MKT 322 Exam 3

Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________.

work/leisure

Advertising to teens typically depicts ________.

"in" teens using the product

The second stage in the rite of passage is ________.

liminality

Individuals with the ability to influence others' attributes or behaviors are considered ________.

opinion leaders

A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people.

plutonomy

Recent research on opinion leadership has called into question the traditional view that there are ________ opinion leaders, whose recommendations people see for all purchases.

polymorphic

Which of the following theorists is best known for arguing that an individual's relationship to the means of production determines his position in society?

Karl Marx

When companies use celebrities in their ads they are using the principle of ________ reference groups.

aspirational

Which term refers to exchanges of resources, information, or influence among members of networks?

flows

In the process of ________, new immigrants adopt products, habits, and values they identify with the mainstream culture.

assimilation

A marketing manager who wants to identify opinion leaders for her product category should ________.

find socially active persons who are intensely interested in the product category and who are similar to the other customers

Luminaries from Amazon, Google, and Twitter tend to use ________.

glamping

Political candidates who get the most media coverage are more likely to win elections because of the effect of ________ in determining one's set of referents.

mere exposure

A(n) ________ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior.

reference group

If a consumer admires the qualities of another person and copies his or her behaviors, the person that is copied is said to have ________ power.

referent

Phillipe is a member of a small Harley-Davidson motorcycle club. Members meet once a week to ride and talk about their bikes. This club might exert a ________ influence on Phillipe as he decides which model of bike he buys for his girlfriend.

referent power

Power that is granted by virtue or a social agreement, such as the authority we give to police officers, is called ________.

referent power

In general, advertising is more effective when it ________ than when it ________.

reinforces our existing product preferences; tries to create new product preferences

A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________.

rite of passage

________ describes consumers in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences.

taste culture

Jeff had collected a nice wardrobe before graduating from college. All of his friends considered him "well dressed." After the first day at his new job, however, Jeff immediately went out and replaced most of his clothes with what was considered to be professional dress clothing. Jeff had just experienced the power of a new ________.

reference groups

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

ritual

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.

ritual

Jim is considered a part of the upper middle class, while Marcos is considered part of the lower upper class. Jim and Marcos have been identified in terms of ________.

social class

________ happens when we do not devote as much time and effort to a task as we could because our contribution is part of a larger group effect.

social loafing

________ is the degree to which a person is able to make other people do something.

social power

Amos always felt that it was unfair that society created artificial divisions that discouraged him from having friends from different social structures. Which of the following terms describes the process that Amos is having difficulty with?

social stratification

Several research methods are used to study reference groups and opinion leadership. ________ methods trace communication patterns among members of a group. These techniques allow researchers to systematically map out the interactions that take place among group members.

sociometric

Consumers who buy everything in sight are called ________.

spendthrifts

Trisha grew up in a drug-ridden inner city neighborhood. Through sheer determination and intelligence, Trisha is now a medical doctor teaching on the staff of a large university hospital. Trisha is proud of what she has accomplished, but sometimes she feels stressed and uncertain of who she really is. The concept of ________ assesses the impact of such inconsistencies.

status crystallization

Most groups exhibit a structure called a ________ in which some members are somehow better off than others in terms of authority, power, or respect.

status hierarchy

When a Rolls-Royce, a Cartier diamond, and an Andy Warhol painting are bought and displayed as markers of social class, they are ________.

status symbols

A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others.

subculture

Meagan is planning her wedding and wants everything to be just right. Because she feels overwhelmed by all of the information to sort through and the choices to make, she hires a wedding planner to make many of the decisions and purchases for her. Meagan's wedding planner is best described as a(n) ________.

surrogate consumer

When people are differentiated in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences, a ________ is being applied.

taste culture

A member of ________ has recently gained personal wealth and may experience status anxiety. Such individuals may try to display symbols of their success to make up for an internal lack of assurance about the "correct" way to behave.

the nouveau riche

Reference groups influence us in three ways. These influences include informational, utilitarian, and ________ dimensions.

value expressive

________ refers to the strategy of getting visitors to a Web site to forward information on the site of their friends in order to make more consumers aware of a product.

viral marketing

Through the process of ________, immigrants make the unfamiliar familiar by integrating symbols from their former lives into their new homes.

warming

Sophie tells Nick about a great new restaurant. Sophie is practicing ________

word of mouth communication

Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________.

working class lower middle

An age cohort that describes kids who were born in the late 1990s to early 2000s is ________.

Generation Z

________ refers to analytical techniques that combine data on consumer expenditures and other socioeconomic factors with geographic information.

Geodemography

________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event.

Gestation

________ foods are permissible under the laws of Islam.

Halal

________ group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meaning that goes beyond the spoken word.

High-content culture

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic conflicts common to all teens?

Idealism vs. activism

Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?

Ideology

________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group.

Ideology

________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).

Levi-Strauss

China's economic boom has created 130 million people in what social class?

Lower-middle class

Marketers must know the needs and wants of their customers. Which of the following presents the most accurate picture of the typical elderly consumer today?

Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services.

________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another.

Movement

With respect to the acculturation process, what is the relationship between maintenance and segregation?

New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds be segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture.

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.

Norms

________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning.

Sacralization

The ________ Generation includes people who were born between the two World Wars.

Silent

_______ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another.

Social mobility

________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life.

Social structure

Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?

The reciprocity norm

________ proposes that a small group of influences disseminates information because they can modify the opinion of a large group.

Two-step flow model of influences

What modern American ceremony would come closest in intent to a Native American potlatch?

a marriage

A nuclear family consists of ________.

a mother, a father, and at least one child

The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: ________.

a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment

The process of movement and adaption to one country's cultural environment by a person from another country is called ________.

acculturation

Manuel still remembers the impact of his first college class in the United States. As a new immigrant, he was sincere in his desire to learn about the American culture that he had chosen to adopt. His college professor taught Manuel many things about the American culture. In doing so, the professor was acting as a(n) ________.

acculturation agent

People and institutions that teach the ways of a culture are called ________.

acculturation agents

A person who receives rewards and status because of his hard work is said to have ________ status.

achieved

Maria Gomez is thrilled to be in the United States. After spending her childhood years in Mexico, she is looking forward to the freedom given to teenage girls in the United States. "I can wear shorts, pantsuits, and even halter tops and no one will think badly of me," says Maria. Maria is in the process of ________.

adaptation

The plain and simple fact is that Ralph has body odor. Worse than that, Ralph does not seem to care. Ralph's clothes are in shambles, and his personal hygiene could certainly be improved. For most people, Ralph would be in which of the following groups?

avoidance groups

The pressure to conform that escalates as more and more group members "cave in" is called the ________ effect.

bandwagon

The ________ a group is, the more likely members are to engage in social loafing.

bigger

A type of virtual community of consumption based on sharing online journals is called ________.

blogs

Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community.

born-again Christian

The actual number of years a person has been alive is their ________ age.

chronological

An age ________ consists of people of similar ages who have undergone similar experiences.

cohort

Shannon Reeves and Tish Phillips remember their days as student protesters in the 1960s. Shannon remembers seeing Jim Hendrix at Woodstock and Tish remembers burning her bra in front of the central administration building at Yale. These memories about cultural heroes and events are one of the chief characteristics of an age ________.

cohort

The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.

collecting

According to the principle of least interest, the person who is least ________ has the most power in the relationship.

committed to staying in the relationship

The ________ influence is the reference group influence that helps the consumer make decisions about specific brands or activities.

comparative

One of the goals of marketing to Gen Yers has been to allow them to remain free of the restraints of wires and cords, but still have media available at any time. The lifestyle created by this approach is referred to as ________.

connexity

Every summer, thousands of motorcycle enthusiasts converge at Sturgis, South Dakota, for a motorcycle rally. They fill up every campground, motel, and hotel, in the vicinity. This annual illustrates a(n) ________.

consumer tribe

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.

cultural gatekeepers

Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________.

cultural movement

Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________.

cultural selection

The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________.

de-ethnicization

Home shopping parties may activate the risky shift or ________, in which the individual at the party may get so caught up in the party spirit that he orders products that he would normally not purchase.

deindividuation

When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________.

desacralization

Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called ________.

discretionary income

Fred has been a farmer all his life. He inherited the family farm when he was 35, but that was twenty years ago. Due to the economy, Fred has lost the farm and has taken a manual labor job in the city to support his family. What form of mobility best describes Fred's position?

downward mobility

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.

ecology

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.

economic

________ occurs when an individual may have reason to believe that the group will apply sanctions to punish nonconforming behavior.

fear of deviance

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

fortress

All of the following are important components of social class except for ________.

gender

Angela belongs to a film club that selects and views classic movies once a month. Angela won't watch scary movies on her own, but agrees to watch the classic vampire film with the club because almost all of the other club members voted to see it. This example demonstrates which factor of conformity?

group unanimity

The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________.

ideology

Margaret stayed on top of what was happening in the marketplace, but she was not necessarily the first to purchase items when they first came out. Margaret would be classified as a(n) ________.

market maven

All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem.

marketing

With respect to social organization, some barnyard animals exhibit signs of a dominance-submission hierarchy. Which of the following terms best illustrates such a hierarchy?

pecking order

Culture is best described as a society's ________.

personality

Anna asks people in her social group their opinion about a movie before she watches it. Her social group is an example of a(n) ________.

reference group

Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________.

ritual artifacts

Immigrants to the United States who exhibit ________ tend to live and shop in places separated from mainstream Anglo consumers.

segregation

Older adults that control more than 50% of discretionary income are considered the ________ market.

senior

British psychologist Frederic Bartlett used ________ to examine how information mutates.

serial reproduction

________ describes the capacity to alter the actions of others.

social power

Gen Y'ers are at home in ________, which communicates by texting and IMing.

thumb culture

The cultural learning acquired through ________ leads immigrants to a process of adaptation.

translation

When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________.

trickle-up effect

A middle class person with an income at least 15 percent lower than the median middle class income, would be considered a(n) ________ consumer.

underprivileged

Anna is a millionaire but she is constantly stressed and unhappy despite her wealth, Anna is experiencing ________.

affluenza

According to Dennis Rook, a key aspect of a ritual is ________.

all of the above

A component of a person's subculture is ________.

all of the above (race, ethnic background , age)

A type of reference group is ________.

all of the above ( membership, avoidance, aspirational)

A reason why consumers conform is ________.

all of the above (fear of deviance, cultural pressures, commitment)

SRBI Consulting Business Intelligence divides consumers into which of the following groups?

all of the above (luxury is functional, luxury is indulgence, luxury is reward)

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.

altruistic

Jim Smith, Don Carson, and Jeff Sweeney are all 54 years old, so they can be sorted into ________.

an age cohort

Which of the following is a new kind of avoidance group that has grown in popularity through the Web?

anti-brand communities

James Otis wants to be "just like Mike" (basketball star Michael Jordan) and has for many years. James has purchased Jordan-gear, follows Jordan's career, and he has often thought about how to give back to his community the way MJ has. Which of the following reference group terms would apply to James Otis and his relationship with Michael Jordan?

aspirational group

John Jones purchases products to show visible evidence of his ability to afford luxury goods, John is practicing ________.

conspicuous consumption

________ measures how optimistic or pessimistic people are about the future health of the economy and how they will fair in the future.

consumer confidence

Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right.

contamination

It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.

cooptation

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________.

craft products

Evan was an aggressive, rich, and determined businessman originally from a working class family. He had become wealthier than he had ever imagined by buying and selling other businesses. Evan seemingly could do anything until he tried a hostile takeover of an established bank owned by several prestigious families. When his bid failed, Evan said "I always knew there was an elite, but up to now I thought I was part of it." What type of capital was Evan lacking?

cultural

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.

cultural formula

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products.

ecology

Consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but achieve it on a budget are called ________.

frugalistas

Chet meets each Wednesday night at his local bookstore with a small group of computer enthusiasts. The group calls itself X-Hackers because at one time all of these select members were hackers. Today, members of the group have similar values and have pledged to stop computer hacking. Which membership factor best describes what brings this group together?

group cohesiveness

Japan is a very tightly knit culture with rich history and social identification. In this culture, people tend to infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word. This classifies Japan as a ________ culture.

high-context

Vance comes from the lower-upper class as does Jeff. They are both madly in love with Julia, who is beautiful enough to do part-time modeling. According to the principle of ________, Julia could be attracted to both men.

homogamy

We tend to marry people in a similar social class to ours. Sociologists call this ________, or assortative mating.

homogamy

Anna and David both have the same college degree, belong to the same social class, and attend the same church. This situation illustrates ________.

homophily

Sandra decided to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following?

horizontal mobility

In advertising terms, a(n) ________ refers to a view or exposure to an advertising message.

impression

One percenters are an example of ________.

income inequality

Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________.

innovators

If a fireman told you to leave your apartment, you would comply because the fireman has ________ power.

legitimate

Hundreds of millions of consumers around the world have the purchasing power to afford higher quality products. This consumer group, known as the ________, tend to buy affordable cars rather than luxury cars.

mass class

A group composed of people that the consumer actually knows is called a(n) ________ reference group.

membership

Within groups, informal rules of behavior are called ________.

norms

Peggy Simmons has a tough assignment. She is to live in Japan for the next five years and successfully introduce her company's line of cosmetics to Japanese women. Her company's management hopes that living in an average neighborhood, commuting to work every day, eating native food, and speaking Japanese will help Peggy involve herself in the society more quickly than if she stayed separate from her hosts. The company's management wants Peggy to use the ________ model.

progressive learning

________ is a myth that explains the origins of existence.

Metaphysical

A ________ is a very short-lived fashion.

fad

Which American ethnic subculture is the fastest growing?

Asian American

A cultural production system is a ________.

all of the above

________ are 8- to 14-year-old children.

Tweens

The first thing D'Andrea was asked when she went to work for an advertising firm is how to promote to African-Americans. After careful consideration, which of the following is the best advice D'Andrea could give her new employers?

African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them.

Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?

An art product

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture?

Anthropological

Jui-Jui has a need to achieve independence. He dreams daily of leaving home and getting his own apartment; however, because he lives in a neighborhood full of houses, he would have to go some distance to find an apartment that he could afford. This move would mean that he would distance himself from his friends. This example is a common dilemma for many teens. Which of the following conflicts that most teens face is most applicable to Jui-Jui's situation?

Autonomy vs. belonging

Items such as Swiffer, Keurig, and Dove target ________.

Baby Boomers

Which of the following phrases is the best illustration of homogamy?

Birds of a feather flock together

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?

Convention

Of the countries listed below, which is thought to be highly status-conscious?

Japan

________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

Power distance

________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday.

Profane

The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match?

Psychological

Which of the following best explains why marketers view teens as "consumers-in-training"?

Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come.

People born between 1946 and 1964 belong to ________.

The Baby Boomer Generation

What is the most powerful age segment economically in the United States?

The Baby Boomer Generation

Members of which of the following age cohorts are part of today's senior market?

The War Baby Generation

Which of the following statements about teenagers is true?

The concept of being a teenager is a relatively new historical development that did not exist prior to about 60 to 70 years ago.

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.

myth

A set of socially relevant nodes connected by one or more relations is called a social ________.

network

________ are generally more involved in a product category and actively search for information.

opinion seekers

If a member of the upper class wore shredded Levi's jeans to a formal party, the person would be exhibiting a sophisticated form of conspicuous consumption known as ________.

parody display

An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together.

three generations of a family