mindtap-- ch (5-8)

Which of the following is a criticism of the symbolic interactionist perspective on social groups and organizations? a. It exaggerates cooperation and tends to gloss over dysfunctions like worker dissatisfaction and alienation. b. It assumes that greater equality leads to a more successful and productive organization. c. It ignores the fact that most people can't shape or change their situations. d. It glosses over stereotypes that affect men in an organization.

c. It ignores the fact that most people can't shape or change their situations.

Which of the following statements best describes social stratification? a. It refers to the disproportionate number of the poor who are women. b. It is movement from one social class to another. c. It is a society's ranking of people based on their access to valued resources such as wealth, power, and prestige. d. It refers to the concept of rewarding people solely for what they do and how well they do it.

c. It is a society's ranking of people based on their access to valued resources such as wealth, power, and prestige.

How do sociologists define intergenerational mobility? a. It is a system wherein people's positions are ascribed at birth and largely fixed. b. It is the passing down of wealth from the older generations to the younger generations. c. It is movement up or down a social class over two or more generations. d. It is movement up or down a social class over one's lifetime.

c. It is movement up or down a social class over two or more generations.

Which of the following statements is true regarding deviance? a. Deviance is universal across and within societies. b. Traits and beliefs are not deviance—only behaviors are deviant. c. Perceptions of deviance can change over time. d. Deviance is defined by those who have authority or power, not by public attitudes

c. Perceptions of deviance can change over time.

Which statement about status is correct? a. A person's status does not change through their life course. b. A person can hold only one status at a given time. c. Sociologists don't assume that one status is more important than another. d. Status is given to us by others in our society.

c. Sociologists don't assume that one status is more important than another.

Feminist scholars offer several explanations for women's victimization. Which of the following is NOT one of these explanations? a. Sexual violence is prevalent and perpetuated by popular culture. b. Women are at a disadvantage in creating and implementing laws that protect females. c. The majority of sexual assault victims report the crime to police. d. Gender roles reinforce inequality.

c. The majority of sexual assault victims report the crime to police.

A research approach that examines social interaction as if occurring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the audiences with whom they interact is __________. a. impression management b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. dramaturgical analysis d. double-speak Hide Feedback

c. dramaturgical analysis

Sports teams, labor unions, and a company's employees are examples of _____. a. dyads b. out-groups c. secondary groups d. triads

c. secondary groups

In the context of social stratification, ___________ address micro-level issues such as how people learn their social positions in everyday life and how such learning affects their attitudes, behavior, and lifestyles. a. feminists b. functionalists c. symbolic interactionists d. conflict theorists Hide Feedback

c. symbolic interactionists

Which of the following statements is true of modernization theory? a. It states that without a system of unequal rewards, many important jobs wouldn't be performed. b. It argues that the economic realities of the world system help rich countries stay rich while poor countries stay poor. c. It contends that high-income countries exploit and dominate low-income countries. d. It claims that policy makers in poor countries adhere to traditional customs that isolate them and prevent them from competing.

d. It claims that policy makers in poor countries adhere to traditional customs that isolate them and prevent them from competing.

According to Max Weber, which of the following characteristics should an efficient and productive bureaucracy possess? a. Low degree of division of labor b. Employees who "own" the products they create c. Loose rules that encourage innovation d. Qualifications-based employment

d. Qualifications-based employment

Which type of nonverbal communication does NOT vary across cultures? a. Gestures b. Facial expressions c. Touching d. They all vary across cultures. Hide Feedback

d. They all vary across cultures. Hide Feedback

Which of the following is NOT a reason we experience role conflict and role strain? a. People are often overextended, so some roles are bound to conflict with others. b. People have little or no training for many roles. c. Highly demanding jobs often create difficulties at home. d. We cannot exit roles and thus are forced to juggle expectations.

d. We cannot exit roles and thus are forced to juggle expectations.

Which type of crime includes offenses such as embezzlement, identity theft, bribery, and investment fraud? a. Victimless crime b. Cybercrime c. Corporate crime d. White-collar crime

d. White-collar crime

A(n) _______ is a social position that a person is born into that cannot be controlled, changed, or chosen. a. master status b. role c. achieved status d. ascribed status

d. ascribed status

Because we interact with them on a regular basis over many years, _____ have a powerful influence on our social identity. a. ideal types b. in-groups c. reference groups d. primary groups

d. primary groups

Someone who has difficulty playing two or more contradictory roles is experiencing _______. a. role strain b. status inconsistency c. role performance issues d. role conflict

d. role conflict

In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following modes of adaptation do most people use to resolve their social strain? a. Conformity b. Innovation c. Retreatism d. Rebellion

a. Conformity

Which of the following is NOT a factor that most sociologists contend creates and sustains poverty? a. Individual attitudes b. Low wages c. Industry relocation d. Automation

a. Individual attitudes

Which of the following is true of the Davis-Moore thesis? a. It asserts that social stratification benefits society. b. It emphasizes the role of inheritance in social stratification. c. It downplays the role of meritocracy in social stratification. d. It claims that all positions are equally crucial to a society's survival.

a. It asserts that social stratification benefits society.

Which of the following is true about personal space? a. It reflects power and status. b. It is maintained consistently across societies. c. It is insignificant in our everyday interactions. d. It remains the same size no matter who is near.

a. It reflects power and status.

Which of the following is true about social institutions? a. People develop new institutions in response to cultural changes. b. Institutions all relate to daily life, but they are compartmentalized. c. There are no universal, worldwide institutions. d. Institutions are less useful in modern society than in historical society.

a. People develop new institutions in response to cultural changes.

The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by _______, explored the influence of groups on behavior. a. Philip Zimbardo b. Stanley Milgram c. Solomon Asch d. Irving Janis

a. Philip Zimbardo

Which major social institution determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services? a. The economy b. The government c. Education d. Religion

a. The economy

In the context of group leadership, a(n) _____ gives orders, assigns tasks, and makes all major decisions. a. authoritarian leader b. democratic leader c. expressive leader d. laissez-faire leader

a. authoritarian leader

A(n) _____ is a formal organization designed to accomplish goals and tasks in an efficient and rational way. a. bureaucracy b. normative organization c. utilitarian organization d. coercive organization

a. bureaucracy

An overall ranking of a person's position in society based on income, education, and occupation is known as _________. a. socioeconomic status b. power c. social class d. prestige

a. socioeconomic status

Global stratification refers to a. worldwide inequality patterns that result from differences in wealth, power, and prestige. b. the disproportionate number of the poor who are women. c. a type of closed stratification system in which people's positions are ascribed at birth. d. a relatively open stratification system in which people's positions are based on both birth and achievement.

a. worldwide inequality patterns that result from differences in wealth, power, and prestige.

Which of the following statements about online interaction is false? a. Relying too much on technology can hurt relationships. b. Although online harassment does occur, it is rare and should not affect online behavior. c. Among adults who are in committed relationships, the majority say the Internet, smartphones, and social media have strengthened their communication. d. Millions of people willingly give out personal information on Facebook and other social media sites.

b. Although online harassment does occur, it is rare and should not affect online behavior.

Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? a. Molestation b. Belching loudly c. Murder d. Cyber theft

b. Belching loudly

Which group believes there is a strong association between capitalism, social inequality, and deviance? a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Feminists d. Symbolic interactionists

b. Conflict theorists

Which sociological perspective contends that organizations promote inequality that benefits the top of the hierarchy, not workers? a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Feminist theory d. Symbolic interaction

b. Conflict theory

According to conflict theorists, which of the following is a reason that capitalism produces crime? a. Criminal laws serve the interests of the working class. b. It is a competitive system that encourages corporate crime. c. Greed and self-interest perpetuate conformity. d. Strict tax laws encourage workers to participate in illegal activity.

b. It is a competitive system that encourages corporate crime.

How do sociologists define relative poverty? a. It is not having enough money to afford the basic necessities of life. b. It is not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living. c. It is the minimal income level that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence. d. It is when people are persistently poor, residentially segregated, and relatively isolated from the rest of the population.

b. It is not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.

Which of the following is an example of the rehabilitation approach to controlling deviance? a. Background checks on gun purchasers b. Learning carpentry while in prison c. Probation in lieu of prison time d. Programs like "Scared Straight"

b. Learning carpentry while in prison

Which of the following limits upward social mobility? a. Universal health care b. Low incomes c. Women's entry into the labor force d. Immigration

b. Low incomes

The study of how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make everyday interactions possible is known as __________. a. the social construction of reality b. ethnomethodology c. symbolic interactionism d. social exchange theory Hide Feedback

b. ethnomethodology

The term _____ can be defined as an organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships. a. social interaction b. social structure c. status set d. social status

b. social structure

Functionalists believe which of the following statements related to deviance? a. Anomie decreases the likelihood of deviance. b. Deviance is purely functional, never dysfunctional. c. Deviance is a normal part of society. d. Deviance is never socially acceptable.

c. Deviance is a normal part of society.

What theory asserts that people learn deviance through interaction? a. Strain theory b. Social control theory c. Differential association theory d. Labeling theory

c. Differential association theory