midterm v3

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Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

(PET)

29. Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

*A. -0.9

60. The ________ reviews research conducted using animal subjects.

*A. IACUC

15. ________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

*A. Jane Goodall

31. On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate ________.

*A. a strong correlation

21. ________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

*A. archival

55. Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

*A. are possible to test with animal studies

13. Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

*A. case studies

77. The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

*A. circular

74. A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.

*A. clinical

37. A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

*C. operational definition

68. ________ are subjects of psychological research.

*C. participants

24. Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

*C. replication

17. Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

*C. sample; population; generalization

47. A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

*C. statistical analysis

48. What is one task that a peer reviewer is not likely to participate in?

*C. suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research

73. ________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

*C. surveys

18. In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

*D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of case studies?

A main advantage of case studies is the large amount of detailed data that can be collected. A main disadvantage is that data from case studies do not generate information about cause-effect-relationships.

detailed information

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A negative correlation means ________.

Using an example, what is the difference between a population and a sample?

A population is the overall group that the researchers are interested in studying, whereas a sample is the subset of individuals who participate in the actual study. For example, preschool-aged children may be the population, but the sample may be a group of 50 preschool children in the Seattle area.

theory

A(n) _______ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

Skinner box

A(n) _________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.

4. Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

A. -0.5

11. ________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

A. attrition

5. Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

A. case study

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

the use of reinforcement and punishment

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ______.

study the function of behavior

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to _______.

playing his guitar

After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty

A telephone survey is conducted, asking 3,000 participants to anonymously report the number of hours that their children watch television for each week. What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this study design?

An advantage is that the large number of participants increases the generalizability of the results. A disadvantage is that the researchers are relying on self-reported findings, which often have limitations.

double-blind

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

experimental

In an experimental study, men with erectile dysfunction received either Viagra or a placebo. Those who received Viagra were assigned to the ________ group.

What are clear definitions of inductive and deductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning describes the process where empirical observations lead to new ideas, whereas deductive reasoning describes the process of ideas being tested against the empirical world.

(IRB) stands for

Institutional review board

another person's consciousness

Introspection referes to a process by which someone examines _______ as objectively as possible.

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

a person's unconscious

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ______ and early childhood experiences.

the mind and behavior

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study _________.

scientific study of the mind

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Psychology refers to the ________.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ____ sleep.

REM

What is an example of a longitudinal research study?

Researchers want to investigate whether participating in a breakfast program during elementary school is associated with better grades. They study a group of children assigned to either no breakfast program or receiving a breakfast program. Researchers collect data on their academic progress in grade 1, grade 6, grade 9, and grade 12.

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

confirmation bias

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using only the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

depression

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

What is the role of skepticism in scientific research?

Skepticism is expected at all levels of research, from study design, to interpreting findings, to peer review, and to thinking about results that are published in scientific journals.

independent; dependent

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the _____ variable and word retention is the ______ variable.

first American psychologist

William James was the ________.

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

William Wundt

participants

________ are subjects of psychological research.

dopamine

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

humanism

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

homeostasis

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

surveys

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

correlation

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain. A.computerized tomography (CT)scan B.functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C.magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D.positron emission tomography (PET)

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) .... psychologist. A. Biological B. Health C. Clinical D. Social

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenonis applying the principals of ________. A.Gestalt psychology B.humanism C.psychoanalytic theory D.structuralism

Alice wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. In what area of psychology should she work? A. clinical psychology B. cognitive psychology C. organizational psychology D. social psychology

An action potential involves Na+ moving ________ the cell and K+ moving ________ the cell. inside; outside outside; inside inside; inside outside; outside

An experimental group experiences A. manipulation. B. single-bind. C. double-bind. D. consistent bias.

Clinical psychologists are to ______as counseling psychologists are to _______. A. psychopathology; normal human adjustment issues. B. normal human adjust issues; psychopathology. C. writing prescriptions; counseling. D. counseling; writing prescriptions.

Dendrites___________. A.absorb information into nerve cells. B.create chemicals that fire between neurons. C. enable potassium gates open. D.enable sodium gates open.

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________. A.endocrine; hormone B.endocrine; neurotransmitter C.neurological; hormone D.neurological; neurotransmitter

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity? A.adrenal B.pancreas C.testes D.thyroid

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of _______ A.chromosomes; DNA B.chromosomes; genes C.DNA; genes D.genes; DNA

Identical twins _____. A. share the same genes. B.are half-related to one another. C.are just as related as any other brother/sister. D.seldom look/act alike.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. A. basic survival needs B.comfort objects C.higher-level needs D. wants

In the endocrine system, the ______ gland is considered the "master gland," because its messenger hormones control the other glands A. pituitary B. thyroid C. adrenal D. pancreas

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. A. another person's consciousness B. her own conscious experience C. her own subconscious experience D. the social construction of consciousness

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? A. Dissertation B. Ph.D.C. Postdoctorate D.Psy.D.

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results? A. Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. B.Environmental factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. C.Genetic factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. D.Not enough information is provided in order to make a conclusion about environmental versus genetic contributions to schizophrenia.

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A.biopsychologist. B. developmental psychologist. C.humanist. D. social psychologist.

Psychiatrist: _______: Psychologist: _______ A. M.D.; Ph.D. B. M.A.; M.S. C. B.A.; B.S. D. Ph.D.; M.D.

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for _______. A.depression. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C.Parkinson's disease. D.schizophrenia

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine. a.adrenal b.thyroid c.pituitary d.master

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. A. amygdala B. corpus callosum C. hypothalamus D. pons

What are four types of study designs used by psychologists?

Study designs used by psychologists include naturalistic observations, case studies, archival research, surveys, correlational studies, quasi-experiments, and experiments.

social psychology

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

control

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

independent variable

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

amygdala

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories, also fear and aggression.

sympathetic

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

dependent

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

illusory correlation

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ______.

illusory correlation

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

spinal cord

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

observation

The empirical method of study is based on ______.

hormones

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.

What is the only type of research design that can give cause-and-effect findings, and why is this type of design not used for all research questions?

The experiment is the only type of research design that can give cause-and-effect findings. However, not all studies are designed as experiments primarily because it would often be unethical or impossible to assign individuals to groups. Also, experiments may create a study context that does not reflect reality.

What is the purpose of creating an operational definition?

The operational definition precisely defines the measures in a study, making it clear to others exactly how and what the researcher is measuring.

between -1 and +1

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control movement and finer motor skills. A.cerebellum B.sensory cortex C.substantia nigra D.ventral tegmental area

The brain and spinal cord constitute the ________nervous system A. central B. somatic C. peripheral D. autonomic

The brain contains________ of interconnected neurons and glia. A. billions B.tens of thousands C. thousands D.millions

The cerebellum controls _______. A.coordination. B.attention. C.pain. D.hearing.

The client-centered perspective reflects the views of humanistic psychologists,such as _______and _______, who emphasized the importance of subjective conscience experience and personal freedom and responsibility. A. Rogers; Maslow B. Freud; Jung C. Wundt; Werthmeier D. Watson; Skinner

The electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals is called a(n)_______ A. threshold of excitation B. resting potential C. membrane potential D. action potential

The neurotransmitter ________ impacts "pleasure" and the neurotransmitter ________ impacts "mood." A. dopamine; serotonin B. serotonin; dopamine C. acetylcholine; glutamate D. glutamate; acetylcholine

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil. A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good." B. The word "people" should be changed to the word "children." C.The word "people" should be changed to the word "groups." D.The word "potential" should be changed to the word "use.

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. A. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive." B. The word "famous" should be changed to the word "infamous." C.The word "infancy" should be changed to the word "adolescence." D.The name "Jean Piaget" should be changed to "Abraham Maslow."

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? A. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. B. Everyday behavior can be explained by instincts developed in our ancestral population. C. Our mothers have an enormous impact on our personality. D. What we sense and what we perceive vary according to culture, race, and gender.

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? A.Broca's area B.hippocampus C.thalamus D.Wernicke's area

Which of the following best describes a synapse? A. a tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried B. the tube-like part of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons C. Root like structure that receive neural impulses from other neurons D. Body organs or structures that produce secretions

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A. -.90 B. -.50 C. +.80 D. +.25

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. B.Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C.Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. D.Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

Which of the following imaging techniques least describes a means to collect information about brain functioning? A.computerized tomography (CT) scan B.electroencephalography(EEG) C.functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) D.positron emission tomography (PET)

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology? A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior. B. All evolutionary theories can easily be proven. C. Genetic factors in determining human behavior are completely ignored. D. There are no female evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology? A. Male bias exists in science. B.Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women. C. Male psychologists never pay attention to relationships. D. Male psychologists only emphasize objective data over subjective data.

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? A. examination of anatomy and physiology B.exculpation C.extrospection D. interviews

Which of the following is least associated with a hindbrain structure? A.cerebrum B.cerebellum C.medulla D.pons

Which of the following is least associated with an endocrine gland? A.hypothalamus B.ovaries C.pineal gland D.thyroid

Which of the following is least involved in critical thinking? A. knowing your opinion is correct B.maintaining an attitude of skepticism C.making use of logical thinking D. recognizing internal biases

Which of the following least influences perception? A. hair color B. cultural background C. previous experiences D. where we focus our attention

Which of the following processes least describes a function of the cerebral cortex? A. Breathing B.Thinking C.Memory D.Reasoning

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A.John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C.Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? A.Audition B.Pain C.Touch D.Vision

Which part of the forebrain are sometimes described as the "executive center" and directs judgement, reasoning, and impulse control? A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Reticulartal lobe D. Parietal lobe

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete? A.androgens B.dopamine C.endorphins D.estrogens

Which type of imaging would an individual least want repeated on a weekly basis due to radiation exposure? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

_____ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A.action potential B.depolarization C.hyperpolarization D.threshold of excitation

______ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A.Homeostasis B.Resting potential C.Reuptake D.Synergy

______ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves. A.electroencephalography (EEG) B.functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C.magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D.positron emission tomography (PET)

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

scientific theory

Which of the following refers to the broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

experimental

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

watching footage obtained from cameras set up secretly on various streets

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

Carl Rogers

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?

William Wundt

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

The electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

the ___ is involved in our experience of emotion

amygdala

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines __________ as objectively as possible.

another person's consciousness

___ is a reduction in the number of research participants at some drop out of the study over time

attrition

which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

A testable prediction about how the world will behave if an idea is correct is called a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. equation. D. deductive reason.

A(n) _______uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue. A. EEG B. MRI C. PET scan D. CT scan

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? A. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors C.primarily biology;individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant D.successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. a. James b. Wertheimer c Rogers d. Chomsky

Behaviorists all focus on ________. A.individual attitudes. B. physiological responses that result in action. C. the internal motivation for action. D.the subconscious

Critical thinking is ________. A. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic. B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. C. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena. D. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it.

Dopamine and glutamate are both involved with _______. A.running. B.learning. C.shifting. D.turning.

Dr. Williamson works with courts to evaluate criminals; Williamson is a(n) _______ psychologist. A. social B. forensic C. industrial/organizational D. physiological

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A.Broca's area B.Hypothalamus C.Substantia nigra D.Thalamus

Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings? A. Cell membranes have carrier proteins for glucose but not for sodium. B. The cell membrane is semi-permeable. C. The membrane potential makes it difficult for sodium ions to diffuse across the membrane. D.The sodium-potassium pump keeps sodium inside the cell.

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons? A. He had encephalitis as a child. B. He had severe seizures. C.He was born with an extra area of cortex. D.He was part of a medical trial study

Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes. a. 15 b. 23 c. 46 d. 78

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ____ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. A. 1/3 B. 2/3 C. 3/4 D. 4/5

Jane has recently been having trouble staying awake throughout the day. Which area of Jane's brain is most likely related to her difficulty? A. cerebellum B. pons C. medulla D. cerebrum

Jennifer has been depressed for several months and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. On which brain structure is the drug acting? A.amygdala B.medulla C.pons D.reticular formation

Lucy wants to study changes in thinking skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan.Lucy should specialize in _______psychology. A.cognitive B.developmental C.personality D.social

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________. a. soma b. myelin sheath c. synaptic vesicles d. dendrites

Multiple sclerosis is mostly associated with ________. A. plasma. B. myelin. C. sinew. D.blood.

Neurons are ________. A.chemicals. B.nerve cells. C. in humans only. D.in animals only.

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system. autonomic somatic sympathetic parasympathetic

Parsons and colleagues are conducting a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use? A.computerized tomography (CT) scan B.functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C.magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D.positron emission tomography (PET)

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. A.a person's consciousness B.a person's unconscious C.fetal development D.sexual identity

Psychologists study biopsychology because _________. A. people are totally determined by biology. B. physiology significantly impacts how humans behave. C. humankind is nothing but neurotransmitters. D. all behavior is driven by serotonin

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish? A.feel someone touching her hand B.groan and move her eyes C.hear someonetalking to her D.speak in simple words

The ____ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. A. PhD B. PsyD C. Postdoctoral training program D. Dissertation

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A.autonomic B.parasympathetic C.somatic D.sympathetic

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels. a.adrenal b.pituitary c.testis d.thyroid

The _________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. A.adrenal B.pituitary C.testes D.thyroid

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. A.fast; a short duration B. fast; long lasting C.slow; a short duration D. slow; long lasting

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A.guesswork. B. observation. C.practice. D. statistics.

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. A.factors B.hormones C.neurotransmitters D.proteins

The most prominent psychologist organization in the U.S. is the A. American Psychiatric Association. B. American Psychological Association. C. Association for Psychological Science. D. American Psychological Society.

The myelin sheath consists of ________. A.axons. B.glial cells. C.somas. D.terminal buttons.

The space between two neurons is called the ________. A.soma. B.synapse. C.terminal button. D.vesicle

The term lateralization refers to A. divisions of the brain into hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. B. the division of functions between the right and left hemispheres. C. the cross-wiring of the brain D. the connections between Broca's area and Wernicke's area

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. A.behavioral genetics B.evolution by natural selection C.genetic mutation D.survivalism

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye coloris dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color(b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb. A.genotype; Bb B.genotype; bb C.phenotype; Bb D.phenotype; bb

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? A.They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. B. They were all concerned with describing and understanding theinner experience. C. They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis. D.They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior. A.The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to "Wilhelm Wundt." B.The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious." C. The word "unconscious" to the word "conscious." D. The word "understand" should be changed to the word "believing."

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B.conscientiousness C.extroversion D. neuroticism

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? A. biopsychology B.developmental psychology C.personality psychology D.sensation and perception

Which of the following best exemplifies a personality trait? A.Greg eats a cupcake. B.Ida is charming. C. James has blue eyes. D.Marsha has three children.

Which of the following is least part of feminist psychology? A.discovering the contributions of women to psychology B.favoring all men over all women C.questioning male biased practices D. studying psychological gender differences

Which of the following is most true? A.All psychologist agree regarding personality characterizes. B. Not all psychologists agree regarding personality characteristics. C.No psychologists believe in personality characteristics. D. All psychologists deny personality as a field of study.

Which of the following senses is least likely to be routed through the thalamus? A.Audition B.Smell C.Taste D.Vision

in order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct _____ and _____.

benefits;cost

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

A dependent variable is A. theorized. B. hypothesized. C. measured. D. manipulated

A difference in ________can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. A. behavior B. evolution C. genetics D. nurture

A school psychologist would be most likely to A. help teachers develop new instructional techniques. B. study how groups affect individuals. C. evaluate a student for placement in a special education program. D. make suggestions as to how managers could improve employee morale

A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system. a. axon b. SSRI c. agonist d. antagonist

A(n) ________is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C.Skinner box D.Watson manipulator

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A.interpret dreams B. manipulate human behavior. C. study the function of behavior. D.study the structure and characteristics of the mind.

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ... A. Psychosexual stage B. Object permanence C. Personality D. Perception

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a. biology b. chemistry c. philosophy d. physics

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious. B.studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests. C.studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes. D.studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior.

Carlis in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the mostlikely behavioral effect of his accident? A.Blindness B.Cannot taste C.No sensation in his legs and feet D.Deafness

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. A.behavioral geneticists. B.behavioral psychologists. C.evolutionary psychologists. D.historical psychologists.

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of an abolic steroid drugs like________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders. A.growth hormone B.insulin C.testosterone D.thyroxine

Damage to the _________disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact. A. amygdala B. Broca's Area C. Wernicke's Area D. occipital lobe

Dopamine and serotonin are both involved with ________. A.vision. B.hearing. C.mood. D. taste

Dr. Adams noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Adams applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother. A. functionalism B.Gestalt psychology C.psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

Dreaming occurs in the ____ region of the brain. A.medulla B.ventral tegmental C.pons D.substantia nigra

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits,and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ___. A.cognition B. perception C. personality D.social psychology

Electrical charges in axons must transductinto a _____ form called neurotransmitters. A. light B.heat C.chemical D.vapor

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious. B.the operation of individual parts of the mind. C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts. D.understanding the id, ego, and superego.

Gyri and sulci are the ________and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. A. cortex;forebrain B.fissures;folds C.folds;grooves D.grooves;folds

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify? A. article blindness B. developmental theory C.object permanence D.perpetuation

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease. somatic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system spinal cord

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? A. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. B. People in developed nations revere the elderly. C. Populations of developed nations are living longer. D. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place? A.difficulty comprehending language B.difficulty producing language C.motor skill deficits in the left side of her body D.sensory deficits in the right side of her body

Mark spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Mark is engaged in ________. A.behaviorism. B. client-centered therapy. C.introspection. D.psychoanalysis.

Neurons send ________ charges. A.gravitational B.hydraulic C.electrical D.frozen

One would need at least a(n) ____ degree to serve as a school psychologist. A. Associate's B. Bachelor's C. Master's D. Doctoral

Peter is interested in pursuing a ________training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his Ph.D., which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers. A.industrial B.medical C. postdoctoral D. predoctoral

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. A. only behavior. B. only the mind. C. the mind and behavior. D. the soul, the mind, and behavior.

Psychology refers to the ________.' A. empirical study of humanity. B. experimental study of individuals. C. scientific study of behavior and the mind. D. systematic study of human interaction.

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A.emotional B.GABA C.neurotransmitter D.serotonin

Sandra wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. In which area of psychology should she work? A. biopsychology B. clinical psychology C.counseling psychology D.wellness psychology

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. A.autonomic B.parasympathetic C.somatic D.sympathetic

Split-brain patients are the result of an operation that severs the A. cerebrum. B. cerebellum. C. corpus callosum. D. cerebral cortex.

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________. A. how behaviors have changed over time. B. the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied. C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population. D. whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait.

Susan wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. A. biological B.Gestalt C.industrial-organizational D.social

The ______ is located just behind the amygdala and can be described as playing an important role in the formation of memories. A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. hippocampus D. cerebellum

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. A.axons; terminal buttons B.dendrites; synaptic vesicles C.terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles D.terminal buttons; transport proteins

The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands. a.ovary b.thyroid c.pituitary d.pancreas

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________and________. A.autonomic;somatic nervous systems. B.autonomic;sympathetic nervous systems. C.central;peripheral nervous systems. D.parasympathetic;sympathetic nervous systems

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? A. classical conditioning B.dream analysis C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior D.studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a B.A.in psychology? A. human resources B.marketing C. mid-and top-level management D.social work

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. A.agreeableness B.conscientiousness C.neuroticism D.openness

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A. 1600s B. 1700s C. 1800s D. 1900s

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? A. data collection B. experiment C. hypothesis D.observation

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? A.cognitive B. counseling C.forensic D.legal

Which of the following best describes a criticism of structuralism? A.Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B.Structuralism was parsimonious. C. The process was highly subjective. D. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results

Which of the following defines hypothesis? A. idea that proves a theory B. means of explaining social phenomena C. tentative explanation D. way of looking at the world

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? A. European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology. B.The proponents were Nazis. C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology. D.The theories were not based on measurable data.

Which of the following is least associated with forebrain structure? A.Amygdala B.Hippocampus C.Pons D.Thalamus

Which of the following statements is least true? A. Reliability refers to consistency. B. Validity refers to accurate measure. C. Human research does not require IRB approval. D. Research subjects provide informed consent.

Which term best captures the meaning of the word "gestalt?" A. Unconscious B. Introspection C. Whole D. Observation

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology? A. Anna Freud B.Bruno Bettelheim C.Naomi Weisstein D. Sigmund Freud

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist? A.Wolfgang Köhler B.Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

Why is psychology considered a social science? A.Because psychologists do not study groups and how groups interact. B. Because psychology is considered a hard science. C. Behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. D.Behavior is always completely random.

William James was the ________. A. author of the first psychology textbook. B.father of psychology. C. first American psychologist. D.first psychoanalyst

___ is most well known for proposing his hierarchy of needs a. Noam Chomsky b. Rogers c. Maslow d. Sigmund Freud

______ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression. a.Social psychology b.Evolutionary psychology c.Epigenetics d. Behavioral neuroscience

_______ psychologists counsel medically-related problems, while _______ psychologists apply science to solve business-related problems. A. Personality; social B. Social; personality C. Health; industrial/organizational D. Industrial/organizational; health

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A. Behaviorism B. Gestalt C.Humanism D.Structuralism

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent changein a sequence of DNA. a. allele b. chromosome c. epigenetic d. mutation

According to Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalysts, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. A. dream analysis. B. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind. C.seemingly innocent slips of the tongue. D. the use of reinforcement and punishment.

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a"tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study? A.computerized tomography (CT)scan B.electroencephalograph(EEG) C.magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D.positron emission tomography (PET)

An emphasis on the unconscious and early childhood experience characterizes which school of psychology? A. Behaviorism B. Structuralism C. Empiricism D. Psychodynamic

Appetite is most impacted by the _______. A. cerebrum. B. cerebellum. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.

Behaviorists study ________. A. a person's unconscious mind. B. chemical and hormonal changes. C.dreams D.learned behavior.

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? A.Frontal B.Occipital C.Parietal D.Temporal

The central nervous system is comprised of ________. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems organs and glands somatic and autonomic nervous systems brain and spinal cord

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. A. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses. B. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior. C. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain. D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

The medulla________. A. exists only in animals. B. disappeared through evolution. C.controls only the left hemisphere. D.controls automatic functioning.

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________. A.cognition and emotion. B.language, such as speech. C.motor information to body areas,such as arms, legs, and face. D. temperature, touch, and pain

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are: estrogen and progesterone norepinephrine and epinephrine thyroxine and oxytocin glucagon and insulin

What is a PsyD? a. doctor of philosophy b. doctor of psychiatry c. doctor of psychoanalysis d. doctor of psychology

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. extroversion C.neuroticism D. openness

Which brain structure regulates such bodily functions as thirst and hunger, fluid concentrations, and body temperature? A. reticular formation B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. hypothalamus

Which of the following best exemplifies research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? A. how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group B. what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women C. whether culture influences perception D.whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following best exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes her term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B.A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C.Dr. Jones decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D. Dr. Smith observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? A. Frontal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling any of their emotional impulses. B. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C.Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior D.Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? A. PhD B. PsyD C. Master's degree D. Bachelor's degree

Which of the following is least associated with being a limbic system structure? A.Amygdala B.Hippocampus C.Hypothalamus D.Substantia Nigra

Which of the following is leasta part of the fight or flight response? A.Adrenaline surges into the bloodstream B.Heart rate and blood pressure increases C.Pupils dilate D.Falling asleep

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain? thalamus hippocampus amygdala substantia nigra

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory

Which of the following statements is least true? A. Correlation higher than 1.0 cannot exist B. A positive correlation means that variables move in the same direction C. Negative correlation means that variables move in opposite directions D. Correlation shows cause and effect

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? A.Charles Darwin B. Jean Piaget C. Noam Chomsky D.Sigmund Freud

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? A.All scientists of all times and cultures have fully agreed about evolution. B.Scientists can replicate evolution across species. C. Evolution only can occur at macro-but not micro-levels. D. The construct was an idea that Darwin generated for further investigation

You are most likely to be awoken by your morning alarm clock through the activation of the __________. A.cerebellum B.corpus callosum C.medulla D. reticular formation

______ are used when few subjects exists to study and _______ is used when data is collected inconspicuously. A.Surveys; observer bias B. Observer biases; surveys C.Case studies; archival research D. Case studies; naturalistic observation

______ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundarieswe will fall. A.Behavioral genetics B.Environmental psychology C.Evolutionary psychology D.Range of reaction

Melatonin release is stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ____

darkness;light

an upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces ***SUPER LONG PARAGRAPH***

debrief participants; deception

Harrison e al ***SUPER LONG PARAGRAPH***

dependent variable

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

___________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist

dissociatve

____ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

double-blind

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalist?

examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

feeling of intense elation and pleasure

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preperation?

forensic

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

The myelin sheath consists of a(n)

glial cell

Mescaline is considered a ___ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcerment of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.

operant conditioning

Morphine is considered a(n) ___ drug because it decreases pain

opioid

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ___

outside periods of REM sleep

The ___ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract

parasympathic

Peter is interested in pursuing a ___ training program with Center for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD.

postdoctoral

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a. critical thinking b. use of scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information d. all of the above

probably d

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the Principles of_________, and hypothesizes the misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.

psychoanalytic theory

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct _____

random sampling; random group assignment

agonist bind to ___ and antagonist bind to ___

receptors;receptorss

___ can be used to assess ___

reliability; validity

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ___ *

replication

The ___ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron

resting potential

the somatosensory contex is responsible for processing

sensory information

which of the following senses is not routed through the thalmus

smell

social psychology

Sensory and motor neurons of the ___ nervous system are associate with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary

somatic

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ____

somnambulism

psyche

soul, mind

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ____

spinal cord

Psychology refers to the

study of the mind

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by *

studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious

which of the following is not a limbic system structure?

substantia nigra

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neudengerative disease

substantia nigra;acetylcholine

The ___ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration

sympathetic

A(n) ____ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomnea

theory

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common?

they are all examples of applied psychology

cognitive psychology focuses on studying

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ____

tolerance

a particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. if the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubles, the action potential will ____

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

hypothalamus

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

John Watson

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?

34. Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

*A. confirmation bias

54. ________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

*A. confirmation bias

33. A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

*A. confounding variable

42. Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

*A. dependent variable

72. A major advantage of case studies is ________.

*A. detailed information

58. Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

*A. explaining the hypothesis to the participants

64. Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?

*B. Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

61. Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

*B. archival research; surveys

26. The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

*B. between -1 and +1

36. The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

*B. control

25. ________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

*B. correlation

65. An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

*B. debrief participants; deception

71. The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

*B. dependent

38. Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

*B. double-blind

80. Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

*B. empirical studies

75. The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

*B. experiment

23. Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

*B. experimental

49. Peer reviewers ________.

*B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

53. An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

*B. high; low

16. ________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

*B. inter-rater reliability

27. A negative correlation means ________.

*B. one variable decreases as the other increases

66. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because ________.

*B. participants were not allowed to seek available treatment

51. ________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

*B. reliability

69. ________ can be used to assess ________.

*B. statistical analyses; reliability

35. A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

*B. two

28. Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

*C. +0.2

57. ________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

*C. Institutional Review Board

43. Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?

*C. They have higher attrition rates than other populations.

56. Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

*C. designing, conducting, and reviewing

40. The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

*C. independent variable

45. A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

*C. is large and randomly selected

20. A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

*C. longitudinal

14. Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

*C. naturalistic observation

62. American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research?

*D. The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

70. One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate?

*D. There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

63. Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

*D. They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

79. Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

*D. human; obtaining informed consent

19. ________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

*D. longitudinal

39. Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

*D. placebo effect

46. Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

*D. quasi-experimental

44. In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

*D. random sampling; random group assignment

50. Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________.

*D. retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

59. ________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

*D. rodents

30. A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

*D. scatterplot

12. What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

*D. small sample size

78. Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

*D. the scientific method

32. Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

*D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

41. Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

*D. type of play; no play

52. ________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

*D. validity

67. A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted.

*D. veterinarian

22. Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

*D. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

76. The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________.

*D. why empirical research is needed

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

-.09

In which state of sleep do sleep spindles appear

computerized tomography (CT) scan

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

two

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our theory is correct. A theory is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation about observed phenomena. Therefore, testing numerous hypotheses can result in a theory that explains broader phenomena than the results of a single experiment.

93. The textbook discusses the Tuskegee Syphilis Study as an example of research that would not be considered ethical by today's standards. If this study were proposed today, who would make the decision about whether it can proceed using federal funding, and who participates in this committee?

An institutional review board (IRB) composed of members of the institution's administration, scientists, and community members would decide whether this study could be conducted.

clinical psychology

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

6. In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

B. double-blind

Trephination is the ________.

B. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

physiological responses that result in action

Behaviorists all focus on _______.

learned behavior

Behaviorists study ________.

to that group by chance

Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's lobe

10. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

C. It is complex.

1. The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

C. illusory correlation

thinking critically

Char heard from her friends that marijuana can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________.

The ___ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

Circadian

Lucy wants to study change in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ___ psychology

Cognitive

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Correlational research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Critical thinking is __________.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

D. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

2. Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

D. independent; dependent

3. A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

D. theory

What is a debriefing?

Debriefing occurs after the participant's involvement in the study is finished, and it must occur if deception has taken place. Debriefing includes a discussion of the true and complete study purpose, how the data will be collected and used, reasons why debriefing was necessary, and how to obtain more information about the study.

Alcohol is considered a ___ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity

Depressant

endocrine; hormone

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________. Group of answer choices

independent; dependent

Dr. Spurling investigated the effects of two different vocabulary learning strategies on memory of a list of words two weeks later. He had two groups of participants; each group used a different strategy to learn a word list, then he measured their memory of the word list two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and memory is the ________ variable.

hypothalamus

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, being thirsty all the time, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

What does empirical mean?

Empirical means that research findings are grounded in observable, tangible evidence that can be replicated by any competent researcher.

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

Empirical studies

double-blind

In a ______ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

Research regarding the D.A.R.E. program, as discussed in the text, is an example of psychological research that can be used to help shape public policy. Why is it important to have empirical findings on this widely implemented and expensive program?

Empirically based findings are important to have because they allow for objective facts to be available. In the case of the D.A.R.E. program, empirically based findings allow the public and public policy makers to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the program and determine whether the resources used to implement it are justified.

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

What is experimenter bias, and what is a strategy that experimenters can use to minimize this effect?

Experimenter bias is when the researcher's expectations may skew the study results. Experimenter bias can be reduced by conducting a double-blind study: Neither the researcher conducting the study nor the participants know which group they are in.

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?

Expose yourself to bright light while working

perceivable and measurable

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.

From a scientific perspective, what is the major criticism of Freud's theories?

Freud's theories are problematic from a scientific perspective because they are not falsifiable: They cannot be tested in a way that either proves or disproves them.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of

Gestalt Psychology

introspection

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible Guillermo is engaged in _______.

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps and his skin will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ____

Homeostasis

91. Jamila is in a study that aims to evaluate the effects of a new vitamin drink on energy levels. She is told that she will be in the group receiving the drink and is asked to rate her energy levels at different points throughout the day. She feels very energized by the drink and rates her energy levels high. At the end of the study, she is debriefed and told that the experiment involved deception. She was actually in the group that received only flavored water. What is this type of effect called, and how could it be prevented in a future experiment wishing to evaluate the vitamin drink?

Jamila experienced a placebo effect. In future experiments, the placebo effect could be prevented by conducting a blinded study.

Give an example of a researcher from another discipline who has conducted research relevant to psychology.

Jane Goodall, an anthropologist, has contributed to the field of psychology through her observational studies of chimpanzees in the wild.

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

medulla

Jennifer accidentally took an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness

John Hobson

industrial-organizational

Josh wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Josh should conduct research in the area of ______ psychology.

case study

Krista and Tatiana Hogan area participants in a(n) _______ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

They could research peer- reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported

developmental

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

What is one strength and one weakness of archival research?

One strength of archival research is that it is an inexpensive type of study to conduct, and one weakness is that the researcher does not have control over the type of data that is collected.

biopsychologist

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the neurons are related to behavior. She is a ________.

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ___

People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person

Patil et al. have conducted a survey of alcohol use in college students on three campuses in one city and have found widely varying results by campus. How could the researchers follow up on these results and get more detailed information about opinions regarding alcohol use on each campus.

The researchers could design a new survey that focuses on opinions related to alcohol use, rather than just levels of alcohol use. The researchers could also gather data on other variables that they believe might be related to alcohol use in order to conduct correlational analyses.

synapse

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

myelin sheath

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is covered with

occipital

The surgical removal of a large tumor resulted in massive loss of brain tissue from Leonardo's _________ lobe, so he suffered some loss of vision.

neurotransmitters

The terminal buttons of a neuron contain vesicles that house ___________, which are known as the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

102. In a statistical analysis, what is the threshold for determining whether a result is significant, and what does the threshold mean?

The threshold for significance is that we expect that 95 times out of 100 we would observe the same results. Therefore, we expect that only 5 times out of 100 we would get the results by chance alone. When this happens, we can attribute experimental results to effects of the independent variable.

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

83. There is a positive correlation between taking multivitamins and using recreational drugs. What does this mean, and what are three possible underlying relationships between the variables?

There is a relationship between taking multivitamins and using recreational drugs, and the two variables increase in incidence together. It could be the case that taking multivitamins causes an increase in drug use, that drug use causes an increase in taking multivitamins, or there could be a third variable underlying both effects. Therefore, multiple cause-and-effect relationships are possible, but none are demonstrated by this correlational relationship.

Ava and Ben are both observing the same participants and recording data to compare later. What type of reliability are they planning to assess, and why would they do so?

They are assessing inter-rater reliability as a way to ensure that their study is well-designed with clear operational definitions and an easily measurable dependent variable

It is complex

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

A group of researchers are interested in determining if women are more likely than men to use their spouse's name in casual social conversations, and they are further interested to know if it makes a difference whether their conversation partner is male or female. They assign their sample of men and women to engage in conversations with either a male or female experimental confederate (a researcher acting like another participant). Researchers conclude that the gender of the conversation partner causes a difference in the number of times that men use their spouse's name. What type of research design is this, and what is a major criticism of the conclusion?

This is a quasi-experimental design. The major criticism of the conclusion is that cause-and-effect relationships are not possible to determine based on this design.

What are three safeguards to ensure that animal research is conducted ethically?

Three safeguards include the following: the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) reviews all animal research and must give approval before research occurs, there are mandatory inspections of animal care facilities, and research is designed so that pain and distress are minimized.

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

Trephination is the ________.

rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now cannot understand what people are saying to her

Wernicke's area

Doctor of Psychology

What is a PsyD?

mid- and top-level management

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive"

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram' obedience research?

neuroticism

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the _____ trait.

What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation?

When two variables are positively correlated they move in the same direction together: both either increasing or decreasing. When variables are negatively correlated they move in opposite directions: one increasing while the other is decreasing.

1800s

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?

Hypothesis

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

-0.5

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

forensic

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

Parietal

Which lobe of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

tentative explanation

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

Ida is charming

Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

Male psychologists do not pay enough attention to relationships

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?

European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

Which of the following situations is the type of physical functioning primarily influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system? A. Aaron's body releases glucose when he stands up to the bully at school B. Betty calms down as she drifts off into sleep at night C. Chan's pupils dilate when he tells a lie to his father D. Dawn's heart beats faster as she prepares to take her first psychology exam

Which part of the brain controls balance? A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. pons D. medulla

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? A.dopamine; acetylcholine B.dopamine; norepinephrine C.serotonin; GABA D. serotonin; glutamate

Who is generally recognized as the founder of American psychology? A. Hall B. James C. Wundt D. Freud

Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D.in psychology in the United States? A. Carl Rogers B. Francis Cecil Sumner C.Naomi Weisstein D.Noam Chomsky

Wundt is to _______ as James is to _______. A. structuralism; gestalt. B. structuralism; functionalism. C. behaviorism; gestalt. D. behaviorism; functionalism.

______ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. A.acetylcholine B.beta-endorphin C.GABA D.norepinephrine

______ research collects data at the same time while ______ research collects data over time. A. Archival; empirical B. Cross-sectional; longitudinal C. Empirical; archival D. Longitudinal;cross-sectional

_______ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. A.Brain organization B.Lateralization C.Synaptogenesis D.Wernicke's area

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. A.Acetylcholine B.Dopamine C.Glutamate D.Serotonin

________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics. a. Phenotype; genotype b. Genotype; phenotype c. DNA; gene d. Gene; DNA

A(n) ___ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.

clinical

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example. of ___________.

confirmation bias

___ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

confirmation bias

A(n) is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding variable

means that there is a relationship between two or more variable

correlational research

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________. A. acting unconsciously. B.hypothesizing. C.theorizing. D. thinking critically

Cognitive psychology can best be described as focusing on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior. B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception. C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior. D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. A.conscious and unconscious. B.experimental and provable. C.hypothesized and theoretical. D. perceivable and measurable.

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B.functionalism C.humanism D.operant conditioning

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4 yr college, then he would probably need a ____ degree in psychology. A. bachelor of science B. bachelor of art C. master's D. PhD

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, the researcher found that men value youthful appearance more than women because A. Men are more sexually responsive with younger women. B.Men need to display their mates as a trophy. C. Women are not as superficial as men. D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

In the cerebral cortex, _______is to vision as _______is to hearing. A. occipital; parietal B. temporal;frontal C. frontal; parietal D. occipital; temporal

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. A. H.O.P.E.S. B. Either-Or C.Fifth Dimension D. Five Factor

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood,and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to. A.motor cortex; acetylcholine B.motor cortex; dopamine C.substantia nigra; acetylcholine D.ventral tegmental area; dopamine

Neurons____ touch. A.always B.sometimes C.usually D.never

Phineas Gage showed severe personality changes following an accident that damaged his A. temporal cortex. B. hypothalamus. C. hippocampus. D. frontal lobe.

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by________. A.a single gene. B.different genes under different circumstances. C.different parts of only a few different genes. D.more than one gene.

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands,and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories. A. basal ganglia; childhood B.basal ganglia; emotional C. limbic system; childhood D.limbic system; emotional

Regarding training to work in the field of psychology, which of the following statements is least true? A. The primary difference between the Ph.D. and the Psy.D. is that the Psy.D. focuses more on practitioner skills than on research skills. B. Those who pursue doctorate-level work in schools of education typically earn a Doctorate in Education(Ed.D.). C. A dissertation requires the completion of an original research project. D. The bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ____ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. A. Structuralism B. Functionalism C. Gestalt D. Unconditional positive regard

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A.Broca's area B.Occipital cortex C.Prefrontal cortex D.Wernicke's area

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. A. Noam Chomsky, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Wundt B.Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud C. Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt D.Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

The _______ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. thalamus

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves. A.central gyrus B.central sulci C.hemisphere D.longitudinal fissure

The ________ is the part of the brain which is most likely to generate high arousal. A.cerebellum B.medulla C.pons D.reticular formation

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A.autonomic B.parasympathetic C.somatic D.sympathetic

The _______is a nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. A. pons B. reticular C. medulla D. corpus callosum

Which of the following is not in a forebrain structure?

hippocampus

is controlled by the experimenter

independent variable

The sleep debt is the result of ___

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? *

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

___ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

interrate reliability

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ___________.

introspection

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

it is complex

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ___

jet lag

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ____ content.

latent

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ___ content

latent

Behaviorists study

learned behavior

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

limbic; emotional

___ research studies the same groups of participants over time

longitudinal

The ___ is the deep groove that seperates the brain into two halves

longtudinal fissure

In a ___ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

lucid

A state of ___, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

medulla

The ___ connects the brain and the spinal cord

medulla

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic

meth

The ___ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

midbrain

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with

narcolepsy

Patwardhan et al. report data

naturalistic observation

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring __ balance

neurotransmitter

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

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