MIS Chapter 6: Judge

Record

A collection of related data elements.

Primary Key

A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given record in a table.

Data Warehouse

A logical collection of information, gathered from many different operational databases, that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.

Information Itegrity

A measure of the quality of information.

Foreign Key

A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables.

Extraction, Transformation and Loading (ETL)

A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms it using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads it into a data warehouse.

Information Cleansing or Scrubbing

A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect or incomplete information.

Cluster Analysis

A technique used to divide information sets into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to another and the different groups are as far apart as possible.

Data-mining Tools

A variety of techniques to put patterns and relationships in large volumes of information that predict future behavior and guide decision making.

Informing

Accessing large amounts of data from different management information systems.

(1) Increased Flexibility (2) Increased Scalability and Performance (3) Reduced Information Redundancy (4) Increased Information Integrity (Quality) (5) Increased Information Security

Advantages of using a relational database for business

Relational Database Management System

Allows users to create, read, update and delete data in a relational database.

Dynamic Catalog

An area of a website that stores information about products in a database.

Information Timeliness

An aspect of information that depends on the situation. In some firms or industries, information that is a few days or weeks old can be relevant, while in others information that is a few minutes old can be almost worthless.

Data-driven Website

An interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers using a database.

Market Basket Analysis

Analyzes such items as website and checkout scanner information to detect customers' buying behavior and predict future behavior by identifying affinities among customers' choices of products and services.

Web Mining

Analyzes unstructured data associated with websites to identify consumer behavior and website navigation.

Text Mining

Analyzes unstructured data to find trends and patterns in words and sentences.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Asks users to write lines of code to answers questions against a database.

Data Dictionary

Compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model.

Data Mart

Contains a subset of data warehouse information.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Creates, reads, updates and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security.

(1) East to manage content (2) Easy to store large amounts of data (3) Easy to eliminate human errors

Data driven website advantages include

Attributes or Columns or Fields

Data elements associated with an entity.

Physical View of Information

Deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device.

Business Rule

Defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer.

Data Visualization

Describe technologies that allow users to "see" or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective.

Data Quality Audits

Determines the accuracy and completeness or data.

Infographics or Information Graphics

Displays information graphically so it can be easily understood.

Transational Information

Encompasses all of the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support daily operation tasks.

Analytical Information

Encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks.

Business-critical Integrity Constraints

Enforce business rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints.

(1) Accurate (2) Complete (3) Consistent (4) Timely (5) Unique

Five Common Characteristics of High-Quality Information

Logical View of Information

Focuses on how individual users logically access information to meet their own particular business needs.

(1) Document (2) Presentation (3) Spreadsheet (4) Database

Four Information Formats

(1) Online customers intentionally enter inaccurate information to protect their privacy. (2) Different systems have different information entry standards and formats. (3) Data-entry personnel enter abbreviated information to save time or erroneous information by accident. (4) Third-party and external information contains inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and errors.

Four primary reasons for low quality information

Query-by-example (QBE) Tool

Helps users graphically design the answer to a question against a database.

Real-time Information

Immediate, up-to-date information.

Dynamic Information

Includes data that change based on user actions.

Complete

Is a value missing from the information?

Consistent

Is aggregate or summary information in agreement with detailed information?

Unique

Is each transaction and event represented only once in the information?

Timely

Is the information current with respect to business needs?

Accurate

Is there an incorrect value in the information?

Data Models

Logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures.

Database

Maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses).

Data Visualization Tools

Move beyond Excel and charts into sophisticated analysis techniques such as pie charts, controls, instruments, maps, time-series graphs, and more.

Information Integrity Issues

Occur when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or duplicate data.

Information Inconsistency

Occurs when the same data element has different values.

Statistical Analysis

Performs such functions as information correlations, distributions, calculations, and variance analysis.

Forecasts

Predictions based on time-series information.

Metadata

Provides details about data.

Real-time System

Provides real-time information in response to requests.

(1) Inconsistent Data Definitions (2) Lack of Data Standards (3) Poor Data Quality (4) Inadequate Data Usefulness (5) Ineffective Direct Data Access

Reasons business analysis is difficult from operational databases

Data Governance

Refers to overall management of the availability, usability, integrity, and security of company data.

Association Detection

Reveals the relationship between variables along the nature and frequency of the relationships.

Relational Integrity Constraints

Rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints.

Integrity Constraints

Rules that help ensure the quality of information.

Entity or Table

Stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction or event.

Relational Database Model

Stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables.

Information Cube

The common term for the representation of multidimensional information.

Information Redundancy

The duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places.

Information Granularity

The extent of detail within the information (fine and detailed or coarse and abstract).

(1) Information Type (2) Information Timeliness (3) Information Quality (4) Information Governance

The four primary traits of the value of information

Content Creator

The person responsible for creating the original website content.

Content Editor

The person responsible for updating and maintaining website content.

Data Mining

The process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by raw data alone.

Data Element or Data Field

The smallest or basic unit of information. Can include a customer's name, address, email, discount rate, preferred shipping method, product name, quantity ordered and so on.

(1) Detail (Fine) (2) Summary (3) Aggregate (Coarse)

Three Information Granularities

(1) Individual (2) Department (3) Enterprise

Three Information Levels

Time-series Information

Time-stamped information collected at a particular frequency.

Business Intelligence Dashboards

Track corporate metrics such as critical success factors and key performance indicators and include advanced capabilities such as interactive controls allowing users to manipulate data for analysis.