Midterm history

machine politics

(1870-1900) the process by which citizens of a city used their local ward alderman to work the "machine" of local politics to meet local needs within a neighborhood Significance: Helped to find a speedy beneficial solution to needs of citizens. Additionally, brought relief to working-class Americans

Compromise of 1877

(1877) agreement that enabled Hayes to take office in exchange for the removal of federal troops Significance: It ended the Reconstruction era. Enabled the South to continue use of discrimination against black people causing a lot of progress done in the Reconstruction era to undo any rights black people previously had.

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 (during westward expansion)

(1887)Allowed the federal government to distribute tribal lands owned by Native Americans. This act allowed each native family 160 acres of farming land or 320 acres of grazing land. About eighty million acres of remaining tribal land was sold to American settlers. Significance: Allowed government to control land reforms which aided the "Americanization" process of indigenous people. It drastically changed Native American life by taking their land, confining them to federal allocations, and denied them the right to citizenship. Spoiled native life and privatized all tribal lands.

Las Gorras Blancas (during westward expansion)

(1889-1890)the White Caps, a rebel group of Mexican Americans who fought to protect their land and way of life from white landowners who wanted to take it. They burned farms, homes and crops to express their growing anger at the injustice of the situation. Were eventually outnumbered and gave up. significance: they strove to maintain their lands and rights in the midst of racism and entitlement.

Taylorism (During the Progressive Movement)

(1909) a scientific system named for Frederick Winslow Taylor that aimed to improve factory efficiency rates through the principle of standardization. Fewer workers and working hours were required to produce same amount of work. Taylor's model limited workers to repetitive tasks, reducing human contact and opportunities to think or collaborate Significance: it was adapted into business and government, towards greater management efficiency.

Fifteenth Amendment

A 1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights for African American men regardless of race or previous condition of servitude Significance: Gave African American men the right to vote but left out women and American Indians. They were not enfranchised by this amendment.

Harlem Renaissance

African Americans' cultural expression during the 1920's that showed racial pride. Achievements in art and music and literature flourished. Significance: African Americans began to express themselves while discouraging African Americans from imitating the American culture. They began to work at clubs and speakeasies as musicians and singers. Created their own music and art. They began to appreciate their culture.

Ida B. Tarbell

An American writer and on of the first investigative journalist. One of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Published a book about the Standard Oil Company, which talked about the rise of a business monopoly and its use of unfair practices. Significance: through her investigative articles and book, she helped define investigative journalism, focusing on exposing social justice issues. In particular, the unjust practices by big corporations.

Black Codes

Southern laws passed in 1865-1866 designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers. Significance: the laws restricted freed slaves from the right to vote, serve on juries, rent or own property, and carry weapons. They were made to maintain the social and economic structure of racial slavery in the absence of slavery itself.

Battle of Wounded Knee

Took place in South Dakota the year of 1890. When the Sioux tribe prepared to surrender, one of the Indian male's rifle went off, which led U.S soldiers to fire. Resulted in 150 - 300 deaths of men, women, and children. significance: it brought the Indian Wars to a close. and led to the idea of Americanization.

Plessy v Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal Significance: It established racial segregation. Separate but equal.

Jeannette Rankin

First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress in 1917. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Significance: First woman to become a member congress. Inspiration to other women showing that they could be involved in political affairs.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)/Wobblies

Founded in 1905, this radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity. Significance: is that it is seen in the labor movements, advocated for workers having control of their own work lives and their desire for social justice through industrial organization.

"the white man's burden"

Idea that the Anglo-Saxon race was mentally superior to others and owed the presumed less evolved populations their stewardship and social uplift.(1865) Significance: helped people in less industrialized countries achieve a higher standard of living and a better understanding of the principles of democracy but made Anglo- Saxons feel divinely empowered to change the lives of others.

Emilio Aguinaldo

a Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military leader. The first and the youngest President of the Philippines (1899-1901). He led the Philippines against Spain in the Philippine Revolution and in the Spanish American War, and against the United States during the Philippine-American War. significance: he was the first president of the Philippines and led his country militarily to gain its Independence from Spain, and later against the U.S. and its occupation of the Philippines.

Progressivism

a brand movement that occur during 1896-1916, which was led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the misfortune of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption. Significance: it established a more democratic system where the citizens were freer to vote by their own free will. Helped reduce the corruption and allowed for a more Democratic America.

Red Summer

refers to the summer of 1919. During this time, there was around 25 bloody race riots that took place in northern cities and ended in over 250 deaths. Ex. Chicago Riot of 1919. Significance: showed that African Americans would no longer put up with the treatment they were being given. Showed that there was never really peace between the races.

"America First"

Leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war

Spanish American War

(1898) Had to do with the domination of Cuba by Spain. United States became involved when USS Maine exploded and killed over 250 American sailors. Yellow journalist claimed it was a Spanish attack, which led the US to use military forces to remove Spain from Cuba. it lasted about ten weeks but eventually the United States triumphed. significance: helped liberate Cuba from Spanish control and showed that the US was a formidable military power.

Nativism

(19th century) A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. Also rejects any outside influence with the exception of it being only their own. Significance: Protected interest of native-born individuals. Created a division between native and foreign individuals which in turn created hostility. Led to the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921.

Hiram Revels

Hiram Revels was a freeborn man from North Carolina who was a minister and then became the first African American to be in the U.S Senate in 1870. Significance: Worked his way up in politics to become a Senator. A good example and inspiration that African Americans could play a part of the politics regardless of their race.

Pullman cars

1870-1900 - Train cars that allowed public transportation for people, inclusively had "dining" and "sleeping" carts, and increased the transportation of goods. Significance: made it easier to transport goods and contributed to the westward expansion.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stated: United States would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region. Significance: gave United States the ability to interfere in international affairs. Aided the development of resentment from neighboring countries toward US which led to the "Good Neighbor Policy"

Nineteenth amendment

1920 Constitutional amendment gave everyone the right to vote regardless of gender. Significance: Gave women the right to vote. helped women move closer to equality in all aspects of American life.

Radical Reconstruction

1867 - 1877, policies that were pushed and enacted by the Radical Republicans to create a more equal society. These policies re-empowered the Freedman's Bureau and set reform efforts in motion that would lead to the ratification of 14th and 15th Amendments. Significance: Advocated for more comprehensive efforts to extend civil rights to freed slaves; Went against what president Andrew Johnson wanted. Radical reconstruction failed.

Eugene V. Debs

President of the American Railroad Union, who ordered railroad workers to stop handling Pullman cars. The strike created a nationwide train stoppage, which would affect the stance of the people. He was later arrested and imprisoned for resisting the delivery of U.S. mail during the Pullman Strike in 1894. Significance: He motivated the American the left to organize political opposition to corporations, World War 1, and the labor movement.