Midterm Euro

What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?

) A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives.

Why did Parliament readily support the monarchy of Charles 11?

..with the Interregnum period

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

A combination fierce competition from the English, and The Dutch East India Company failing to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption.

. In the 17th century, unlike the West, Eastern European commercial agriculture accompanied by the

A continued and consolidated serfdom for the vast majority of people

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.

The Baroque art style flourished the most in nations that had experienced the

Catholics/absolute monarchs

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles.

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies culturally?

English colonies blended with their indigenous neighbors, created a new hybrid culture in the Americas.

Which of the following best explains the different character of life in English colonies versus other nation's colonies in the New World

English colonies contained larger numbers of European women which kept the culture of the colonies more European than elsewhere in the New World

The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to sh are in the wealth of the

Indian Ocean trade

What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?

It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.

Louis XIV's financial controller general, who believed that all wealth and the economy should serve the needs of state was

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

In the Dutch Republic, political power was controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen called

Regents

victory against Sweden in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style vapital city on... ..called

St. Petersburg

How did the encomienda system function?

The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans.

What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century?

The middle class

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were

off the coast of Asia.

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

The so called "Rump Parliament"

All of the above

vocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV

All of the above

What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

Both A and C

What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science?

Conquest of smallpox

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted prisoners

Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?

Desire for material profit

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

Intendants in Louis the XIV's system of government were

French royal civil servants

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better, more efficient methods through empirical research such as the seed drill.

All of the following are true about Louis XIV Except:

He left minimal debt for his successor, Louis XV

Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?

He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?

Islands off the coast of Japan

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?

It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line.

..the Glorius Revolution replaced

James II with William and Mary

How did the Treaty of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religion came to an end

In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was

London.

How did famines affect the European population in the 17th century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly

How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?

Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes.

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?

Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west.

How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production, and greatly reduce... ...of military desertions, while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

Replaced mandatory military service with annual tax, established schools, encouraged farming

What was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service?

Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served

Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.

the following led to the English Civil War EXCEPT a

Scottish Uprising

Exploration throughout the 15th and 16th centuries was dominated by

Spain and Portugal

What was Hernán Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Aztec Empire?

The Aztec empire had already been largely wiped-out by old world diseases.

Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.

Which of the following best describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

The land was divided and fenced-off, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations.

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?

The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading global maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Which of the following characterizes the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

The workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant money.

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?

There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

They faced political and economic forms of discriminations, but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?

They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?

They were not loved, but were generally accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.

What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse?

To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

Treaty of Paris.

In the 18th century, which treaty ended the War of Spanish Sucession and established..

Utrecht

. After 1682, Louis XIV moves his court to

Versailles

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.

Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at

a just price—one that was fair to both consumers and producers

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

become landless rural wage earners.

The religious revival movement known as Pietism

called for a warm, emotional religion and the priesthood of all believers.

Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population

doubled.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with the British colonies.

The Columbian Exchange brought the following items from the New World to the Old World:

gold, sugar, and horses

In the seventeenth and the eighteenth century, foundling homes

had extremely high death rates for the children who lived in them

Exploration impacted Europe in all of the following ways EXCEPT

he European economy began to transition into a socialist society

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by

high infant mortality rates.

The English Bill of Rights

limited the monarch's powers

From 1653 to 1658, England's type of government was

military dictatorship led by Oliver Cromwell

France differed from England in its political devlopment in the 17th century by

moving toward an absolute monarchy

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because

of community pressure put on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.

The industrious revolution was a result of

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and their own production of goods for their household in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

Wet-nursing practices included

rural wet-nursing was conducted within the framework of the putting-out system.

All of the following are true about African slavery EXCEPT

slavery in the New World increased on account of the French

European discovery and exploration was prompted mainly by the quest for

spices and gold

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

the British colonial empire.

The wealthiest country in Europe throughout the 17th century was

the Dutch Republic

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

the rights of the nobility over land needed to be reinforced, since until that time only nobles could force through innovations in farming.

he guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

the subordination of all institutions to the powerful absolute monarchy

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to

the support of all Native American tribes to the British cause.

In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted mostly of bread and

vegetables.