MIDTERM

What can an institutional review board do if it has reservations about the safety or ethics of a research project?

It may stop the project from going forward, at least until changes have been made.

Which of the following statements helps describe how Jack Katz's book Seductions of Crime explained deviance in a new way?

The social science literature contains only scattered evidence of what it means, feels, sounds, tastes, or looks like to commit a particular crime.

Ethnography and participant observation are often used interchangeably.

True

Sigmund Freud, Charles Cooley, and George Herbert Mead all contributed to the study of the self.

True

Sociologists claim that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us.

True

Which of the following groups is most likely to be classified as a counterculture?

a group of militant animal rights activists living in a commune

Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure?

a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society

Expressions given off

are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.

Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors. The most important factor in statistically predicting whether a teen will engage in a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who are also involved in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting

as agents of socialization

If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows ________ but does not necessarily prove ________.

correlation; causation

What is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values without reference to any other culture's standards?

cultural relativism

The term ________ refers to the entire way of life of a group of people.

culture

A behavior, trait, or belief is considered __________ if it departs from a norm and results in a negative reaction.

deviant

A man is listening to loud music and singing along in public. The people around him glare and frown at him in hopes that he will stop. The man ignores them, which indicates that he

doesn't seem to care about negative sanctions

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts. Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

dramaturgy

Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

entry into a total institution

A social scientist conducts an experiment in which participants, all of whom are college students, are divided into two groups, one in which they will be exposed to violent imagery and the other in which they will not. Then, the researcher will measure all the participants' levels of aggression to determine if the two groups differ on this measure. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

exposure to violent imagery

Karl Marx believed that most people accept the status quo of society and deny the truths that perpetuate inequality. What is the term that he used to describe this concept?

false consciousness

Children raised with minimal or no human interaction are referred to as

feral children

There are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. What strategy are gay rights activists using when they chant the slogan "We're here, we're queer, get used to it"?

in-group orientation

Andrew was convicted of attacking an Uber driver. The judge sentenced him to three years in prison with the justification that Andrew is a threat to others and the public needs to be protected from him. This is an example of which type of justification for punishment?

incapacitation

Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and TheSpirit of Capitalism discusses the origin of the capitalist system. In this work he addresses how people are trapped by the bureaucratic structure of society; what did he refer to this entrapment as?

iron cage

Role conflict occurs when an individual has

multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.

What is a closed-ended question?

one that limits the possible responses

Durkheim discussed how in industrial societies individuals' lives are impacted daily by strangers who provide necessary services such as electricity, water, and food. Which term did he use to describe this interdependence?

organic solidarity

Maya conducted an ethnography of local food truck operators. Before observing them, she let them know that she was a researcher. Maya took on a(n) ________ role in her research.

overt

If a sociologist is critical of what they call "grand narratives," which theoretical perspective do they most likely believe in?

postmodernism

According to Marx, an individual who makes money exclusively by selling their own labor must be a member of what social group?

proletariat

Louwanda Evans's book on emotional labor and flight attendants adds which dimension to Arlie Hochschild's original conception of emotional labor?

race

The tendency of research participants to change their behavior in response to being studied is known as

reactivity

After studying the indigenous peoples of Australia, Émile Durkheim concluded that any form of religion is united in its definition of what is/are ________ and ________.

sacred; profane

The term "master status" is defined as a

status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses.

A ________ is a kind of norm so deeply ingrained in that the very thought of violating it evokes feelings of disgust or horror.

taboo

Many people in the United States express disgust at the idea of people snacking on grasshoppers and crickets despite the fact that people do so in places such as Thailand. This suggests that, in the United States, eating insects is a

taboo

Which of the following sequences lists norms in the correct order, from the most strictly enforced to the least?

taboos, mores, folkways

Some subcultures have adopted branding as a form of body art, though it is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States. This demonstrates that

what is considered deviant changes over time

What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

an official measure of crime in the United States

Why would using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party NOT usually qualify as deviance?

1. Most dinners are eaten with friends who do not apply sanctions for deviant behavior. 2. There are not norms governing food and eating. 3. It is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) evaluate sociological studies after they have been conducted to make sure they were ethically done.

False (they do it before research starts)

Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"?

1. An overweight person embraces his body type. 2. A woman who, though she is out with her friends and family, conceals her identity as a lesbian at work. 3. A man initiates a conversation with a woman at a bar but does not tell her that he is married.

When studying social phenomena, which level of analysis is more useful: microsociological or macrosociological?

1. The microsociological level is more useful because it explains how individuals shape and create large-scale social institutions. 2. Both are useful, and any study that uses only one or the other will be unable to explain anything useful about society. 3. Both are useful in different ways because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.

A research team is curious about the relationship between exercise habits and academic performance among American college students. The researchers randomly select seventeen colleges by pulling names out of a hat. They travel to campuses and stand in prominent public places asking for volunteers until they have ten people from each campus willing to be interviewed. What is the researchers' target population?

1. students at the seventeen colleges they visited 2. young people 3. American college students

Ethnographers are covert about their roles if

1. they maintain narrow and limited definitions of appropriate research methodologies. 2. they spend a great deal of time reflecting on their roles in the research process. 3. they observe and record data without letting anyone know they are doing research.

How is a counterculture different from a subculture?

Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.

Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?

Boys don't cry.

Differential association theory is associated with structural functionalism.

False

Sociologists are making both a social and a moral judgment when they use the term "deviant."

False

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using ethnography as a method of social research?

It is difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate any particular ethnography.

Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would make them more likely to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach?

It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently.

Why is the term "queer" used to describe queer theory?

It emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects a single gay or lesbian identity.

Which of the following is a subculture?

Korean pop music fans

Symbolic interactionism argues that people act toward others based on the meaning they assign to a situation. According to this perspective, how does meaning arise?

Meaning is negotiated through interaction with others.

What is a key difference between psychology and sociology?

Psychology specializes in internal states of mind while sociology looks at the individual in relationship to external social forces.

Jewish Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans were not permitted to purchase houses in the suburb of Lakewood, California, when it was first built in 1950. However, the developers reversed this policy within a few years and started selling homes to families regardless of religious faith or ethnicity. What does this tell us about stigma?

Stigmatized identities change over time.

Which of the following is an example of the hidden curriculum?

Students are taught to dress and behave in a specific manner by teachers and other staff members.

What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States, according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton?

The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.

What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?

The process of training dogs helps to resocialize prisoners.

How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?

We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

a woman learning basic life skills after a car accident

Kemi is conducting a sociological research study on differences in interactions between similar and dissimilar co-workers. After reviewing the literature, she developed a hypothesis and operationalized the variables she will study. What is the next step Kemi should take in the scientific method?

choose a research design or method

The Yale sociologist Kai Erikson wrote a book called Wayward Puritans, in which he drew on court records from colonial Massachusetts. He learned that the rate of out-of-wedlock births was much higher than it is now and that the amount of alcohol consumed per capita was higher as well. What research methodology was Erikson using?

comparative-historical research

What did Karl Marx state is the catalyst for social change?

conflict between social groups

American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism—and the exploitation and oppression of the working class—make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rich and powerful remain free to do what they like. Quinney's theory falls under which sociological perspective?

conflict theory

You are tasked with conducting a research project that investigates the relationship between smoking and gender in blockbuster films. What methodology would you use to conduct your research?

content analysis

Even very significant events in our lives increasingly take place online. It is now common to hear stories of couples breaking up through an instant message or even a text message. What is missing from these interactions compared with similar interactions in the past?

copresence

A researcher studying sororities pretends to be a college student and attempts to join a sorority. The researcher is operating with a high level of

deception

Which of these uses an inductive method that involves collecting data and then generating a theory by looking for relationships among categories?

grounded theory

We occasionally see stories in the media about a high-profile individual, such as a religious or political leader, who does something the society views as wrong despite the individual often being seen as a moral leader. These stories are examples of a disconnect between which two cultural concepts?

ideal and real culture

Oftentimes, a larger number of people claim that they voted in their recent local elections than the number that actually did vote. This is perhaps because more people believed that they should have voted. This belief is an example of

ideal culture

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis propose?

language can structure our perception of reality.

Many Marxist sociologists assume that large-scale economic structures are the most important factors in shaping people's lives. This assumption is an example of

macrosociology

What is one of the weaknesses of being an everyday actor when it comes to understanding everyday life?

making assumptions and failing to investigate or verify those assumptions

A sociology student conducts a study of objects commonly left unclaimed in the "lost and found" at their college. They are researching

material culture

A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty adviser, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either academic cheating or underage drinking and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

social control theory

The story of Christopher Knight is an example of which sociological concept?

social isolation

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?

socialization

According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experiences stigma, what does that individual acquire?

spoiled identity

A(n) ________ is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations.

status

Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to compete at a regional tournament. An opponent tells Maria that men are naturally better at chess than women. Upon hearing this, Maria becomes upset and worried about her performance and subsequently loses her first match. What has Maria just experienced?

stereotype threat

The divorce rate has steadily increased over time, and now more than a quarter of all marriages end within the first four years. What sort of factors would C. Wright Mills suggest investigating to explain this increase?

structural

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a

subculture

Which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent on the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations?

symbolic interactionism

Which theory about human interaction developed from the groundwork laid by Max Weber's discussion of verstehen (understanding), which emphasizes empathy with individual experiences?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the following historical events influenced Auguste Comte's concerns that society needed to be guided by thinkers who understood social laws?

the French Revolution and the instability that followed it

Kenneth Gergen coined the term ________ to describe the type of self that results from exposure to more points of view and sources of information.

the saturated self

According to Karl Marx, class consciousness is developed

through the lower classes recognizing how society works and challenging those in power.

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter a(n)

total institution

Ethnocentrism refers to

using one's own culture as a standard by which to judge others.