Midterm Notecahhds

Other major non-state actors

Foundations- Established as a charitable trust or nonprofit INGO with the purpose of making grants to other institutions or individuals. Think Tanks- A body of experts providing advice and ideas on specific economic or political problems. Epistemic Communities- A network of professionals with expertise in an issue area that is recognized by policy makers that is relevant to their work and critically important for formulating and implementing policy.

The Need For Global Governance

Four factors have contributed to the rise in the need for global governance: Globalization Shows patterns of both integration/independence and disintegrative tendencies. The end of the Cold War Brought about increases in both democratization and economic liberalization as well as a resurgence in conflict. Emergence of transnational civil society Civil societies encompass all organizations and associations that exist outside of the state and the market. The contested nature of state sovereignty. Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) At least 3 member states Created through a formal intergovernmental agreement. "Possesses a permanent secretariat or other indication of institutionalization such as headquarters and/or permanent staff" (Pevehouse, Nordstrom and Wanke). IGOs are recognized as subjects of international law separate from member states. International Norms or "Soft Laws" Shared expectations or understandings regarding standards of appropriate behavior for various actors, particularly states. Some legal conventions create non-binding obligations for states that are norms- "soft law". Soft law is usually easier to negotiate, more flexible, and leaves open the possibility for future hard law. International Regimes (umbrella above international organizations, nuclear non-proliferation regime, kyto protocol) Principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures are linked to one another in a particular issue area. (one issue) Compliance is based on acceptance of the legitimacy of rules and underlying norms as well as validity of decision making procedures. Organizations can comprise part of the regime but individual organizations do not constitute a regime.

Soft vs. Hard Power

Hard Power: The material threats and inducements leaders employ to achieve the goals of their state. Exp→ military capabilities of a particular state—can be used (1) through military force or (2) used through the threat of the use of force. Soft Power: Influence and authority deriving from the attraction that a country's political, social, and economic ideas, beliefs, and practices have for people living in other countries.

Globalization Debate

Hyperglobalizers and Transformationalists→ Loss of sovereignty and rise of non-state actors; Borderless economy and global marketplace; Current globalization = unprecedented Weak Globalizers→ While there have been major changes in the int'l system, globalization hasn't been to extent hyperglobalizers claim; States still primary actors; sovereignty alive and well; culture, nationalism, and geography continue to divide us. Skeptics and Rejectionists→ Globalization = a myth that disguises the reality of powerful states and major economic divisions in the world; National governments determine the nature of global interactions. (Its a process, not a project)

The Polity Scale

In CP, we most often use what is called the polity scale (Polity IV data project) in order to classify and identify democracies and non-democracies (and those in between). A scale of +10 to -10, with +10 being consolidated democracy, -10 being hereditary monarchies, and 0 being anocracies or illiberal democracies.

Distribution of Power

In IR (and particularly for realists), we are interested in how power is distributed among the nations of the world. There are three different power structures that can exist at any given time in the international system: Multipolarity; Bipolarity; or Unipolarity

INGOs

Tend to work in three broad areas Sharing the planet- Global warming, ocean pollution, etc. Sharing our humanity- Global health, human rights, education, etc. Governance- International laws and institutions

Foreign Policy Tools

"Sticks" (Threats) Military Tools Force or Threat of Force, Peacekeeping, Intelligence Sharing, etc. Economic Tools Economic sanctions (when target source of success/winning coalition), arms embargos, boycotts, tariffs, etc. "Carrots" (Inducements/bribes) Foreign Assistance Project or program aid, technical assistance, humanitarian/disaster assistance, and military/security aid. Trade agreements, loans, sharing expertise Moral Suasion or Sermons Warnings, position statements, speeches, diplomacy (both public and coercive)

Liberalism

(high school kid, stuck there, but opportunity to join different clubs for mutual benefit, good outcomes, whatever you like to make out of it); international system provides opportunity to cooperation and conflict and its up to the states to navigate through those choices; European Union is best liberal organization with power Foundational authors: Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham Assumptions: Human nature is essentially good, States thrive best in a world by morality and law, Reason and rationality will compel states to cooperate to achieve mutually interests in peace, Mutual interests increase with interdependence, communication, etc. Argues for human rights, parliamentary democracy, and free trade; Must first begin within a state The theory operates at both domestic and international level Causes of conflict vary:failure of the balance of power(when states don't check and balance their power=no stability), interventions, no democracy, etc. Democratic Peace thesis- Western Liberal Democracies don't go to war with each other (small group of specific states with similar liberal style democracies are less likely to fight with each other), aggressive policies with non democracies Unit of Analysis: states, but not unitary (state actor can encompass a wide range of domestic players, ie- Congress, President, social movements, etc) In the 19th century, liberalism began to promote democracy and free trade (Interdependence) Twentieth century liberalism best exemplified by Wilson's 14 Points Collective Security, Self-determination, and elimination of power politics

The European Union

*Know first 6 member states, and current member states, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands Major players in the system, create intense trade agreement UK was not an original member, and was denied twice

How to join the EU

1) Must meet the Copenhagen Criteria Political: stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; Economic: existence of a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; Acceptance of the Community acquis: ability to take on the obligations of membership, including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union. 2) After the country applies for membership, the European Commission prepares an opinion on their readiness 3) The European Council uses this opinion to determine whether to open negotiations or not. If they do open negotiations.... 4) The European Council and the potential member discuss differences in domestic vs. EU law and negotiate a time-line for compliance. 5) After compliance is achieved, the treaty of accession is signed. 6) All national parliaments of EU member states, the parliament of the candidate country, and the EU Council and Parliament must vote in favor.

Collective Action Problems

1) The Prisoner's Dilemma- people don't trust other people, golden balls game show, try to maximize best outcome as a group, but how? 2)Free Riding- reduces the incentive to cooperate, or provide benefits/resources, participate Solutions to these problems? Free Riding-monitoring/enforcement and penalties of getting caught, private inducement (special economic arrangement for participation, monetary incentive), keeping member size small for better monitoring/keeping in check; Prisoner's Dilemma- stop cooperating with defecting, enforcement/monitoring, playing with the same people in international system (iterated interaction), doesn't know when the last round of play is (perpetuating deals)

Multinational Corporations

A firm with subsidiaries that extend the production and marketing of the firm beyond the boundaries of any one country. The number of MNC's has increased exponentially since WWII Powerful because they: Control scarce and critically important economic resources Have the ability to move resources around the world Have advantages in areas of marketing and consumer loyalty

Bureaucratic Authoritarianism

A regime in which the bureaucracy and the military share the belief that a technocratic leadership (focused on rational/technical expertise) can solve the nations' problems. Public participation is perceived as disruptive and inefficient. The idea is that a trained leadership can guide the process of modernization and industrialization better than one attuned to the public's needs/wants.

Bipolarity - The Cold War

An int'l system in which a pair of hegemons, great powers, or dominant states control most of the power in the system; with the remainder of the world being divided into 'spheres of influence' of alliances such as NATO or the Warsaw Pact.

Unipolarity- The World (1991-Today)

An int'l system in which only one hegemon, great power, or dominant state exists and whose power is not rivaled by any other state. Exp. The U.S. Today, British Empire, Holy Roman Empire Not ALL unipolar systems act the same, same goes for multipolar systems

Multipolarity - The World in 1914

An int'l system that includes several hegemons, great powers, or dominant states with no single or pair of nations dominating the rest. Prior to WWI in 1914, we saw a world with multiple powerful empires (Britain, France, Russia, the United States, the Ottomans, etc.)

Constructivism Explanation (video)

Change the world's rules, happens all the time, like neo in the matrix Endless cycle of changing rules and how social life works, rules that are socially constructed Ways to carry out international relations, how much of those belief structures do you have to have to interact with others Choices are arbitrary, and rules had to be made to society to function, good to questioning assumptions how the world work

Global Civil Society

Citizens and groups that are neither in the public sector nor in the private sector and that engage in dialogue, debate, conflict, and negotiation INGOs Social Movements Transnational Advocacy Networks

The European Commission

Composed of 28 Commissioners and the institutional bureaucracy Decided upon by the European Council and approved by the European Parliament Each responsible for a policy area Meant to represent the EU interest The President of the Commission is José Barroso Consults with the European Council on choosing the other Commissioners Main jobs: Propose legislation Impact assessment Consultation Non-legislative acts Monitor application of law and take action if necessary The Council of the EU (The Council of Ministers) Made up of national ministers from the appropriate field, whoever is responsible for the issue (i.e. finance, environment) shows up Thus, there is one Council with many formations Presidency of the Council of the European Union Rotates every 6 months The Council of the European Union Passes laws and approves the budget in a co-decision mechanism with the European Parliament Coordinates cooperation between courts and police forces

The European Parliament

Composed of directly elected MEPs- 766 in total Elections every 5 years President of the European Parliament is Martin Schultz Main roles: Passes legislation in co-decision with the Council of the European Union Non-binding vote on EU treaties

The European Council

Composed of the national leader of each member state, the European Council president, and the President of the European Commission Provides the general political directions and priorities of the EU. Treaties and treaty changes The Presidency of the European Council is currently held by Herman van Rompuy. Rotating Presidency before 2010 Meets at least 4 times per year at EU Summits

Who Makes Foreign Policy

Decision making happens on the domestic level by leaders, bureaucrats, members of Congress/Parliament, etc. Foreign Policy is influenced by a number of factors including: History-recent war, relations Public Opinion Individual personalities Bureaucratic politics-how you think about things are influenced by your bureaucratic backgrounds National attitudes External actors and global politics

Critical Approaches

Constructivism (one of main dominant approach to international theory, reflective approach), understand how the world got to where it is and go from there, not as much prediction and more explanation Emphasizes intersubjective meanings, with only states interacting with other states/people, will they understand their aims/goals, back and forth, norms of created by IOs, norms that create institutions (state sovereignty) "Understanding how people think about institutional norms and rules, and the discourse they engage in, is as important in evaluating the significance of these norms as measuring the behavior that changes in response to their invocation" (Keohane 1988). Institutions are both the product of and constitutive of the preferences and power of their subunits Emphasize that institutions are often not created consciously by human beings but rather emerge slowly through a less deliberative process and are frequently taken for granted by those affected by them Values, norms, and practices vary across cultures, and such variations will affect the efficacy of institutions Fundamental practices reflect historically distinctive combinations of material circumstances, social patterns of thought, and individual initiative International Relations (and reality in general) is socially constructed, meaning that state behavior is shaped by shared beliefs, rules, practices, and norms We construct rules that identify the key players in the international system States do not have identities or national interest prior to their interactions with others Because of this, ideas and interests can change How actors interact with each other, and the way that their behavior is interpreted, can change the meaning of norms. Anarchy is what states make of it, it does not have to mean the constant threat of conflict It is a challenge to underlying assumptions of realism and liberalism

Difficulties Studying Politics

Controlling variables interactions between variables-multicausality, how they work together limits information (small n)-small number of cases to deal with Case Access (field work, restricted access) Selection Bias

Maastricht Treaty

Created the European Union 3 Pillars of the European Union The European Communities European Community ECSC Euratom Domains in which member states share their sovereignty via institutions CFSP Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters Economic and Monetary Union Coordination of economic policy Surveillance of coordination Establishment of monetary union in 3 stages Stage 3 in 1999 created the Euro and European Central Bank 2002- the Euro circulated UK and Denmark have opt-out clauses Other states to adopt the Euro when they meet conditions for entry

Neo Marxism

Critiques capitalist political economy Core ideas of these theories: Grounding in historical analysis and a materialist conception of history, ideologies don't matter Economic explanations for social and political phenomena Central role of the production process (how things are produced, specification, division of labor that leads to the fall of capitalist system) Capitalism as a global mode of production Social or economic class defines actors Evolution of the production process explains new patterns of social relations Hierarchical structure of the system is a result of the spread of global capitalism (Uneven economic development), developing a system that perpetuates the elite class and keeping the wealth concentrated in the top. Global governance themes in Marxist literature (The effect of "globalizing elites") (Product of dominant states and in the interests of the capitalist class)

Models of Intelligence Oversight

Firefighter Model- Responds to shocks, then oversight decreases Police Patrol Model- Constant oversight (resource based, rivalries, the more you tell the committees; the more possibility of leaked information, preserving the system so there are no major crisis)

International Law

Derives from 5 sources: Treaties or conventions (most laws created, economic issues) Customary Practice Writings of legal scholars Judicial Decisions General principles of law Recent growth in international law comes largely from treaties, especially those dealing with economic issues. Applies only to states, except for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Electoral Systems

Different _________ _________ are about how political power is distributed (i.e. how votes are cast and counted) Every state is divided into constituencies (i.e. electoral districts)—some have a few (Norway), some have a lot (the U.S.) There are three types of electoral systems Plurality/ Single-Member Districts (SMD) (exp. United States & UK) Plurality or majority systems (also known as first-past-the post) (based on the idea that the person with the most votes wins and that a vote for anyone else is 'wasted') Only one representative for each constituency Duverger's Law (logic of two-party systems—people unwilling to vote for weaker political parties) Majority based SMD—use of run-off elections (two-rounds) (i.e. France) Proportional Representation (PR) ( Germany or Italy) Votes cast for the party, not individuals—based on desire to achieve a consensus among society Multi-member districts (MMD)—several members represent a particular district, so the votes of the district are divided among the political parties they're members of. Allows smaller parties to win seats in the legislature Characterized by the use of bargaining, inclusiveness, and compromise (i.e. coalitional governments) Mixed System (i.e. Japan/Mexico) characterized by single-member and multi-member districts and proportional/plurality counting.

Global Governance

Distinctly different concept from "global government" _______ ________- "the multi-level collection of governance-related activities, rules, and mechanisms, formal and informal, public and private, existing in the world today". Because of transnational issues and problems, states and other actors have created cooperative problem-solving arrangements. Military Globalization: characterized by extensive networks of military force among different groups of states. Development of close military alliances i.e. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Sharing of military technology Proliferation of weapons Development of international regimes to deal with the rise of 'global' military issues i.e. Nuclear Proliferation and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Alternative Theories: Whu States Join IOs

During process of democratization states join international organizations that support international standards and organizations regulating economic activities to increase their legitimacy (Mansfield and Pevehouse 2004) Leaders make the decision to join to increase perception of their lock-in into democratization both for international and domestic audiences (Putnam 1988) States join to reduce transaction costs in strategic dilemmas, specifically utilizing monitoring and the extension of the shadow of the future (Martin 1992). A dominant state in a system may try to transform the system into a durable order by institutionalizing its power through an international organization. (John Ikenberry 2000) Logic for dominant state- Conservation of power Logic for weak states- Improved bargaining; Protection

Forms of Globalization

Economic Globalization: the global exchange of products, services, and labor through free trade, open markets, and competition in the global economy through increased integration among states in the international system. Key Factors:role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs); increased movement of capital and labor Financial Globalization: the interconnectedness of global financial institutions (such as the DOW, NASDAQ, or the Nikkei Index) due to the telecommunications revolution. Bretton Woods System: A post-WWII arrangement for managing the global economy (i.e. other currencies pegged to the dollar and the dollar pegged to the gold standard, which gave the U.S. significant influence over the int'l money supply and global economy. System collapsed in 1971 when Nixon took the dollar off of the gold standard World Bank, IMF(loans to states in economic crisis) , GATT/WTO(how many subsidies/tariffs you can have, equality in trade, rules for trade for member states, intellectual property rights) Formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Political Globalization: the increasing trend of multilateralism or what is called policy interdependence due to the increasing interconnectedness of states. As the world becomes 'smaller' due to globalization, what were once local or regional issues become global issues. Development of Global Governance over 'global issues' Rise of non-state actors Development of a global polity (collection of transnational actors and organizations that address global issues) and cosmopolitan view of the world (the idea that people are beginning to think globally/ act as a global community).

Evolution of Intelligence Oversight

Era of Trust (1787-1974) High levels of trust in intelligence agencies and minimal accountability Era of Uneasy Partnership (1974-1986) Watergate-FBI was wire- tapping illegally Hughes- Ryan Act signed. (*Presidential Finding) Domestic espionage and covert actions uncovered. This results in the Church and Pike Committees. Era of Distrust (1986-1991) Began with Iran-Contra (selling weapons to Iran, to fund rebels in Nicaragua) Intelligence Oversight Act-modified Hughes Ryan Era of Partisan Advocacy (1991-2001)-lots of bickering between the political parties, they couldn't work with each other for collective oversight, partisan nature of disagreement Lack of bipartisan cooperation in HPSCI and SSCI Era of Ambivalence (2001- present) 9/11 Intelligence failures Decline in oversight

Other Notes

European Council starts everything with heads of states (prime minister/president), signs treaties has to be established to be voted European Commision- propose laws, implements them The Council of the EU- Specialization i.e. finance/environmental, national level ministers, primary and secondary ministered for cross issues, passes laws and makes budget in cooperation with the EU Parliament European Parliament- elected directly and works together with The Council of the EU, must agree Main difference- represent different purposes (National Interests, European Interests) European Council and council of ministers - NATIONAL INTERESTS The Parliament and Commission have EUROPEAN INTERESTS

Feminist Theory

Examines how gender affects global politics and is an effect of global politics Attempts to answer how understandings of gender affect the lives of men and women Liberal feminism Socialist/Marxist Feminism Standpoint feminism Postmodern feminism Postcolonial feminism

Levels of Analysis inf Foreign Policy Decision Making

Individual Attributes that affect foreign policy decision making: Motivations, personalities(introvert/extrovert), perceptions(empathy, seeing/believing) we don't always know what others are thinking, if we misperceive what they want; states often go to war, images, belief systems, information processing, previous experiences, etc. National Attributes that affect foreign policy decision making: Economic, Political, Social, and Cultural structures: Country's history and traditions, regime type, political parties, interest groups, NGO's, standard operating procedures(prediction in particular situations), bureaucratic politics(shows importance of your organization, funding for survival), etc. Military power, economic wealth, demographic factors, geography, resources,, etc. Systemic Conditions Anarchy, treaties, alliances, norms, international law, the distribution of power (*structural realism), regimes, etc. Global Factors Global social movements(human rights norms that constraint state action), environmental challenges, the media and technology(change how people think about an issue domestically and internationally, changes how states interact; advancement of nuclear technology can affect how states can choose to act), norms, etc.

Forms of INGO Power

Information Politics-pressure government with evidence Symbolic Politics-symbolic nature of events to sway governments minds, shaming them into something, ex. sad, heartfelt story Leverage Politics-shaming, i.e. sad, heartfelt story Accountability Politics- spreading bad reputations, telling everyone of their crimes Global Campaign Politics

Test Questions

Is globalization temporary or reversible? Technology is everywhere, Globalization is broad, depends on which aspect to stop, negative externalities can be managed Is globalization a process or a project? Is globalization a new phenomena? *(TEST QUESTION)Is globalization eroding state sovereignty? 2 main competing perspectives, states are increasingly have difficulty controlling domestic issues, EU and role of organizations in eroding sovereignty because it makes rules for states that they never consent to.

The United Nations

It is the largest international organization and has a universal focus. Established on October 24th, 1945 Intended to be a collective security organization however it is not. To be a member of the organization, a state must agree to the United Nations Charter.

History of the EU

Key leaders, such as Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman advocated economic integration to avoid further conflict. First step in European Integration was the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty of Paris signed in 1951 (European coal and steel community) Six countries first joined this organization It was decided during negotiations that there would be a common market for coal and steel and that process, wages, investment and competition would be regulated. Expansion of the European project to include wider integration was proposed. Proposed creation of an atomic energy organization and wider economic integration -> Euratom and the European Economic Community The EEC established a trade area and the Common Agricultural policy(most divisive area of policy in EU) Treaty of Rome signed in 1957 (trade wider range of economic goods)

The Fog of War

Lesson #1-Emphasize with the enemy Lesson #7-Belief and seeing are both often wrong

Theories of IR

Main Assumptions of Realism- "States" are the only actors in international relations that matter; Increasing and securing power, and this its survival, are the main goals of policy makers; The international system is anarchic, thus states exist in a self-help system Theory in Action:Realism (video)- power and security, autonomy, don't trust people, never interdependent, dangerous world, today's friend is tomorrow's enemy, doesn't believe in natural harmony between states, people choose the lesser evil, says spreading democracy doesn't work, must tolerate diversity, everyone is out for themselves, and the danger of war is always out there and a possibility in an international system Realism's view of cooperation- there are few incentives for realists to enter into cooperative arrangements (relative gains, cheating), can back out anytime for national interest, since international institutions have no enforcement power, they have little independent impact (as opposed to states, only relevant if channeling interests of states) Classical Realism- Foundational authors:Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Morgenthau; Negative view of human nature->power politics/self-help system; Places interests over ideologies; The understanding of virtue and moral philosophy Neorealism/Structural realism- Major authors:Kenneth Waltz and John Mearsheimer(most vocal proponent); No assumptions about human nature; Rationalist theory, acts upon given the constraints placed upon them; Neorealism emphasizes the role of the structure of the international system; the structure is determined by (*anarchy, *the distribution of power among states); Offensive realists:power maximization/ Defensive realists:security maximization Realists don't like wars- pie analogy, the pie shrinks ultimately after resources are used in wars: wasteful Neoclassical Realism- Main authors: Fareed Zakaria, Randall Schweller, Gideon Rose; Domestic politics as an intervening variable between the distribution of power and foreign policy behavior; How leaders perceive the distribution of power (and misperception), state-society relationships, etc. Realism in one word: lots of assumptions to predict, simple, rationale, less explanation, power and survival

Neoliberalism

Major authors: Robert Keohane, Lisa Martin Does not assume that free trade leads to peace Argues a scientific approach to theory building is necessary Like neorealism, neoliberalism is a rationalist theory States have incentives to cooperate (absolute gains trumps relative gains when there are mutual interests) States can solve collective action and cheating problems through institutions Does not assume cooperation will create a positive outcome

Strategies to Maintain Power

Make others, especially rising powers, more like you. Exp. Promotion of free markets and democracy Make institutions and rules that institutionalize your power and authority Exp. Bretton Woods system post-WWII Create a Balance of Power Balancing or Containment Bind the rising power into a bilateral/multilateral treaty, which allows it to contribute to the maintenance of the status quo. Engage (Engagement) with the rising power—find common ground and give them too great a stake in the status quo that they won't challenge it. Preventative War—attack the rising power before they achieve power parity—see Power Transition Theory slide.

Functionalism

Mid level theory (as opposed to meta, ie:neorealism/neoliberalism Governance arrangements arise out of the basic, or functional, needs of people and states Economic and social cooperation must proceed political cooperation Spill over Used to explain EU integration (ECSC->Euratom(nuclear)->EEC(economic issues)) Fails to address several issues (Lack of distinction between political and non-political issues, Sovereignty and National Loyalties)

Different Powers

Military, security, state power=realism Distribution of power/anarchy=neoclassical realism Soft power, collective, power held by more than state, integrating power with external actors= liberalism Focus on military power is a trend, power is what you make of it, can construct ideas of power, idea of power is less fixed=constructionism

The Decline of a Superpower

Overtime, it may become more difficult for a superpower to hold onto power. Imperial Overstretch: The idea that an empire (or state) can extend itself beyond its ability to maintain or expand its military and economic commitments (i.e. it has or is using all of its potential power). Proposed by Paul Kennedy (Rise and Fall of the Great Powers); Exp. Fall of Holy Roman, British, and Soviet empires Some would argue that this type of decline or collapse could also be due to hubris, or the excessive pride or arrogance of a dominant state that they will always remain the dominant state no matter what. Due to hubris and the notion that their power is virtually limitless, some empires or great powers may begin to overestimate their capabilities and resources and make global commitments that they simply cannot fulfill. This disparity is referred to as the Lippman Gap.

Models of Democracy

Parliamentary (exp. Britain, Germany, Italy) Prime Minister and Cabinet from legislature (no direct election) Legislature both elects and removes PMs from office Major power rests with the Prime Minister as head of government Weak Checks and Balances Coalition Governments and strong political parties Presidential (exp. United States; many in Latin America) President directly elected by the people (usually head of gov't & state are the same) Presidential term/election set (usually 4-7 years in length) President's power not beholden to legislature Usually denoted by weaker political parties (or fewer) Usually has a stronger system of checks and balances Semi-Presidential (exp. France and Russia) Combination of Presidential and Parliamentary—denoted by both a Prime Minister and President who both wield a significant amount of power

Ranking Foreign Policy Goals

Pastor provides a ranking of foreign policy goals from a realist perspective: National security including border defense and prevention of external influence over domestic affairs. The pursuit of economic interests and securing vital resources The defense of a country's traditions and values, the promotion of its ideals in the international system The implicit and explicit effort to make the world more like itself. For liberals, states may be able to achieve its national interests by: Maintaining rule of law in the international system Empowering international institutions and regimes that promote global governance in policy areas such as economic development and global finance. For constructivists, state foreign policies and interests are determined by the context of international norms (how international system is working at the time).

The Rational Actor Foreign Policy Process

Phase One: Initiation or Articulation Phase Two: The Formulation of Foreign Policy Phase Three: Foreign Policy Implementation Phase Four: Foreign Policy Evaluation

The Intelligence Cycle

Planning and Direction-what are our priorities Collection-spy satellites, data mining (wire taps, open source intelligence (majority)), classified information sharing via agreements with other countries, monitoring of communication, informants, undercover operatives Processing-organization, translation Analysis and Production Dissemination

Power Transition Theory

Power Transition Theory: conflict within the int'l system by observing changes in the distribution of power and differentiating between hegemons and potential challengers. In the graph to the left, conflict is likely to occur within the blue shaded area because: (1) the rising great power attacks the declining hegemon b/c it is dissatisfied with the current world order OR (2) the declining hegemon preemptively attacks (preventative war) the rising great power to get rid of the challenger before it achieves parity. Using this theory, one might hypothesize that a declining America and a rising China may have to face the prospect of conflict at some point in the future.

Joe MF'n Nye

Power shifts of 21st century Power in International Relations, big changes can't always be solved by military anymore, cyber terrorism/environmental problems, power always depends on context, threats of coercion(hard power), attraction/persuasion(soft power), 3D chess game;multi-polarity/unipolarity, all about context (military/economic/transnational problems), soft power to work towards common endeavors, power is complex, liberal realism used to merge two theoretical perspectives together 3 faces of power 1) Use of threats or rewards to change behavior (commanding change) 2) Controlling the agenda of actions in ways that limit the choices of strategy of others (controlling agendas) 3) Shape basic beliefs, perceptions, and/or preferences (establishing preferences)

Non Governmental Organizations

Private voluntary organizations Membership consists of individuals or associations They come together to serve a common purpose. As part of the global governance process, they provide processes at many levels to pressure or persuade governments, individuals, IGOs, corporations, and other actors.

Foreign Policy

Proportional Representation (PR) ( Germany or Italy) Votes cast for the party, not individuals—based on desire to achieve a consensus among society Multi-member districts (MMD)—several members represent a particular district, so the votes of the district are divided among the political parties they're members of. Allows smaller parties to win seats in the legislature Characterized by the use of bargaining, inclusiveness, and compromise (i.e. coalitional governments) Mixed System (i.e. Japan/Mexico) characterized by single-member and multi-member districts and proportional/plurality counting.

Role of International Institutions

Provide a framework for interactions and a context for bargaining Focus on longer-term gains Provide enforcement and monitoring mechanisms Facilitate transparency (data everywhere) Specify expectations thus making compliance easier IOs can overcome cheating through rules: Institutionalized iteration, Issue-linkage (the more intertwined and involved you are with others, it's harder to cheat), Information Provision, Fewer transaction costs

Single-Party Rule and Theocracies

Rule by a single political party, banning all others People participate in government through that party People are made 'members' of the party (usually a small %) Party exists at multiple levels (from national to neighborhood) Party as mechanism for social/economic mobilization Examples: China Theocracies Denoted by the fusion of religion and government Tantamount to the 'rule by God' (can use any religion) Use of fundamentalist ideology

Monarchical and Military Rule

Rule by one person Heavily based on charismatic or traditional legitimacy Reliance on patrimonialism if legitimacy weakens/fails. Benefits distributed to a small group of regime supporters State and society as 'possession' of leader Other rule: Political parties and most civil liberties restricted (use of coercion to establish/maintain control) Often emerges via a coup d'état. Examples: Thailand in 2006

Roles of the State

Security (internal and external)- Military, Police, Legal/Court System Economic- Taxation, protecting domestic industry/economy National identity-promote identification with and allegiance to the state (loyalty/nationalism); Done through the development of a unified ideology (value-system).

National Interest

Security- survival of the society, maintaining independence, and protecting territory Economic welfare- economic well-being and market stability Prestige- status, image, and level of respect and trust Promoting values and political ideology- making the world like you Expanding territory or control over vital resources- increasing power or resources Seeking peace and stability- playing a role in maintaining world order and being a rule maker

Radical Liberalism

Sees liberalism as only benefiting a few states and individuals Economic liberalism versus human rights and democracy Democratic Deficits Requirements aid and loans for neoliberal institutions The ideal state of the world is a world community

US Intelligence Community

Separate intelligence agencies in the US Intelligence Community Ex- CIA, FBI, NSA, NRO, ONI, etc.(separate entities) Various agencies overseen by the Departments of Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, Justice, State, and Treasury(getting intelligence of money laundering) plus the independent CIA.(no cabinet position in charge) Technically, the head of the Intelligence Community is the Director of National Intelligence (DNI); has a small staff, no mechanism for taking away budgets, no force Smoke stack: every agency does their own thing Congressional oversight of the intelligence community: US House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

NATO

Signed in 1949. Focuses on transatlantic Peace and Security Self-identifies as a political and military alliance Collective Defense Agreement Article 5: an attack on any NATO member nation is an attack against all member states Opposed the Warsaw Pact Treaty formally called upon only once- War in Afghanistan Environmental Globalization: collective efforts of states to protect the environment from human interference and from itself fall under the realm of globalization. Involves int'l efforts to solve problems such as the spread of diseases, climate change, air and water pollution, deforestation, etc. and regimes that deal with such problems such as the Kyoto Protocol (economic influence on policies, mutual environmental friendly technology development.)

Reasons to join IOs

Some of the most oft cited are: To solve collective action problems Avoid duplication of effort Reduce transaction costs Reduce uncertainty (want to be more predictable) Issue linkage Centralization and Independence Reputational effects

The Institutions of the European Union

The European Council-heads of state, plus the president or person with most power in state, they are responsible for all the treaties, set general political direction The European Commission The Council of the European Union (The Council of Ministers) The European Parliament-directly elected

Main organs of the UN

The Security Council Main responsibility for maintaining peace and security 15 members: the P5 (USA, France, UK, Russia, China-veto power) plus 10 nonpermanent members The General Assembly Can consider any matter within the scope of the Charter Most decisions made are recommendations rather than binding All nations have a vote The Secretariat Mostly carries out the substantive and administrative work of the UN as directed by the other organs. Lead by the Secretary-General- currently Ban Ki-moon The Secretary-General may bring issues to the Security Council's attention that may lead to a breakdown of international peace and security, SG can force an issue on the agenda and at least take a vote and talk about it; SG has independent power on mediation The Economic and Social Council Coordinates the economic and social work of the UN and its related organizations and consults with NGOs. Along with the General Assembly and the Secretary-General, it oversees the Specialized Agencies as well as the Funds and Programmes. The Trusteeship Council Provided international supervision for eleven trust territories and to make sure steps were taken to prepare the territories for self- government. As of now, all trust territories have attained self- government The International Court of Justice (part of UN) International Criminal Court(not part of the UN) Main judicial organ of the UN 15 judges Voluntary participation by states, though bound by outcome Provides advisory opinions to other UN organs and agencies by request Lots number of issues the UN gets involved in, structure is complex, the main global organization, joining the UN is easy (agree to UN charter, low sovereignty costs), different from EU (high sovereignty costs to join, different reasons to join)

The Single Market

The Single European Act signed in 1986 Establishment of the single market by 1992 Free movement of goods, capital, services, and labor Common regulations Added new areas to European interest- social policy, environmental issues, and foreign policy

Purposes of the UN

The __ __ has 4 main purposes, according to its charter: To maintain international peace and security To develop friendly relations among nations (liberal institutionalist like) To cooperate in solving international problems and promoting respect for human rights To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations

Nationalism

The idea that the world is divided into nations that provide the overriding focus of political identity and loyalty Ideas matter when: They provide road maps for decision makers who are formulating and implementing policy; When they become embedded in institutions that are part of the foreign policy process

Naturalist Constructivism

The is an objective reality Though there is an objective reality, an actor cannot fully understand reality because they are subjective beings. Instead, actos may only understand perceptions of reality (ie. ideas) An actor is unable to fully know or assess all alternatives because of his inability to view an objective reality Anarchy is what states make of it

Hegemony

The most powerful nation in an international system—usually has a monopoly (a 'preponderance of power') on cultural, economic, political, and military power and influence in the int'l system (i.e. two hegemons cannot exist simultaneously) and makes the rules for others to follow. Setting institutions with rules, saves money Hegemonic Stability Theory (HST): hypothesizes that the int'l system is more likely to remain stable (peaceful) when a single state is the dominant world power (i.e. hegemon)

World System Theory

The political and economic structure of the world shapes global politics. Seeks to create a more equitable world system This cooperation often hindered by the global powers, wants to change system, advocation of elimination of security council in the UN (veto power), equality of subsidies Pluralateralism- negotiating in small groups

Neoclassical Constructivism

There is an objective reality Actors have intentional sets of goals Socially constructed ideas and identities shape the actor's perception of their material interests An actor is able to assess the likelihood of achieving these goals for alternative chosen within a social context

Postmodern Constructivism

There is no objective reality Because there is no objective reality, actos can only seek to agree upon intersubjective perceptions of reality Ideas and identities of actor's perceptions are the only factors that explain state behavior No prediction

International Organizations

These entities are created in order to enhance cooperation. Multiple Types of Organizations Global versus regional Issue Area Examples: Trade Organizations- WTO Financial Organizations- IMF, World Bank Security Organizations- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Nuclear Issues- IAEA There are alternative methods to achieving cooperation in the world system Bilateral or multilateral treaties International regimes- enhance solution making of particular issues Global conferences-talking about the problems, not that effective So, why do states join international organizations?

Dependency Theory

Unequal terms of trade (Colonialism) (Corporations and banks in developed countries) Public and private international organizations link domestic elites and serve the interests of the "core". Solution: disengage from the international economy (ISI)-import substitution industrialization, what you used to import, you should substitute that by making it yourself domestically for your economic consumption, disengagement from importation

More potential test questions

What do you think the practical limits are on cooperation? The limits on institutionalization and integration? Do you think that cooperation would be easier within specific types of organizations (economic versus security, global versus regional, multi-issue versus single-issue? Are IO's successful in adapting to changes in the international system and changes in demands from states?- depends on size, depends on whether the

The Role of Power

What is power? Power: very generally, it is the ability to get others to behave in ways that they ordinarily would not. In this context, it can involve the use of force, coercion, or persuasion. How is it measured? Military capabilities and resources (i.e. weapons) Geographic area (i.e. manpower/population; natural resources; location [proximity to others]; etc.) Economic Strength (i.e. trade balances; influence; technological strength; educational capabilities, etc.) Power Conversion: the capacity of a state to change potential power (i.e. available resources) into realized power, which is measured by the changed behavior of others.

The League of Nations

Wilson attempted to create a permanent IO through the Treaty of Versailles. Two most important principles Respect of the territorial integrity and political independence of states Multiple methods of dispute settlement were agreed to before resorting to League enforced sanctions Failure of the League Manchuria, Ethiopia, Spain, and Germany Unable to respond to the depression or extreme nationalism US noninvolvement Association with the post-WWI unjust peace Little attention given to economic and social issues Inefficient as a tool of collective security There was, however, recognition of the importance of a global organization even after the League's dissolution United Nations

Intro to Globalization

___________ is the process of increasing interconnectedness among societies such that the events in one part of the world have effects on peoples and societies far away. This interconnectedness has led to interdependence among the peoples and nations of the world. Role of technology Interdependence is a political or economic situation in which two or more states are simultaneously dependent upon each other for their well-being (i.e. what happens in one place usually has consequences elsewhere)

Illiberal Democracy

a 'democratic' system that may possess a democratic electoral system, but that does not protect civil rights and liberties and is not limited by domestic rules and institutions—thus it is not consolidated Also referred to as a 'hybrid' regime (with aspects of both democratic and non-democratic regime-types) Also called an anocracy or procedural democracy. Characterized by weak rule of law, power concentrated in the presidency, government monopoly over media

State Totalitarianism

a form of nondemocratic rule that dominates and controls every aspect of political, social, and economic life through some transformative ideology. Goal is to use power (and often violence) to alter the social/political fabric of a nation according to some ideological goal, in pursuit of some reactionary or revolutionary attitude. Also known as a 'Police-State' Exp: North Korea under Kim Jung Il/Un (Juche ideology)

Marxism

believed that human history developed in phases Dialectical materialism Struggle between the existing order and the challenge to that order over material factors He argued that the capitalist system would be overthrown by its own internal flaws As technology develops, there would be an oversupply of labor and fewer people in the bourgeoisie Wages would decrease and the proletariat would recognize the capitalist system's failures and rebel This revolution would move across capitalist countries, let it run its course to lead to communism After this stage, a "dictatorship of the proletariat" would emerge and the capitalist superstructure would be eliminated. After this, governmental institutions would fade, leaving behind a communist utopia.

Criminal Globalization

characterized by trans-border crimes such as drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution, human trafficking, arms trafficking, piracy, and global terrorism.

State Liberalism

high value on political/economic freedoms (politics should result in the highest amount of liberty for all); some tolerance for inequality State = ideally has low autonomy & low capacity (fairly weak state) Not related to the concept of Liberalism in the U.S. politics (used inaccurately) Liberal Democracy- a system of political, social and economic liberties, supported by competition, participation, and contestation.

Presidential

less protests, divided in parliament and executive, checks and balances, better at dealing with outside crisis, Parliamentary- better at dealing with domestic crisis but less checks and balances, PR system-more moderate, a little less internal fractures.

State Fascism and Anarchism

low freedom and low equality Based on the notion that there are superior and inferior groups in society—this justifies a social hierarchy State = very strong (designed to express national will—easy to mobilize a populace using this model—i.e. Nazi Germany) Anarchism— high freedom and high equality the absence of governance Private property a problem (like Communism), however, the state is not to be trusted to redistribute economic resources equally. Individual freedom and equality only guaranteed by absence of a state. Has never been fully realized in a global sense.

State Communism and Socialism

low freedom, high equality Personal freedom (private ownership) will not guarantee prosperity for most—only through government intervention will equality be assured. State = very strong (should possess all economic resources and distribute them out fairly/equally) Social Democracy—moderate levels of freedom and equality Wants a strong state that can fairly distribute resources, but not at total expense of individual freedoms (i.e. private ownership and market policies).

Levels of Analysis

study of global politics, there are _____ __ ______ Individual level (leader's policy choices and implementations strategies), Key actors:Domestic leaders Domestic/State level: state's history, traditions, political. economic, cultural and social structures, as well as military power, economic wealth, and demographic International System Level: alliances, international norms and rules, the distribution of power, etc

Sovereignty of the State

the ability to carry out actions and policies within a territory independent of external actors and internal rivals. Treaty of Westphalia Four Types of ________ International Legal ______→ respect for territorial boundaries of each state. Westphalian ________→ exclusion of other states from the internal affairs of each state. Internal or Domestic __________→ the right of the government to hold a monopoly on political authority within the state over social, economic, political, and other activities within its borders. Interdependence ___________→ the ability of governments to control or regulate the flow of people, money, trade, environmental hazards, information, and ideas across national boundaries.