Migration

Late twentieth to early 21st century immigration groups

1.) Asia 2.) Latin America

Three largest flows of migration

1.) Asia to Europe 2.) Asia to North America 3.) Latin America to North America

Two principle regions that immigrants came from in 17-18th centuries

1.) Europe 2.) Sub Saharan Africa (slaves)

Two commonly emigrated too economic regions...

1.) U.S. 2.) Canada

Three main eras of US immigration

1.) colonial settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries 2.) mass euro immigration in late 19th and early 20th 3.) Asian and Latin American in late 20th and early 21st

Causes for immigration:

1.) economic opportunity 2.) cultural freedom 3.) environmental comfort

Two types of internal migration

1.) interregional 2.) intraregional

The 3 groups of forced political migrants:

1.) refugees 2.) internally displaced person 3.)asylum

Ravenstein's law groups

1.) the distance that migrants typically move 2.) the reasons migrants move 3.) the characteristics of migrants

Two types of international migration

1.) voluntary 2.) involuntary

Examples of areas with net out-migration

Asia, Latin America, and Africa

History of interregional migration

Atlantic Coast (1790) Appalachians (1800-1840) Gold Rush (1840-1890) Great Plains (1900-1940) South (1950-2010)

Population center

Average location of everyone in the country

What states do most immigrants live?

CA., FL., NY., TX

Migration transition is compared to...

Changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition

Chain migration:

Coming over and then having your family come over

Net migration

Difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

How does the U.S. treat economic and political immigrants differently?

Economic migrants are generally not admitted unless they possess special skills or have a close relative already there, and even then they must compete with similar applicants from other countries. However, refugees receive special priority in admission to other countries.

Why did people immigrate from Germany?

Economic push factors and political unrest

Why is internal migration less traumatic?

Familiar social customs like food broadcasts, language, and literature

Why are people moving from urban to rural areas?

Farm life or to work in factories near farms.

Two way connections

Flow of migration when given two locations you come from one and migrate to another

Explain the southern movement

From 1950-2010 people moved south for a warmer climate and job opportunities.

Common illegal immigrant:

From Mexico, while the rest is either Latin American (about 21%) or from the rest of the world is about the same (21%). Most illegal immigrants are also not children, have lived in that country for at least five years, are employed in low paying/low level skill jobs. Most also live in New York, California, Texas, and Nevada.

Explain the Appalachian period

From the 1800 to 1840 period the interior was opened by improvements in transportation such as the canal. These improvements led to a lot of land opening up, and therefore the ability to get a lot of land for a low price. They also had an abundance of lumber to build homes. The area settled was between the Appalachian mountains and the Mississippi river.

Explain the Gold Rush period

From the 1840's to the 1890's people migrated west due to Manifest Destiny and the prospects of gold and farming.

Explain interregional migration in China

From the rural areas to the center and for the large urban areas along the east coast, where jobs are most plentiful, especially in factories. There were bans on interregional migration, but they have been lifted in recent years.

Mobility

General term that covers all types of movement from one place to another inc. everything from going to work and back to immigrating

Wilbur Zelinsky

Geographer who identified a migration transition

What happened to immigration restrictions in 1978?

Hemisphere restrictions were replaced with global quotas

Why do people say that E. G. Ravenstein's ideas need further research?

His assumptions about the relative importance of natural increase and migration in the growth of cities and the relative importance of "push" and "pull" factors in causing migration merit further research.

Guest worker:

Immigrants from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs in wealthy European countries. They were protected by minimum- wage laws, labor union contracts, and other support programs. After a few years, the guest workers were expected to return home. No longer in use

Unauthorized immigrants:

Immigrants who do not enter with the proper documents, it is a term preferred by academic observers.

Voluntary migration

Implies that the migrant has chosen to move esp. for economic improvement

Explain the Atlantic Coast period

In about the 1790's colonist would hug the Atlantic coast. This was because of the Appalachian mountain blockade and the trade connected with water. Indian tribes also played a factor along with forests.

Negative net migration

Positive when emigrants exceed immigrants

Positive net migration

Positive when immigrants exceed emigrants

Migration

Relocation diffusion that involves the permanent movement to a new location

Example of group that moved because of environmental push factors...

Sahel tribe because of drought

Circulations

Short term repetitive or cyclical movements that reoccur on a regular basis, daily, weekly, monthly, or annualy

What has caused the migration to surrounding suburbs?

Suburban lifestyle

What two acts restrict immigration into the US?

The Quota Act and the National Origins Act

Which country has the most foreign born residents and how many?

The United States was 43 million in 2010 and has been increasing about 1 million annually

What happened to immigration restrictions in 1990?

The global quota was raised from 20 thousand to 700 thousand

What do the global patterns reflect?

The importance of migration from developing countries to developed countries

The further away a location is...

The less likely people will migrate to it. Due to the distance decay principle

What is he biggest intervening obstacle for most immigrants?

The long journey and obtaining entrance in some cases

What is the economic case with Southeast Asia:

Their oil attracts many people from poorer countries. Working conditions, however,for immigrants have been considered poor in some of these countries.

Why do people in developed areas feel free to move anywhere?

They do not feel as if they will be disconnected economically or socially due to modern technologies.

Explain interregional migration in Canada

They had significant migration from east to west for more than a century. The three westernmost provinces— Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, are the destinations for most interregional migrants within Canada.

Where do most migrants go?

They migrate within their own country and travel only a short distance

What do geographers do with migration?

They track where, reasons and from where of it

Where do most long distance migrants go?

To other countries' head for major centers of economic activity

Example of forced migration:

Trail of tears

Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs true or false?

True

When does international migration primarily occur

When the emigrants come from stage 2 countries in the demographic transition

When does internal immigration most likely occur

When the emigrator is from a stage 3 of 4 country.

Forced migration

When the migrant has been compelled to move, esp. by political or environmental factors

E. G. Ravenstein's:

Wrote three articles on migration, the first published one hundred years ago, form the basis for most modern research on migration

Why is the distinction between voluntary and forced migration not clear ?

You can choose to move but be pressured because of certain factors

Brain drain:

a large scale immigration of talented people

How to calculate gravity model

by multiplying the population of city A by the population of city B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared. it can also be used to anticipate the traffic between two places, the number of telephone calls, the transportation of goods and mail, and other types of movement between places. The gravity model can also be used to compare the gravitational attraction between two continents, two countries, two states, two counties, or even two neighborhoods within the same city.

Illegal aliens:

conservative term for those who do not have the proper papers

Why do most people migrate?

economic reasons

Adverse physical conditions pushing people from their homes:

example: Water— either too much or too little— poses the most common environmental threat. Many people are forced to move by water- related disasters because they live in a vulnerable area, such as a floodplain

Pull factor:

factor induces people to move into a new location.

Push factor:

factor that induces people to move out of their present location

Internally displaced person:

has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Refugee:

has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Is rural to urban migration still the most prevalent interregional migration today?

it is the most prevalent

Undocumented immigrant:

liberal or those who care about immigrant rights term for those without papers.

What role do immigrants accept in Europe?

low paying jobs that most would not accept

Attractive environments for migrants...

mountains, seasides, and warm climates ex. rocky mountains bring people to Colorado

Who does the quota not apply too?

refugees, spouses, parent, and children of U.S citizens

One of the most important political push factors...

slavery

Asylum:

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

What 2 things does the gravity model take into account?

takes into account the population size of two places and their distance.

Floodplain:

the area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based ob historical trend

What do opponents of the gravity model say?

they argue that it cannot be proven scientifically, and that it is only based on observation. They say it is also biased towards historic ties and large population centers.

What is the economic case with China:

they have approximately 40 million people outside of China, but their economy attracts people

What does the gravity model predict?

to predict movement of people, information, and commodities between cities and even continents.

Immigration

Migration to a location

Explain interregional migration in Brazil

Most Brazilians live along the coast ,especially in the areas of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The tropical interior, however is sparsely populated. To change this "the government moved its capital in 1960 from Rio to a newly built city called Brasília, situated 600 miles from the Atlantic Coast. Development of Brazil's interior has altered historic migration patterns. The coastal areas now have net out- migration, whereas the interior areas have net in- migration".

Intraregional migration

Movement within one region. For example from older cities to newer suburbs within the same city

Seasonal mobility

Moving with the seasons, for example college students

Counterurbanization:

Net migration from urban to rural areas

Things brought over when you immigrate

New home, language, religion, ethnicity, farming practices, economic practices, and other cultural traits

Is there a comprehensive theory on migration?

No

Examples of areas with net in-migration

North America, Europe, and Oceania

Why do people typically emigrate for economic reasons..

Not enough jobs

National Origins Act:

Of that years american born in that census' population, 2% of that number was the amount of immigrants allowed

Old vs. new reasons for interregional migration

Old: in search of better farmland New: rural to urban areas for jobs

Example of interregional migration

Opening of western frontier

Cause of late 20th to early 21st immigration wave

Overpopulation, and economic prospects

What are short-journey migrants?

Migrants that moved only from the county of their birth to an adjacent or border county.

What are local migrants?

Migrants that moved within the county of their birth, and thus go unrecorded in the Census.

What are long journey migrants?

Migrants that went beyond the border counties.

Emigration

Migration from a location

E. G. Ravenstein's laws

1.)The majority of migrants go only a short distance 2.) Migration proceeds step by step 3.)Migrants going long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centers of commerce or industry 4.) Each current of migration produces a compensating counter current 5.) The natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas 6.) Females are more migratory than males within the Kingdom of their birth, but males more frequently venture beyond 7.) Most migrants are adults: families rarely migrate out of their county of birth 8.) Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase 9.) Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improve 10.) The major direction of migration is from the agricultural areas to the centers of industry and commerce 11.) The major causes of migration are economid

3 major push and pull factors:

1.)economic 2.)political 3.)environmental

Immigration groups in 1840-early 2000

1840-1859: Ireland and Germany 1870: Ireland and Germany 1880: Scandinavia 1905-1914: Southern and Eastern Europe

E.G. Ravenstein

19th century geographer who created an outline and basis for contemporary geographic migration studies.

What percent of the world is of international migrants?

9 percent

Migration transition

A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Interregional migration

A movement from one region of a country to another. For example rural to urban setting or the opposite

International migration

A permanent move from one country to another

Internal migration

A permanent move within the same country

Explain the Great Plains period

Advancements in agricultural technology enabled people to cultivate the area. Farmers used barbed wire to reduce dependence on wood fencing, the steel plow to cut the thick sod, and windmills and well- drilling equipment to pump more water. The expansion of the railroads encouraged settlement of the Great Plains.

Intervening Obstacle:

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration

How did the Soviet Union cause interregional?

In order to populate these areas the Soviet Union encouraged factories to build near raw materials, rather than population clusters. This alone, however, did not influence migration itself, so the Soviet Union had to influence it. For example the Soviet Union forced people to migrate north, because it has an abundance of natural resources, and they wanted people to "construct and operate steel mills, hydroelectric power stations, mines, and other enterprises". Later they pushed for voluntary migration by offering things such as higher wages, more paid holidays, and earlier retirement. People were, however, reluctant because of the harsh climate. This climate push factor led people to migrate very quickly back to the western area, but to journey there for construction periods.

When did the migration from rural to urban areas truly begin?

In the 1800's in Europe and North America during the industrial revolution

What happened to immigration restrictions in 1965?

Individual country quotas were replaced with that of hemispheres

Why did the Scandinavians migrate?

Industrial population explosion

Example of immigration

Irish because of potato famine

What happens to your culture when you immigrate?

It blends with that of the locals

What has migration done to the ecumene of the Earth?

It has caused us to move from a small to a large land area

When and where is counterurbanization?

It is in developed countries and has begun in the the late twentieth century