Midterm research ot fall 2023 hintz
Describe responses to the independent, mediating or dependent variables, example
(descriptive study)
Compare groups on an independent variable to see its impact on a dependent variable, example
(experiment or group comparisons)
Relate one or more independent variables to one or more dependent variables, example
(survey that correlates variables)
A13: The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
- Cost and time required to conduct the study - Access to gatekeepers and respondents - Potential ethical concerns
A11: A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to :
- Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure - Guide the development of research questions - Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studies
Questions to be answered in order for a proposal to advance (9)
1. What do readers need to better understand your topic? 2. What do readers need to know about your topic? 3. What do you propose to study? 4. What is the setting, and who are the people you will study? 5. What methods do you plan to use to collect data? 6. How will you analyze the data? 7. How will you validate your findings? 8. What ethical issues will your study present? 9. What do preliminary results show about the practicability and value of the proposed study?
Good qualitative purpose statements contain information about: 4 things
1. central phenomenon explored 2. participants in the study 3. research site 4. emerging design
qualitative research questions have 2 forms
1. central question 2. sub-questions
a purpose statement needs to be 3 things
1. clear 2. informative 3. specific
three approaches for use of variables in quantitative research questions
1. compare groups 2. relate one or more variables 3. describe responses to the variables
mixed methods proposal format
1. introduction 2. literature review 3. methods 4. researchers resources and skills to conduct 5. potential ethical issues 6. references 7. appendixes
Qualitative proposal format
1. introduction 2. purpose 3. research question 4. procedures 5. preliminary pilot findings 6. expected impact and significance of the study 7. references 8. appendecies
Quantitative proposal format
1. introduction 2. review of the literature 3. methods 4. preliminary or pilot study 5. appendixes
Qualitative research questions do not have a
1. no hypothesis 2. no objectives
Before designing a proposal
1. outline the topics 2. general order of topics 3. be aware of good writing practices 4. ethical practices - be aware and anticipate
Proposals should clearly articulate: 3 things
1. purpose statement 2. research problem 3. research question
Mixed methods questions and hypothesis have at least 3 research questions
1. qualitative questions 2. quantitative question or hypothesis 3. mixed methods questions (integration or combination)
D3: A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called:
A bar chart
B14: When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called:
A random probability sample
C8: An ordinal scale is:
A rank-order scale of measurement
A3: Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same design but a different sample is which of the following?
A replication study
D15: Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?
Action research
B2: A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:
An independent variable
C14: Active listening skills means:
Attentive listening
C13: Interview questions should:
Be delivered in a neutral tone
a description of the case and the themes that follow
Case Study
B18: When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this is called:
Convenience sampling
A9: A qualitative research problem statement:
Conveys a sense of emerging design
D14: Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted?
Design
A10: Which of the following is a good research question?
Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?
C10: The 'reliability' of a measure refers to the researcher asking:
Does it give consistent results?
mini-tour of the culture-sharing group, their experiences, use of native language, contrasts with other cultural groups, and questions to verify the accuracy of the data.
Ethnographic
A5: Cyber bullying at work is a growing threat to employee job satisfaction. Researchers want to find out why people do this and how they feel about it. The primary purpose of the study is:
Exploration
True or False: Write the research question and hypothesis.
FALSE: do not do both. Write only the research question or hypothesis.
B6: Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?
Geographical location of a firm
questions are directed toward generating a theory of some process
Grounded Theory
Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when:
High numbers of respondents are needed
A1: Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?
Is dependent on the completion of other projects
C3: Which of the following is true of observations?
It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do
A14: Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next phase is known as:
Mixed-method research
questions are broadly stated without specific reference to the existing literature or a typology of questions. Finding out what the participants experienced and in what contexts they experienced it.
Phenomenological
quantitative hypothesis
Predictions the researchers makes about the expected outcomes including any relationships amongst the variables.
Narrow the study to one idea to be explored and understood
Qualitative Purpose Statement
Use words such as: purpose, intent, study aim, or objective to signal attention. Use action verbs...understand, develop, explore, examine, generate, discover....
Qualitative Purpose Statement
Frequently used in social science and survey research
Quantitative Research Questions
Inquire about the relationship among variables
Quantitative Research Questions
Numeric estimates
Quantitative hypotheses
Uses statistical procedures in order to make predictions about populations
Quantitative hypotheses
B1: Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings?
Quantitative research
D9: To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of one or more independent variables, we would use
Regression analysis
predictive research
Research designed to search for variables measured at one point in time that may forecast an outcome that is measured at a different point in time.
D4: The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:
Summarize the characteristics of a data set
B10: In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called:
The control group
B8: The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:
The independent variable is manipulated
D5: The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:
The standard deviation
C15: All the following are strengths of focus groups EXCEPT:
They can generate a collective perspective
D12: Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT:
Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data
C1: When designing a questionnaire, it is important to do each of the following EXCEPT
Use leading questions
D2: Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?
Word
stratified sample
a sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population
B4: Which correlation is the strongest? a. -1.00 b. +80 c. -60 d. +05
a. -1.00
researchers want to be careful not to _______ or _______ their readers viewpoints
bias; limit
explore the process
case study
seek to understand
enthography
use ________ tense for proposals
future
discover or generate
grounded theory
make writing a
habit
Important to set the purpose statement apart and frame it so that the reader can easily _________.
identify it
a scale with equal intervals between ranks
interval
professional research
is defined as work performed to advance an individual's profession. It is a form of communication produced in a professional manner in order to facilitate work.
Alternative (Directional) hypothesis
makes a prediction about the expected outcome. Prediction based upon prior literature. The researcher makes a prediction that the dependent variable will change amongst groups.
report the stories
narrative
the simplest form of measurement
nominal
SPSS variable types
numeric, date, string
snowball sampling
participants are asked to recommend a few acquaintances for the study (word of mouth)
describe the essence of the experience
phenomenological
_______ or _______ verb tense in journal articles and disserations
present; past
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Indicate why you want to conduct the study
purpose statement
Most important statement in research
purpose statement
Sometimes called a study aim or research objective
purpose statement
What do you intend to accomplish
purpose statement
establishes/conveys the intent of the entire/overall research study
purpose statement
In _________ research begins with the words what or how to convey open and emerging design.
qualitative
Broad question related to exploration of a phenomenon or concept.
qualitative central question
Question is posed as a general issue
qualitative central question
intention is to explore
qualitative central question
present a broad varied perspective or meaning that the participants hold
qualitative central question
Focus on a single phenomenon or concept.
qualitative research question
Use exploratory verbs that convey the language of the emerging design
qualitative research question
Not more than five to seven in addition to the central question
qualitative subquestions
These help to narrow the focus of the study, but are also open ended
qualitative subquestions
In _________ research questions beginning with why are attempting to explain why something occurs.
quantitative
This reinforces the cause and effect relationship
quantitative questions
Scale with an absolute zero
ratio
consider ______, ________, ________ when writing
readability; voice; tense
Null hypothesis
represents the traditional approach. Prediction that in the general population there is no relationship or no significant difference between groups or variables. "There is no difference...."
Independent and dependent variables must be measured ________________
separately
Writing as
thinking
emerging design
words from the language of the type of qualitative design