filibuster

A delaying tactic, used in the senate, that allows any senator to prevent a bill from coming to a vote

Preemption

A doctrine under which certain federal laws preempt, or take precedence over, conflicting state or local laws.

Coercive Federalism

A form of federalism in which the federal government pressures the states to change their policies by using regulations, mandates, and conditions (often involving threats to withdraw federal funding).

Republicanism

A form of gov't in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives

Republicanism

A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives

Republicanism

A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives Created by Aristotle

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Checks and balances

A government structure that gives each branch some scruitany of and control of the other branches.

Checks and balances

A government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches

Cabinet

A group of presidential advisers; the heads of the executive departments and other key officials.

Bureaucracy

A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials

Which metaphor BEST describes dual federalism?

A layer cake

Treaty

A legal agreement between two or more countries

Delegate

A legislator whose primary responsibility is to represent the majority view of his or her constituents, regardless of his or her own view.

Hold

A letter requesting that a bill be held from floor debate

Confederation

A loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters

Confederation

A loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters.

Extraordinary majority

A majority greater than the minimum of 50 + 1

Extraordinary Majority

A majority greater than the minimum of fifty percent plus one.

What metaphor BEST describes cooperative federalism?

A marble cake

standing committee

A permanent congressional committee that specializes in a particular policy area

Direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Politics are

A process that resolves conflict within a society, A struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups.

Trustee

A representative who is obligated to consider the views of constituents but is not obligated to vote according to those views if he or she believes they are misguided.

exclusionary rule

A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct(unreasonable searches and seizures)

Virginia Plan

A set of proposals for a new government, submitted to the constitutional convention of 1787; included separation of the Government into 3 branches, division of legislature into 2 houses, and the proportion representation of the legislature Representation of state in legislature is proportion to taxes paid Executive with unspecified number of people be elected and serve for a single term Legislature is empowered to override state laws

Virginia Plan

A set of proposals for a new government, submitted to the constitutional convention of 1787; it included the seperation of the government into three branches, division of the legislature into two houses, and proportinal representation in the legislature.

Gridlock

A situation in which government is incapable of acting on important issues.

dissenting opinion

A statement written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion, presenting his or her opinion

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Dual Federalism

A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the chief executive is the leader whose party holds the most seats in the legislature after an election or whose party forms a major part of the ruling coalition.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

conference committee

A temporary committee created to work out differences between the House and Senate versions of a specific piece of legislation.

select committee

A temporary congressional committee created for a specific purpose and disbanded after that purpose is fulfilled.

About _______ of immigrants in America are undocumented

A third

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. National gov't was largely devoid of power

As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _________ emerge as more important socialization agents

Adult peer groups and the mass media

The South still casts many votes for Democrats because of the high proportion of

African Americans.

Executive Office of the President

Agencies that perform staff services for the president but are not part of the White House

Which of the following is the correct sequential order for the policymaking process?

Agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation, policy evaluation

The office of management and budget

Analyzed budget requests, is involved in policy making process, examines agency management practices

Who was the leader of the Federalists?

Alexander Hamilton

Which of the following is not a reason that states have improved their ability to govern capably over the last few decades?​

All of the above are reasons states have increased their capabilities.

During the Vietnam War, protesting students on college campuses

All of the above are true

Research on the impact of soft news finds it

All of these choices are true.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Which influential Washington interest group has a membership of 40 million?

American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)

Revolution to state (3.2)

Americans chose republic defined by the Articles of Confederation, gave rights to state, but too weak of central government, couldn't fight disorder and insurrection

Majority of war debt owed to

Americans, troops not paid, debt to allies like France much smaller, resolution: giving land for service from treaty of paris

War Powers Resolution (1973)

An act of Congress that forces that body to decide whether a commitment of troops into a war zone is permissible.

general election

An election held to choose which candidate will hold office

Federal question

An issue covered by the U.S. Constitution, national laws, or U.S. treaties.

concurring opinion

An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning.

Norms

An organization's informal, unwritten rules that guide individual behavior.

The rule of four

An unwritten rule that requires at least four justices to agree that a case warrants consideration before it is reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Locke

Argued that people have "inalienable rights"

Elastic clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

The fact that ideological conservatives believed even more strongly that Iraq ​had weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 war after they were informed that subsequent investigations concluded that this was not true is an example of the

Backfire effect

In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote

Both order and equality over freedom

Young Americans are more reliably socialized into their parents' religions when

Both parents follow the same religion

Since the 1990s the Court has typically favored states, however, the best example of a decision in which the court did NOT defend state prerogatives is...

Bush v. Gore

According ​to the self-interest principle, ​people tend to

Choose what benefits them personally

Soft money

Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.

​Recently, media outlets have started including ________ in their samples, particularly in response to the habits of younger Americans

Cell phones

A country where the government heavily censors Internet news and search engines is

China.

According to the text, what is NOT a characteristic of public opinion?

Citizens are typically unwilling to offer opinions on matters outside their experience, even when asked by pollsters

According to the text, which of the following is not a characteristic of public opinion?

Citizens are typically unwilling to offer opinions on matters outside their experience, even when asked by pollsters.

The first amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Which of the following statements regarding the New Deal era is INCORRECT?

Congress temporarily claimed extra constitutional powers to meet the national emergency.

Which of the following statements regarding the New Deal era is incorrect?

Congress temporarily claimed extra constitutional powers to meet the national emergency.

These theorists have a narrower view f the scope of social and economic rights that should be guaranteed by a democratic government than _______ theorists

Conservative theorists , Liberal theorists

_________ theorists have a narrower view of the scope of social and economic rights that should be guaranteed by a d emocratic government than _________ theorists.

Conservative, liberal

Selling the constitution (3.5)

Constitution did not list individual liberties mentioned in the Declaration of Independence, added bill of rights to ratify constitution

Final product (3.4)

Constitution was resolution, strengthen central government but put limits on power, left a lot of power still to the states, based on 4 principles: REPUBLICANISM, FEDERALISM, SEPERATION OF POWERS, AND CHECKS AND BALANCES

From Confederation to Constitution (3.3)

Constitutional convention, debated strength of government vs power of state and nature of presidency, comprises made that were supported by all delegates

Civil Liberties

Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

The American Revolution effectively ended with the surrender of _________ in 1781

Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown

Black Americans shifted significantly to the Democratic Party in the 1960s largely in response to

Democratic Party support for civil rights legislation.

The process of institutionalizing the rules of procedural democracy and establishing substitute democratic policies

Democratization

In a 2012 election survey, respondents were asked whether abortion should be outlawed by government or a matter of personal choice, and whether government should guarantee people a job and a good standard of living or people should get ahead on their own. People's responses to the two questions

Demonstrated that these value choices cannot be explained by a one-dimensional liberal-conservative continuum

The federal bureaucracy is divided into several different types of organizations:

Departments, independent agencies, and government corporations. The people who staff them are hired on the basis of merit, and cannot be fired for political reasons

Declaration of Independence

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to seperate from Great Britain.

Declaration of Independence

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain.

The online communication channels that allow citizens to register opinions and complaints to government officials is called...

E-government

This allows a person to acquire information and documents and also provides a medium to register opinion and complaints to government officials

E-government

__________ allows a person to acquire information and documents online and also provides a medium to register opinions and complaints to government officials.

E-government

The _____ Amendment Protects against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment

Eight Amendment

Which amendment does the text categorize as "disastrous"?

Eighteenth Amendment

the text describes this Amendment as disastrous

Eighteenth Amendment

The _________ Amendment protects against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

Eighth

A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as ____ clause

Elastic Clause

If top government jobs for both political parties were filled from only an inner circle of top corporate leader, this would serve as evidence for the

Elite Theory

Constitution (rebellious roots) (3.1)

End product of the revolutionary movement, began with Declaration of Independence (general idea for guaranteed rights of people), brought about the principles of equality of people

Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution articulates the principle of _____ granting Congress limited powers

Enumerated Powers

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review: the judiciary's power to declare acts of coordinate branches (and of state gov) void bc they violate the constitution

Which of the following taxes is not a major source (as in over 10 percent) of the federal government's revenue?

Estate taxes

The _________ Amendment prohibits Congress from abridging freedom of the press.

First

An Evaluation of the constitution (3.7)

Focus of constitution was the balance between order and freedom (original dilemma of democracy) main goal was not to create a democracy, but created based on the values and wishes of the delegates, one of their main goals was to balance the powers of the national government and those of the states, (which is a nature still contested today)

Indirect Democracy

Form of democracy in which individuals are represented by appointed representatives.

The federalists, democratic-Republicans, and whigs...

Formed the basis of the two-party system earlier in our history

Mass media

Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.

Constitutional change (3.6)

Founding father knew the constitution would need to be revised for the good of their people, enumerated different formal methods for amending the constitution, also modified through courts amend changes in political practice

The _________ guaranteed citizenship to all persons, including blacks.

Fourteenth Amendment

This amendment guaranteed citizenship to all persons, including blacks

Fourteenth Amendment

The _________ Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Fourth

The _____ Amendment protect against unreasonable searches and seizures

Fourth Amendment

A respondent who agrees with the statement, "By law, a woman should be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice" values

Freedom over order

As a general trend, college-educated individuals are more likely to choose

Freedom over social order

Individuals with higher education and income tend to favor _______ over ________

Freedom; order or equality

One of the nation's oldest polls, the __________, was started in the 1930s, and was most notably wrong in 1948 when it predicted that Thomas Dewey, the Republican candidate, would defeat the Democratic incumbent, Harry Truman in the presidential election

Gallup Poll

One of the nation's oldest polls, the __________, was started in the 1930s, and was most notably wrong in 1948 when it predicted that Thomas Dewey, the Republican candidate, would defeat the Democratic incumbent, Harry Truman in the presidential election.

Gallup Poll

President __________ passed the Medicare drug program expanding welfare benefits for seniors.

George W. Bush

government corporations

Government agencies that perform services that might be provided by the private sector but that either involve insufficient financial incentive or are better provided when they are somehow linked with government.

Reasons the Articles Failed

Government couldn't tax, no person could direct the government, the government couldn't regulate interstate and commerce, and they could not be amended without unanimous agreement

Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy

Government should do what a majority of the public wants

Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy?

Government should do what a majority of the public wants

Republic

Government without a monarch; a government rooted in the consent of the governed, whose power is exercises by elected representatives responsible to the governed

Social welfare policy in the United States today has been significantly shaped by the

Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Great Society

The concept of demcracy intially was defined centeries ago in ...

Greece

The concept of democracy was initially defined centuries ago in ancient...

Greece

Government is necessary because

Groups compete for power in society, There needs to be a means to maintain order in society, A central authority is necessary to provide for the common defense, A central authority is necessary to promote economics development.

Interest groups

Groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals for their members-even if these advantages are at the expense of the larger population

According to the Sixth Amendment, the accused

Have a right to a speedy trial.

A libertarian is most likely to exhibit the characteristics of

High income and high education

Hierarchy of Federal Courts

Highest Court: Supreme Court (1) Intermediate: U.S. Court of Appeals (13) Lowest Courts: U.S. District Courts (94)

The Framers guessed that the __________ would reflect public opinion, especially on the crucial issues of taxes and government spending

House of Representatives

The Framers guessed that the __________ would reflect public opinion, especially on the crucial issues of taxes and government spending.

House of Representatives

The current debate about "net neutrality" concerns whether

ISPs should be allowed to charge people more if they consume a large amount of bandwidth.

The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to

Identify more with the Democratic Party than men do

Bureacrats must..

Implement policies—put the ideas on paper into action.

The power of Congress to charter a bank is an example of what type of power?

Implied

The power of Congress to charter a bank is an example of ______ powers

Implied powers

Politics exists

In every community that makes decisions, In schools, social groups, and organized groups of individuals.

527 groups

Independent groups that seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly advocate the election of a particular candidate.

These 4 things are all considered to be institutional mechanism in politics

Interest groups, political parties, legislature, and elections

Civil cases

Involve a private dispute about something of value

The total collapse of government

Is an uncommon event.

As an institution, a government is unique in that

It has the ultimate authority for making decisions and establishing political values.

What was the nature of the early opposition to Medicare?

It was attacked as socialized medicine.

Which of the following statements concerning Latinos is incorrect?

Latinos are a racial group

Which of the following statements concerning Latinos is incorrect?

Latinos are a racial group.

Which of the following is not necessary for the pluralist model of interest groups to be fair?

Lawmakers should attempt to balance perfectly the views of all competing interests.

In the 2011 Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Whiting decision, the Roberts Court upheld which state law?

Legal Arizona Workers Act

How likely are voters to participate in state and local elections compared with national elections?

Less likely

Today, college students are much more __________ than the general public

Liberal

The Federalists Papers were drafted by

Madison, Hamilton & Jay

Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ___________ model more difficult to sustain

Majoritarian

In recent years, our 2nd congressional parties have been increasingly polarized working less together to fashion compromise legislation, and this trend is consistent with

Majoritarian Model of Democracy

The primary mechanism in this model of democracy is the popular election

Majoritarian Model of Democracy

extraordinary majority

Majority greater than that required by majority rule, that is, greater than 50 percent plus one.

Which of the following statements concerning ideological "moderates" is correct?

Many people identify as "moderate" because they do not understand the alternatives

Which of the following statements concerning ideological "moderates" is correct?

Many people identify as "moderate" because they do not understand the alternatives.

The Supreme Court first declared that the courts have the power to overturn government acts that conflict with the Constitution in

Marbury v Madison

The first digit in the American Revolution occurred in early 1775 in

Massachusetts

Constituional Convention details

May 1787 in Philadelphia, all summer, held in secret, windows closed so delegates could change opinion, created social contract on paper (constitution)

"Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate" is part of the broad Supreme Court interpretation of the elastic clause in the case of

McCulloch v. Maryland

"Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate" is part of the broad Supreme Court interpretation of the elastic clause in the case of

McCulloch v. Maryland.

This is not a principle of procedural democracy

Minority rights

The most frequent response (such as "I favor") in a public opinion distribution is known as the

Mode

Development of the Common Core education standards was led by​ the

National Governors' Association

This amendment guarantees that citizens' right to vote cannot be denied "on account of sex"

Nineteenth Amendment

A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution around a single mode is called a

Normal distribution

When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales ("liberal," "moderate," or "conservative"), the data plotted on a graph is a(n)

Normal distribution

Criminal cases

Occur when the government persecuted persons for violating criminal codes

When elementary schools introduce students to authority figures outside the family, like the teacher, they prepare students for the value of _________; when they stress norms of democratic decision making and respecting the opinions of others, they teach _________

Order; equality

Citizens groups

Organizations built around policy concerns unrelated to members' vocational interests

Establishment Clause

Part of the First Amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion."

As students move from elementary school to high school, their political socialization tends to transition from knowledge of ________ to development of _________

Patriotic ​ritual; good citizenship

The United States Government fulfills the ____ model of Democracy quite well

Pluralist

The ability of groups to make government respond to their special problems is best described as part of ________ theory.

Pluralist

What kind of Government is the U.S.A.?

Pluralist

This term is defined as decision making by most participants where as majority rule is decision making by 50% plus one

Plurality Rule

Incrementalism

Policymaking characterized by a series of decisions, each instituting modest change.

The set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called

Political ideology

The text defines __________ as the actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or support government and politics.

Political participation

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers. Founded 2854

_________ theory implies that a group should determine what the majority of its participants want to do.

Procedural

This theory prescribes that a group should decide to do what the majority of its participant want to do

Procedural Democracy

The procedural view

Procedural democracy emphasizes the principles of universal participation, political equality, and majority rule.

_____ addresses the questions "Who should participate in decision making? and How many votes are needed to reach a decision?"

Procedural democratic theory

this view of democracy sees anti-gay marriage laws as democratic

Procedural view of Democracy

A veterans' group publicizes reports of excessive wait times at VA (US Department of Veterans Affairs) hospitals and resulting harm to patients. Which function is the veterans' group performing?

Program monitoring

____________ championed the direct primary.

Progressives

unconventional participation

Refers to relatively uncommon behavior conducted outside of political institutions; often it seems to threaten government, or at least to defy government policies.

Anarchism

Rejects government entirely

5 main functions of the media

Reporting the news, interpreting the news, influencing public opinion, setting the political agenda, and socializing citizens about politics

The __________ pressed for legislation requiring cost estimates and analysis of the impact of agency regulations.

Republicans

The original purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to

Revise the Articles of Confederation

What state did not attend the Constitutional Convention?

Rhode Island

Which state legislature sent no delegates to the Constitutional Convention?

Rhode Island

this state did not send any delegates to the Constitutional Convention

Rhode Island

If the U.S Constitution had no Bill of Rights

Rights would be dependent on the political process, Unpopular rights would be in danger, Popular rights would be safe, Some rights would be protected by state constitutions.

The assignment in the Constitution of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting function to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is known as the

Separation of Powers

A major event that led to Great Britain's taxation of the American colonies

Seven Years' War

If someone formed the "Second Amendment Party," a political party to run on a platform of removing regulations on gun ownership, that would be an example of a _________ party.

Single-issue

When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

Skewed

Since surveying the American public about ideology began, the ideological distribution of the public has become

Skewed toward conservatism

The federal government's single largest budgeted spending item is

Social Security.

Political parties

Sponsor candidates to run for elected offices under their name; the candidates are their avowed representatives

A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is a​

Stable

Precedents

Standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Initiative

State and local voters are allowed to propose issues to be decided by their legislators

tne of the most undemocratic feature of the US Constitution

State equality rule

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

State funding of religious programs must pass a stringent test of noninterference with religion

Great Compromise

Submitted by the Connecticut Delegation to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and thus also known as the Connecticut Compromise, a plan calling for a bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to the population and the States would be represented equally in the Senate

Great Compromise

Submitted by the Connecticut delegation to the constitutional convention and thus also known as the Connecticut compromise a plan calling for a bicameral legislature in which the house of representatives would be apportioned according to population and the states would be represented equally in the senate.

New Jersey Plan

Submitted by the head of the New Jersey delegation to the Constitutional convention of 1787, a set of nine resolutions that would have, in effect, preserved the Articles of Confederation by amending rather than replacing them States have equal representation Multi person executive should be elected by the leader States have majority of rights

New Jersey Plan

Submitted by the head of the New Jersey delegation to the constitutional convention, a set of nine resolution that would have, in effect, preserved the articles of confederation by amending rather than replacing them.

If Congress were to pass a law that allows organize prayer in public school and the Supreme Court declares that the Constitution forbid this rule, this would be an example of the ....

Substantive Theory of Democracy

If voters in Texas voted by over 60% to ban gay marriage and you are arguing that gay marriage should be allowed in Texas anyway implies the reliance on the

Substantive Theory of Democracy

The Bill of Rights is at the Core of the

Substantive theories of Democracy

__________ is political action that expresses allegiance to country and government.

Supportive behavior

Supremacy Clause

The clause in article VI of the constitution that asserts that national laws take precedence over state and loval laws when they conflict.

Members of this party are the most likely to support immigration reform that includes a path to citizenship

Tea Party

Today, the mass media conduct most polls by

Telephone

The Bill of Rights consists of the first ____ amendments to the Constitution

Ten Amendments

Liberals

Tend to desire more government involvement in the economic sphere and less in social

A proponent of states' rights and enumerated powers would be more likely to quote the _________ Amendment to the Constitution

Tenth

A proponent of states' rights and enumerated powers would be more likely to quote the _________ Amendment to the Constitution.

Tenth

Which document proclaimed, "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not ... expressly delegated to the United States"?

The Articles of Confederation

Which of the following is not an essential premise of dual federalism?

The Constitution is the creation of the people of the United States.

This document proclaimed that "we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights"

The Declaration of Independence

The idea that the most important government decisions are made by editable and stable minority that share certain characteristics (wealth & business connections)

The Elite Theory

The Federal Reserve can increase the money supply in all but which of the following ways?

The Fed can increase its reserve requirement for member banks.

The basic definition of public opinion is

The collective attitudes of citizens on a given issue or question

Declaration of Independence

The colonists' response to punitive taxation and colonial restiveness. Written by Thomas Jefferson, inspired by John Locke

Articles of Confederations

The compact among the thirteen original states that established the first government of the US.

Bill of rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, 1791

Rule making

The administrative process that results in the issuance of regulations by government agencies

Separation of power

The assignment of law making, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of government

Seperation of Powers

The assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law interpreting functions to separate branches of government.

Social Contract Theory

The belief that people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against that purpose.

Social Contract theory

The belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes

Departments

The biggest units of the executive branch, covering a broad area of government responsibility. The heads of the departments, or secretaries, form the president's cabinet.

Articles of confederation

The compact among the thirteen original states that established the first government of the United States The articles gave states power States had one vote in congress

equality of outcome

The concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Federalism

The division of power between a central givernment and regional government.

Federalism

The division of power between a central government and regional goverment

Federalism

The division of sovereignty between the states and the national government

racial gerrymandering

The drawing of a legislative district to maximize the chance that a minority candidate will win election.

Executive Branch

The enforcing branch of government

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution. They prevent the National government from tampering with fundamental rights and civil liberties, and emphasize the limited character of national power.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments tot the constitution, the prevent the national government from tampering with fundamental rights and vivil liberties and emphasize the limited character of natonal power.

Which of the following is an INCORRECT description of the cooperative federalism model?

The functions and responsibilities of the national and state governments are clearly defined.

In nearly every other democratic country, the burden of registration is placed on

The government

FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

The government agency charged with regulating the electronic media. Consists of technical, ownership, and content regulations.

Liberty is

The greatest freedom of the individual consistent with the freedom of other individuals.

Majority leader

The head of the majority party in the Senate; the second-highest-ranking member of the majority party in the House

Necessary and Proper clause

The last clause in section 8 of article I of the constitution, which gives congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. This clause is the basus for congress's implied powers. Also called the elastic clause.

Executive Branch

The law enforcing branch of government.

Judicial Branch

The law interpreting branch of government.

Judicial Branch

The law-interpreting branch of government

Legislative Branch

The lawmaking branch of government

Legislative Branch

The lawmaking branch of government.

Cloture

The mechanism by which a filibuster is cut off in the senate

Civil service

The system by which most appointments to the federal bureaucracy are made, to ensure that government jobs are filled on the basis of merit and that employees are not fired for political reasons.

solicitor general

The third highest official of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the one who represents the national government before the Supreme Court.

The primary contribution of the Federalist papers is

Their insight into the reasons for constitutional provisions

Which president first provided space in the White House for reporters?

Theodore Roosevelt

According to the New Jersey Plan, how was representation to be structured in Congress?

There would be one house, and all states would have equal representation in it.

How do the mass media influence the socialization process?

They play contradictory roles, sometimes promoting popular support for government and sometimes eroding public confidence in it.

The early Republicans (also known as the Democratic Republicans) were led by

Thomas Jefferson.

Implied powers

Those powers that Congress needs to execute its enumerated powers

Implied Powers

Those powers that congress needs to execute its enumerated powers.

The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is

To reflect the views of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy

Conservatives

Typically want less government involvement in the economic sphere and more in the social

While government at all levels and private sector businesses all share responsibilities over managing the nations' ports, each port has a ______________ assigned to be the captain of the port...

U.S. Coast Guard officer

_________ requires foreigners who are not citizens living in the United States to register with the government and carry their registration papers.

U.S. Law

__________ requires foreigners who are not citizens living in the United States to register with the government and carry their registration papers.

U.S. Law

Government strives to protect members of society from

Violence, Criminal activity, Instability, Insecurity.

This plan was presented at the Constitutional Convention, was generally favored by the larger states

Virginia Plan

The text defines suffrage and franchise as the right to

Vote

Ratified

Vote of legislatures of 3/4 of the states or by a vote of constitutional conventions held in 3/4 of the states. Congress chooses the method and can set a time limit for its ratification

Harold Lasswell defined politics as

Who gets what, when, and how.

Which of the following statements concerning gender and political beliefs is incorrect?

Women are more likely to favor going to war

Which of the following statements concerning gender and political beliefs is incorrect?

Women are more likely to favor going to war.

Docket

a court's agenda

The best description for a referendum

a decision that resolves a legal issue

Plea bargain

a defendant's admission of guilt in exchange for a less severe punishment

Referendum

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.

Since the present two-party system was established, how many minor-party candidates have been elected to the presidency?

Zero

Deregulation

a bureaucratic reform by which the government reduces its role as a regulator of business

party identification

a citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other. Distinguished from voting, which is a behavior.

A confederation can best be described as

a loose association of independent states.

National Sovereignty

a nation's right to establish its own form of government and laws without external influence

Federal government support for the Common Core was

a problem because it created an appearance that the standards threatened state authority.

According to the theory of dual federalism, __________________ the nation and the states.

a rigid wall separates

According to the text, in the past few years, there has been ________ in the number of democracies around the world.

a slight decline

Autocracy

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

About _______ of immigrants in America are undocumented.​

a third

The Great Compromise provided for

a two-chamber legislature with equal representation for all state in one chamber and population-based representation in the other

In order to amend the Articles of Confederation, it required

a unanimous vote of the Confederation Congress

Some have argued that the use of the drug Midazolam in executing inmates is ____________; in the 2015 case Glossip v. Gross, the Court _________ with this assertion.

a violation of the Eighth Amendment; disagreed

equality of opportunity

a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential

When excluding horserace stories, media coverage of Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential campaign, compared to coverage of Barack Obama, was

about the same.

Regulations

administrative rules that guide the operation of a government program

As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _________ emerge as more important socialization agents.

adult peer groups and the mass media

As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _________ emerge as more important socialization agents.

adult peer groups and the mass media.

regulatory commissions

agencies of the executive branch of government that control or direct some aspect of the economy

Great Compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

Foreigners who live in the United States but are not citizens of the United States are known as...

aliens

According to the text, political liberals feared stronger states' rights because it...

allowed inequality and supported racism

According to the text, political liberals fear stronger states' rights because it

allowed inequality and supported racism.

Competitive grants are awarded based on...

an application submitted by prospective recipients

The constituional Amendment process requires

an extraordinary majorities

pluralist model of democracy

an interpretation of democracy in which government by the people is taken to mean government by people operating through competing interest groups

REAL ID, a federal mandate that imposes security standards for state driver's licenses, is an example of...

an unfunded mandate

Real ID, a federally mandated program that imposes security standards for states to issue driver's licenses, is an example of

an unfunded mandate.

It is quite possible that campaign coverage is affected by a(n) __________ among journalists.

anti-incumbent bias

When compared with the U.S. Constitution, most American state constitutions

are longer and more detailed

When compared with the U.S. Constitution, most American state constitutions

are longer and more detailed.

The phrase "off the record" means that media

are not allowed to print the information.

Citizens are knowledgeable about government & politics, want to participate in the political process, are raised in families that encourage active political participation and make rational decision in voting is ______ in the majoritarian model of democracy

are not assumptions

The fact that ideological conservatives believed even more strongly that Iraq ​had weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 war after they were informed that subsequent investigations concluded that this was not true is an example of the

backfire effect

Timothy McVeigh bombed the Oklahoma City federal building because he

believed the U.S. government had become a police state.

A polling company surveying public opinion on Obama's health-care plan finds public opinion to be almost evenly divided, for and against. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

bimodal

Suppose Congress funds elementary education by giving states a grant. The states may then designate the specific educational programs (elementary, secondary or vocational) to receive the funds. This is an example of a _________ grant.

block

Suppose Congress funds elementary education by giving states a grant. The states may then designate the specific educational programs to receive the funds. This is an example of a _________ grant.

block

Most democracies give power to representative rather than directly to its citizens because

bringing large numbers of citizen together for discussion and votes is difficult, decisions ma require specialized knowledge not possess by the average citizen and discussion of political issues consumes more time than most people are willing to spend.

The fact that that the best represented sectors of Washington are _______ might be a sign that pluralist democracy in the US might not be working well

business and professional groups

Studies of the congressional agenda of the United States demonstrate that it is characterized by an emphasis on...

business-related legislation

Studies on the congressional agenda demonstrate that it is characterized by an emphasis on

business-related legislation

Individuals with higher education and income tend to favor _______ over ________.

freedom; order or equality

American tend to define democracy in term of

freedoms, rights or liberties

Some sophisticated research has shown that PAC donations

can have a greater influence within congressional committees than on affecting floor votes.

Whether a political system is "democratic" is chiefly defined by which of the following?

cannot be simply defined as it is not a "yes or no" question

Market economies are loosely called

capitalist economies.

Formula grants and project grants are both types of _________ grants.

categorical

A method of delegate selection that begins with local meetings and culminates in a state convention is also known as the

caucus method

Recently, media outlets have started including ________ in their samples, particularly in response to the habits of younger Americans.

cell phones

The president's power to veto legislation is an example of a

check and balance

The US system keeps power among branches balance by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of

checks and balances

Under separation of powers, the U.S. system keeps power among branches balanced by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of

checks and balances.

According ​to the self-interest principle, ​people tend to

choose what benefits them personally

According to the self-interest principle, people tend to

choose what benefits them personally.

After the 2010 and 2012 elections, Republican party establishment leaders tried to limit the success of tea party candidates by

choosing more candidates in primaries rather than party conventions.

In a system of participatory democracy,

citizens govern themselves, without electing representatives.

A group that has as its purpose issues unrelated to its members' vocations is a(n)

citizens group.

The basic standard of substantive democracy is that government must guarantee...

civil rights and liberties.

Marbury V. Madison

courts have the power to nullify government acts that conflict with the constitution. The court interprets the constitution, and have to beware of old language and it's context

The constitution expressly gives the federal government the power to _____________ within the states

create a postal system

The constitution ​expressly gives the federal government the power to _____________ within the states.

create a postal system

The controversial 1993 Brady bill

created a national system to check the background of gun buyers

People who ___________ are most likely to belong to interest groups.

have high income

A political who appeal to and often deice the masses by manipulating their emotion and prejudices is

demagogue

A politician who appeals to and often deceives the masses by manipulating their emotions and prejudices is a(n)...

demagogue

In a 2012 election survey, respondents were asked whether abortion should be outlawed by government or a matter of personal choice, and whether government should guarantee people a job and a good standard of living or people should get ahead on their own. People's responses to the two questions

demonstrated that these value choices cannot be explained by a one-dimensional liberal-conservative continuum.

Private ownership of the media in the United States makes the American news industry

dependent on advertising revenues.

Changes can occur in public opinion when

different generation with different experience enter the electorate

Each state has one vote in the electoral college for

each of its representatives and senators.

More and more, cable news seems analogous to

early partisan newspapers.

The text suggests that there are _________ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization.

economic

There are ________ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization

economic

In the current American context, a liberal would tend to promote

economic equality ahead of freedom, and freedom ahead of social order

Of all the social and economic variables affecting political participation, _________ is the strongest single factor.

education

Suppose that top government jobs for both political parties are filled only from an inner circle of top corporate leaders. This would be evidence for...

elite theory.

The idea that the most important government decisions are made by an identifiable and stable minority that shares certain characteristics -- particularly wealth and business connections -- is called...

elite theory.

A 2013 supreme court decision regarding the Voting Rights Act allowed numerous states to

enforce new voter identification laws.

The first objective of campaign advertising is to

ensure that a candidate has a high level of name recognition among voters.

States' rights supporters believe that Congress should restrict its activities to...

enumerated powers

States' rights supporters believe that Congress should restrict its ​activities to

enumerated powers

The vast majority of recent preemptions have focused on

environmental protection and homeland security.

The telecommunications act of 1996

federal legislation that deregulated the communications media. Immediately led to a number of media mergers in which already large media companies purchased other large media companies

The first newspapers in the United States were

financed by political parties that advocated party causes.

When John Maynard Keynes suggested deficit financing by the government to stabilize the economy, he was advocating the use of

fiscal policy

If government cuts taxes to encourage people to spend more money in order to stimulate economic growth, it is using

fiscal policy.

A sample of six hundred randomly selected individuals is usually accurate to (plus or minus)

five percentage points

A sample of six hundred randomly selected individuals is usually accurate to (plus or minus)

five percentage points.

The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators...

follow the general contours of public opinion.

In the presidential elections since 1968, the South has tended to vote

for Republican candidates

Unless they are impeached, federal judges serve

for life.

A respondent who agrees with the statement, "By law, a woman should be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice" values

freedom over order

Content analysis of the 2012 party convention platforms found that Republicans were more likely to mention the word __________ whereas Democrats were more likely to mention the word __________.

freedom; equality

Governments tend to respond to public opinion. In recent years, this has become particularly true regarding issues involving

gay rights

In a system of participatory democracy citizens..

govern themselves, without electing representatives

Regulation

government intervention in the workings of a business market to promote some socially desired goal

Economic criticisms of Keynesian theories include

government spending programs take too long to enact to help the economy and government spending is easier to start than to stop.

A notable trend in the backgrounds of recent presidents is experience as a

governor

A notable trend in the backgrounds of recent presidents is experience as a...

governor

A notable trend in the backgrounds of recent presidents is experience as a

governor.

Medicaid is an example of a(n) ...

grant-in-aid

During a presidential election, the tendency of journalists to limit coverage of campaigns to coverage of which candidate is leading or behind in the polls at the time, rather than chiefly covering the issues, is known as

horse race journalism.

The Procedural view of democracy is most concerned with...

how government decisions are made

The procedural view of democracy is most concerned with...

how government decisions are made

The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to

identify more with the Democratic Party than men do

The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to

identify more with the democratic party than men do

im missing a couple more but ive worked on this for two hours so

if its not on this quizlet its probably on another one somewhere lol go find it

Reaction to a film posted on YouTube made by an Egyptian-American that mocked the Muslim prophet Muhammad is an example of the influence of new media platforms; that they

impact the types of stories that get picked up by the "mainstream media."

A power NOT specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) _________ power.

implied

A power not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) _________ power.

implied

The Constitution did not give Congress the authority to establish the Internal Revenue Service. Congress did so, however, to implement its power to "lay and collect taxes." This is an example of the use of a(n) _________ power.

implied

The Internet was started

in 1969, with support from the U.S. Department of Defense.

Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the early Supreme Court generally...

increased national power

Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the early Supreme Court generally

increased national power.

Voting in the United States decreased during the 1970s and 1980s. Other forms of participation

increased or remained stable.

Developing budgets by using last year's budget as the base and adding an amount to cover the increased costs of doing business (inflation) and any new programs is called

incremental budgeting.

Traditionally the Federal Reserve has tended to be more concerned about __________ than __________.

inflation; unemployment

The "television hypothesis" is the belief that television

is to blame for the low level of citizens' knowledge about public affairs.

One of the weaknesses of the procedural model of democracy is that...

it permits policies that violate standards of substantive democracy.

Americans are less likely to __________ than citizens of other countries.

join demonstrations

The key principle argued in the case Marbury vs Madison was

judicial review

The key principle argued in the case Marbury v. Madison was

judicial review.

Studies suggest that much of the elite;s power comes from the ability of the elites to...

keep issues off the political agenda

Studies on decision making concerning public policy issues suggest that much of the elite's power comes from the ability of elites to...

keep issues off the political agenda.

Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship.

kinship

clear and present danger test

law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions

Which metaphor best describes dual federalism?

layer cake

one of the similarity between the Virginia and the New Jersey Plan

leaving an unspecified number of how many people might compromise the executive branch

common, or judge-made, law

legal precedents derived from previous judicial decisions

In 2012 and 2013, voters approved a number of ballot propositions, including ones in Colorado and Washington that

legalized marijuana.

New England town meetings are an example of

participatory democracy

Because it depends on mass participation in politics, majoritarianism tends to

limit individual freedom.

stare decisis

literally, "let the decision stand"; the doctrine that a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled

In Oregon, everyone votes by

mail

John Locke believed that all legitimate political authority exist to preserve

natural rights

A poll of Americans who had seen or heard of Michael Moore's 2007 documentary Sicko found that _________ changed their mind and said health-care reform was more necessary.

nearly half

According to the text, Americans were __________ politically apathetic in 2012 compared to 1952.

neither more nor less

An important idea of pluralist theory is that

new interest groups naturally form when the need arises.

Until the early 1960s, most Americans cited __________ as the source from which they got most of their news.

newspapers

The original procedure for electing the vice president, under the electoral college was the candidate with the _________ would become vice president

next greater number of votes

There are _____ rules that govern the use of referenda at the federal level

no rules

​In response to financial stress, some have suggested that newspapers operate as ___________, allowing them to be funded through endowments, donations, and perhaps government support.

nonprofits

A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution around a single mode is called a

normal distribution

When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales ("liberal," "moderate," or "conservative"), the data plotted on a graph is a(n)

normal distribution

When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales ("liberal," "moderate," or "conservative"), the data plotted on a graph is a(n)

normal distribution.

The power to Declare ware is _____ a power granted to the president under the Constitution

not a power

The text of the Constitution deals with slavery by

not mentioning it directly

The text of the Constitution deals with slavery by

not mentioning it directly.

According to the text, if the criterion is ___________, America has the best and most democratic government in the world.

number of elections held

A form of government that puts power in the hands of an elite is a(n)...

oligarchy

The form of government that its power is in the hands of an elite

oligarchy

In the New Jersey Plan, Congress would be structured with

one house in which all the state would have equal representation

An estimated _________ American colonists remained loyal to the British Crown.

one in five

An autocracy is a political system ruled by

one individual

An autocracy is a political system ruled by...

one individual

divided government

one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress

this was not a political principle relied upon by the founders

one person, one vote

Representatives of the mass media frequently defend the importance of freedom of the press, even if it comes at the expense of

order

Someone who asserts that elections "socialize political activity" is contending that elections are mechanisms that maintain

order

When elementary schools introduce students to authority figures outside the family, like the teacher, they prepare students for the value of _________; when they stress norms of democratic decision making and respecting the opinions of others, they teach _________.

order; equality

The pluralist model of democracy shift the focus of democracy decision making from the mass electorate to

organized groups

The disabled and the elderly account for __________ of Medicaid expenditures.

over half

In 2011, the state of Ohio approved an initiative to

overturn a law that had weakened unions

As students move from elementary school to high school, their political socialization tends to transition from knowledge of ________ to development of _________.

patriotic ritual; good citizenship

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution, ex:Patrick Henry, though Alexander Hamilton and Edmund Randolph were "the rat"

standard socioeconomic model

people with higher status, more money and education are more likely to participate than those with less status, $, education

Based on poll test how closely American follow news about politics, policymakers should

place less credence in poll measuring public opinion on policy questions

According to John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the elastic clause might be interpreted to mean that Congress can take a particular action not specified in the Constitution if that action is...

plainly adapted to achieving a legitimate constitutional end

According to John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the elastic clause might be interpreted to mean that Congress can take a particular action not specified in the Constitution if that action is

plainly adapted to achieving a legitimate constitutional end.

The complexity of the American federal system encourages...

pluralism

The ability of groups to make government respond to their special problems is best described as part of ________ theory.

pluralist

The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called

political socialization

The Greek word "kratos", one of the many root of the word democracy, mean

power

The Greek word kratos, one of the roots of the word democracy, means...

power

inherent powers

powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it

The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes complete or partial responsibility for a state government function is known as

preemption

The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes complete or partial responsibility for a state government function is known as...

preemption

The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes complete or partial responsibility for a state government function is known as

preemption.

The traditional division of mass media into _________ has been made problematic by the Internet.

print and broadcast

According to the ____________ view of democracy, anti-gay marriage laws are democratic.

procedural

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

competition and outsourcing

procedures that allow private contractors to bid for jobs previously held exclusively by government employees

Democratization is the...

process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one.

In Dred Scott, the Supreme Court decided that Congress had no power to

prohibit slavery

In Dred Scott, the Supreme Court decided that Congress had no power to...

prohibit slavery

The extent to which any socializing agent is influential depends on

prolonged exposure to and good communication with the agent, as well as being receptive

The extent to which any socializing agent is influential depends on

prolonged exposure to and good communication with the agent, as well as being receptive.

Which of the following qualifications for voting was virtually eliminated in all states by the 1850s?

property ownership

The collective attitude of the citizens on a given issue is known as

public opinion

The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes

questioning established values

The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes

questioning established values.

Political differences between the South and the rest of the country today are often rooted in attitudes about

racial politics and social issues

The first media technology to make broadcast journalists into household names was

radio.

In 2011, under pressure from the tea party movement, congressional Republicans opposed

raising the federal debt ceiling.

The accuracy of the population sample used for public opinion polls depends on

randomness of selection, size of sample, and variation in the population

Participatory democracy today is...

rare in the United States and in other democracies.

51. The process of preclearance is used when states are ...

redistricting

The process of redrawing boundaries for electoral jurisdictions is known as

redistricting

The process of redrawing boundaries for electoral jurisdictions is known as...

redistricting

When a political opinion is based on what is considered to be in the best interest of the nation rather than what people think is in their own interest it is an example of

sociotropic responses

General entertainment programming that often includes discussions of political affairs, such as The Daily Show, The Today Show, and The View is called

soft news.

A government unit created to perform particular functions, such as fire protection and water purification and distribution is known as a(n)

special district

A government unit created to perform particular functions, such as fire protection and water purification and distribution is known as a(n)

special district.

Analysis of Super PAC ads during the 2012 Republican nomination shows that they

spent over 70 percent of their money on negative ads attacking other candidates.

Examples of the Daughters of Liberty opposed British rule

spinning their own cloth using colonial products rather than buying imported British Goods

The anti-gay marriage laws and amendments passed in many states in recent years w ere overturned in by the Supreme Court in 2015. In other words,

substantive democratic theory outweighed procedural democratic theory.

The Bill of Rights is at the core of our...

substantive theories of democracy.

In August of 2010, a federal judge overturns a decision by the voters of California that had banned gay marriage. This judicial decision is an example of

substantive theory

The Statement "We don't put our fundamental right, like freedom of speech, up for a vote!" reflects the...

substantive theory of democracy

The 1955 Montgomery bus boycott is an example of

successful unconventional political participation

The 1955 Montgomery bus boycott is an example of

successful unconventional political participation.

Cooperative Federalism

system in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems

Although terrorism is an unconventional political action, it is generally not counted as unconventional political participation because

terrorists do not seek to influence government but to destroy it.

In 2012, the Supreme Court cited ____________ in upholding the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act.

the Congress's taxing power

The main argument against the need for a bill of rights was that

the Constitution established a government of limited powers; because the government was not given the power to regulate individual liberties, no bill of rights was necessary

The main argument against the need for a bill of rights was that

the Constitution established a government of limited powers; because the government was not given the power to regulate individual liberties, no bill of rights was necessary.

The Framers wanted to build public opinion into our government structure by creating

the House of Representatives

If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral college votes, the election is decided by

the House of Representatives.

When responding to the economic downturn that afflicted the nation at the beginning of his first term, President Obama drew on the logic of...

the New Deal and the preamble to the U.S. Constitution

A major event that led to greater British taxation of American colonies was

the Seven Years' War.

Conflicts related to power-sharing between states and the national government​ are settled by

the Supreme Court

From the 1930s to the mid-1990s,

the Supreme Court tended to support expansion of national authority.

Participatory democracy today is rare in ...

the US and in other democracies

The country with the lowest voter turnout among eligible voters in congressional elections is

the United States.

appellate jurisdiction

the authority of a court to hear cases that have been tried, decided, or reexamined in other courts

original jurisdiction

the authority of a trial court to be first to hear a case

Television hypothesis

the belief that television is to blame for the low level of citizens' knowledge about public affairs

The original procedure for selecting the vice president, under the electoral college, was

the candidate with the next-greatest number of votes would become vice president.

majoritarian model of democracy

the classical theory of democracy in which gov't by the people is interpreted as gov't by the majority of the people(mass participation, majority rule)

The basic definition of public opinion is

the collective attitude of citizens on a given issue or question.

Pressure on an individual to conform to community values or views is strongest when

the community is homogeneous

Pressure on an individual to conform to community values or views is strongest when .

the community is homogeneous.

Adam Smith's "invisible hand" refers to

the economic force that converts individual pursuit of personal profit into societal good.

In the last 200 years, Congress has tremendously increased the scope of the national government by using...

the elastic clause combined with its enumerated powers

The extent of the influence of any socializing agent depends on

the extent of our exposure to it, our communication with it, and our receptivity to it

The power to coin money belongs to __________ and the power to grant divorces belongs to _________.

the federal government; the states

The power to coin money belongs to __________ and the power to grant divorces belongs to...

the federal government; the states

The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators follow

the general contours of public opinion

The original draft of the Declaration of Independence condemned

the king's support of the slave trade

necessary and proper clause

the last clause in section 8 article 1 of the Constitution, which gives congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. This clause is the basis for Congress's implied powers. Also called the elastic clause

administrative discretion

the latitude that Congress gives agencies to make policy in the spirit of their legislative mandate

Compared with majoritarian thought, the pluralist model of democracy shifts the focus of democratic decision making from __________ to _________.

the mass electorate; organized groups

The Constitution explicitly recognizes...

the national government and state governments

The Constitution explicitly recognizes

the national government and state governments.

Anti-federalists attacked the proposed Constitution on the grounds that

the national government it created was too strong

Antifederalists attacked the proposed Constitution on the grounds that

the national government it created was too strong.

In 2012, the Supreme Court cited ____________ in upholding the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act.

the national government's taxing power

The ancient Greeks classified governments as autocracies, oligarchies, or democracies based on...

the number of citizens involved in governing.

The ancient Greeks classified governments as autocracies, oligarchies or democracies based on...

the number of citizens involved in the gathering

The chief obstacle to ratification of the Constitution by the states was

the omission of a bill of rights

The chief obstacle to ratification of the Constitution by the states was

the omission of a bill of rights.

legislative liaison staff

the people who compose the communications link between the White House and Congress, lobbies

Electoral mandate

the perception that an election victory signals broad support for the winner's proposed policies

one of the weaknesses of the procedural model of democracy is

the permitting of politics that violate standard of substantive democracy

Enumerated powers

the powers explicitly granted to congress by the Constitution. 18 powers are enumerated, the first 17 are specific powers. The last clause is the necessary and proper clause

two-step flow of communication

the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others

Implementation

the process of putting specific policies into operation

One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that

the public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on daily issues of government

One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that

the public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on the daily issues of government

Home rule is...

the right of municipal governments to enact their own legislation in certain administrative areas

Home rule is

the right of municipal governments to enact their own legislation in certain administrative areas.

Civil rights

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

The framers of the Constitution left the issue of voter enfranchisement to

the states.

The general conclusion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez was that

there are limits of the national government's ability to regulate behavior based on the commerce clause

The general conclusion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez was that...

there are limits to the national government's ability to regulate behavior based on the commerce clause

One major criticism of issue networks is that

there is no guarantee that all relevant interests are represented within them.

The American emphasis on freedom over equality in political participation works to the benefit of

those with greater resources.

One recent criticism of referenda and initiatives is that

they create an expensive "industry" designed around circulating petitions and spending millions.

Reason #3 why the Articles of Confederation Failed

they did not give the government the power to regulate commerce

Reason #2 why the Articles of Confederation Failed

they did not include an independent leader to direct the government

Reason #1 why the Articles of Confederation Failed

they did not provide an effective means for the government to raise money

The Articles of Confederation failed because

they did not provide an effective means for the government to raise money, they did not include an independent leader to direct the government, and they did not give the government the power to regulate commerce.

One notable feature of first-past-the-post elections is that

they produce sizable discrepancies between votes won and seats won.

Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship

transmission

Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship.​

transmission

Officials send out __________ when they intentionally leak news to gauge the reaction of the public or other political leaders.

trial balloons

The basic premise of federalism is that...

two or more governments share power and authority over the same land and people

The basic premise of federalism is that

two or more governments share power and authority over the same land and people.

Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 each argue, from different angles, that the constitution combats

tyranny

​Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 each argue, from different angles, that the constitution combats

tyranny

To amend the Articles of Confederation required a(n)

unanimous vote of the Confederation Congress.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South

To maintain order, the government has a stake in converting ______________ whenever possible.

unconventional participation into conventional participation

Compared with other nations in the world in granting suffrage to women, the United States

was among the first.

How does education affect voter turnout?

well-educated people are more likely to vote than are their less-educated counterparts.

The Procedural theory believe that the government should do

whatever the majority wants

According to procedural theory, the government should do...

whatever the majority wants.

Although public opinion does not fluctuate erratically, change can occur...

when different generations with different experiences enter the electorate.


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