MMBIO 121 Exam 2

What is the TOTAL number of ATP's produced in glycolysis? 2 4 3 6

4

Which of the following statements is true regarding acetyl-CoA synthesis? Acetyl-CoA synthesis directly follows the citric acid cycle during cellular respiration. Acetyl-CoA synthesis ends with the oxidation of an acetyl group, which forms CO2. Acetyl-CoA synthesis forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis. Like glycolysis, acetyl-CoA synthesis is carried out in the mitochondria.

Acetyl-CoA synthesis forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis.

What is the most important characteristic when classifying viruses? DNA and RNA protein transcription factors gram staining translational factors

DNA and RNA

Once they have been processed through the citric acid cycle, the acetyl-CoA molecules from a single glucose molecule will produce: 6 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2. 4 CO2, 6 FADH2, 2 ATP. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2. 6 NADH, 6 GTP. 6 GTP, 6 FADH2.

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2.

When Bryce was just a wee little flamingo he got half of his genetic information from his flamingo father Papi and half of his genetic information from his flamingo mother Beatrice. If flamingos have 42 chromosomes, how many chromosomes did Papi and Beatrice each give little baby Bryce?

21

Which of the following represents a diploid organism? 3N 1N 4N 2N

2N

What is the total number of NADH molecules that are generated by going through one cycle of the Krebs cycle? 4 1 3 2

3

What is the advantage of forcing materials to travel through cells instead of between cells? Exposure to toxins is limited Cells can control which materials are transported. Exposure to bacteria or viruses is limited All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

What is the benefit of using Taq polymerase in PCR? Because it is taken from bacteria, this enzyme works much quicker than other types of DNA polymerase. None of the answer options is correct. Because it is taken from bacteria, it makes fewer mistakes. Because it is taken from bacteria with a circular DNA molecule, the DNA molecule doesn't shorten during PCR. Because it is taken from bacteria that lives in high temperatures, it does not denature and more DNA polymerase does not have to be added after every cycle.

Because it is taken from bacteria that lives in high temperatures, it does not denature and more DNA polymerase does not have to be added after every cycle.

Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis? CO2 + C6H12O6 -> H2O + O2 CO2 + O2 -> C6H12O6 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 -> H2O + CO2 CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

Which of the following is the definition of a genome? the amount of genetic material present in a neural cell Half the number of chromosomes that came from the sperm Amount of histone regulation of genes Complete haploid genetic complement of a typical cell

Complete haploid genetic complement of a typical cell

Why are primers needed for DNA replication? The primers help with the proofreading function of DNA polymerase. They help with the joining of Okazaki fragments. They help direct the placement of the telomeres. A tiny amount of RNA is needed to tell the cell where genes are located. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing chain, it cannot initiate synthesis of a new strand.

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing chain, it cannot initiate synthesis of a new strand.

A researcher is trying to create a plasmid that contains a human insulin sequence. She's been using two different restriction enzymes to cut her vector and donor DNA, respectively. Will she be able to create her desired recombinant DNA molecule? No, because restriction enzymes should only be used to cut vectors; helicases are required to cut donor DNA. No, because restriction enzymes cut DNA at different sites and produce different ends. Yes, because it is always necessary to cut the vector and donor DNA with different restriction enzymes to assure that no sequences overlap. Yes, because all restriction enzymes cut the same DNA sequences in the same manner. No, because both the donor DNA and vector should be cut with DNA ligase.

No, because restriction enzymes cut DNA at different sites and produce different ends.

Which of the following proteins is known as the "guardian of the genome" and is influential in preventing cancer (elephants have lots of copies of it)? P53 sodium larate CDK complexes interferon

P53

The extracellular matrix is composed of: (1) proteins; (2) polysaccahrides; (3) nucleic acids. Statement (1) is correct. Statement (2) is correct. Statement (3) is correct. Statement (1) and (2) are correct. All the statements are correct

Statement (1) and (2) are correct.

What is one way that we can prevent antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria from evolving? Give more antibiotic prescriptions to kill more bacteria and prevent their growth and evolution Sterilizing all surfaces constantly to prevent bacteria from thriving Take the full course of your antibiotic prescription and have less prescriptions for antibiotics Discover and develop new and novel antibiotics that bacteria haven't seen before

Take the full course of your antibiotic prescription and have less prescriptions for antibiotics

Which of the following statements are true regarding telomeres? Telomeres are typically only a few base pairs in size. Telomeres contain non-essential genes that are not necessary for cell survival. Telomeres can contain repeated base sequences. Telomeres are repaired equivalently in germ cells and somatic cells. Telomeres are enzymes that repair telomerases (which cap the end of linear chromosomes).

Telomeres can contain repeated base sequences.

A researcher is comparing the amount of proteins contained in inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. What do you expect she will find? The amount of proteins will be greater in the outer membrane. The amount of proteins will be greater in the inner membrane. The amount of proteins will be equivalent in the outer and inner membranes.

The amount of proteins will be greater in the inner membrane.

What would happen if telomerase stopped working? None of the answer options is correct. The cell would eventually die as the DNA continued to shorten. The cell would die immediately. cancer would result The cells would be able to divide indefinitely.

The cell would eventually die as the DNA continued to shorten.

Predict what would happen if an embryonic epidermal cell switched from expressing E-cadherin to N-cadherin. There would be no effect the cell would die The cell would become a neural cell. The cell would leave the epidermis and join the neural cells.

The cell would leave the epidermis and join the neural cells.

Which of the following changes in the DNA could lead to a completely different protein or a premature stop codon? Intron exchange point mutation Polymerase eradiation frameshift mutation

frameshift mutation

In cellular respiration, oxygen: loses electrons and is a reducing agent. loses electrons and is an oxidizing agent. gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent. gains electrons and is a reducing agent. None of the answer options is correct.

gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent.

What procedure is typically used after PCR is complete to make sure the amplification process worked properly? DNA Southern blot Sanger sequencing gel electrophoresis RNA interference microarray

gel electrophoresis

Which of the following steps in cellular respiration does not occur in the mitochondria? Krebs Cycle acetyl Co-A synthesis glycolysis electron transport chain

glycolysis

What is the most important characteristic when classifying bacteria? gram staining DNA and RNA translational factors protein transcriptional factors

gram staining

Which of the following is not a type of tissue found in an animal? connective epithelial muscle ground

ground

_______ moves outward from the origin of replication and breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides. DNA polymerase helicase RNA primase Topoisomerase II

helicase

Dynamic instability is the rapid growth and shrinkage of: both microfilaments and microtubules. intermediate filaments microfilaments microtubules

microtubules

The centrosome is associated with which class(es) of cytoskeletal filaments? intermediate filaments microtubules microfilaments both microtubules and intermediate filaments

microtubules

Which of the following organelles has its own genome? lysosome mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum vacuole

mitochondria

Which of the following processes results in two daughter cells that are identical? meiosis glycolysis binary formulation mitosis

mitosis

Which of the following photosystems is responsible for splitting water? water is split by NADH photosystem III photosystem II photosystem I

photosystem II

PCR serves to amplify DNA. Which of the following is not one of the steps of a PCR cycle? priming annealing extension denaturing

priming

Which of the following mutations does not result in a change in the protein product? silent nonsense missense frameshift

silent

Which of the following diseases has been eradicated because of vaccination? influenza smallpox HIV HPV

smallpox

A cadherin protein can only bind to: the extracellular domain of the same type of cadherin. another cadherin of a different type. another cadherin. the extracellular matrix.

the extracellular domain of the same type of cadherin.

Which of the following molecules does Photosystem II take electrons from? NADPH FAHD2 water carbon dioxide

water

How many net ATP are produced during glycolysis? 2 6 4 2

2

How many chromosomes does a human adult have?

46

Restriction enzymes are an essential component of PCR. True False

False

Transformation is the process where DNA is extracted from a plasmid. True False

False

Adrenaline is an example of which type of surface receptor? ligand-gated ion channels intracellular receptor G-protein coupled receptor receptor kinase

G-protein coupled receptor

Which of the following is not a phase in the cell cycle? G2 G1 G3 G0 M

G3

When DNA is wrapped around histones tightly it is called Heterochromatin. How does this affect gene expression? Genes located on the DNA that is wrapped will now not be expressed. Genes located on the DNA that is wrapped will now be expressed. Proteins that would usually reside on the DNA to prevent replication will be removed and replication will initiate. Proteins that would usually reside on the DNA to prevent replication will bind and replication will be stopped

Genes located on the DNA that is wrapped will now not be expressed.

Telomerase is a protein that is prevents the ends of chromosomes from getting shortened during replication. How does telomerase do this? It recruits special enzymes that bind to the ends and prevent degradation. It will replicate the ends of the chromosomes because it can add nucleotides to a 5' and a 3' OH. It adds extra nucleotide bases to the end that allow a primer to be laid down and finish replication. It accepts the responsibility of creating a poly-A tail at the ends of all the chromosomes.

It adds extra nucleotide bases to the end that allow a primer to be laid down and finish replication.

Given this phylogenetic tree, which two organisms are most closely related? Lutra lutra and Taxidea Panthera and Taxidea Taxidea and Canis lupus Canis iantrans and Panthera

Lutra lutra and Taxidea

Mitochondria contain their own DNA and replicate on their own. Why don't they suffer the same consequences as our cells in terms of limited division? because they have high telomerase activity Mitochondrial DNA is circular, so it doesn't shorten when it replicates. Shortening of the DNA is only a problem with nuclear DNA; shortening of mitochondrial DNA isn't catastrophic. Since mitochondrial DNA only contains a few genes, it can last a lot longer. because they have high telomerase activity and their DNA is circular and so doesn't shorten in replication

Mitochondrial DNA is circular, so it doesn't shorten when it replicates.

The inputs to glycolysis do not include: NAD+ glucose ADP Pi NADH.

NADH.

Which of the following statements regarding connective tissue are true? Cells composing connective tissue typically have microvilli. None of the answer options are true. Connective tissue is very cell-dense Connective tissue lacks a strong extracellular matrix. Cells of the connective tissue are typically multinucleate.

None of the answer options are true

________ is the first enzyme to synthesize a nucleic acid at a replication fork. helicase Topoisomerase II RNA primase DNA polymerase

RNA primase

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by replicating the cell's DNA? M phase S phase G0/G1 phase G2 phase

S phase

When we discussed the discovery of RNAi, Dr. O'Neill mentioned that the man was just trying to be romantic. Why did he say this?

The guy was trying to make a really deep purple petunia.

Which of the following is a false statement about the motor proteins myosin and kinesin? None these statements about myosin and kinesin are false. They both move cargo to the plus end of a cytoskeletal filament. They both move along microtubules. They both use ATP energy

They both move along microtubules.

Do autotrophs go through cellular respiration? Yes No Partially Not yet determined

Yes

If you go to a crime scene and pick up some semen from the victims clothes, how would you go about trying to find the perpetrator? compare the semen structure to the semen database find the potential suspects and ask for a semen sample go find Bryce and have him find the perp amplify the DNA via PCR and do a DNA fingerprint

amplify the DNA via PCR and do a DNA fingerprint

Where would you find a cell adhesion molecule? near the centrosome in a cilium at a cellular junction in the microvilli

at a cellular junction

Which of the following is a specific type of extracellular matrix? flagella lamellipodia basal lamina plasmodesmata

basal lamina

The actin cytoskeleton is associated with which type of cell movement? Transport of organelles within a cell ameboid crawling movement of cilia both ameboid crawling and the transport of organelles within a cell

both ameboid crawling and the transport of organelles within a cell

How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP? by glycolysis by acetyl CoA synthesis by the citric acid cycle by oxidative phosphorylation

by glycolysis

Which of the following is an organelle found in plant cells that is not found in animal cells? lysosomes centrioles cell wall mitochondria

cell wall

The extracellular matrix of a plant cell is composed of: collagen cellulose cadherin all of these choices are correct

cellulose

When there isn't any NAD+ available in for the Calvin cycle, the result is which of the following? cyclic electron transport photosystem cyclation Calvin regeneration cycle restoration

cyclic electron transport

Which of the following structures are responsible for the shape of a cell? microvilli nucleolus cytoskeleton centrioles

cytoskeleton

Among the actions listed below, which are involved in PCR, and in what order? Extension Initiation Denaturation Termination Annealing

denaturation, annealing, extension

Sanger sequence utilizes what type of special nucleotide that terminates the growing nucleotide chain? hover nucleotides guide nucleotides frontal nucleotides dideoxy nucleotides

dideoxy nucleotides

Which of the following signaling cells utilizes molecules traveling through the bloodstream over longer distances? paracrine autocrine juxtacrine endocrine

endocrine

Which of the following cells is haploid? gamete cell cardiac cell lung cell bone marrow cell

gamete cell

What is the term used to describe DNA that is tightly wrapped around histones? chromatin fibrin nucleosomes euchromatin heterochromatin

heterochromatin

Which of the following is not a type of signaling? juxtacrine heterocrine paracrine endocrine

heterocrine

What is the name of the protein that DNA is wrapped around when it is condensed? phylogenetic trees nuclear protein histone reduction protein

histone

What is the purpose of crossing over? makes the gametes more prone to epigenetics reduces the acidic environment of the vaginal canal increases genetic diversity increases sperm speed

increases genetic diversity

Which of the cytoskeletal filaments is associated with providing the cell with mechanical strength? microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules microtubules and microfilaments

intermediate filaments

Which of the following is a correct order of the phases of mitosis?

interphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Starting with glycolysis, lactic acid and ethanol fermentation generate only two ATP per glucose molecule. The remaining chemical energy from the glucose is found primarily in: NADH GTP lactic acid and ethanol. CO2. FADH2

lactic acid and ethanol.

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments together? topoisomerase helicase primase ligase DNA polymerase

ligase

We watched a video in class demonstrating which of the following? fermentation in vineyards maggot therapy larvae poisoning production of alcohol

maggot therapy

How is mitochondrial DNA passed on? replicated like the rest of the genome and undergoes segregation offspring inherit the mothers mitochondrial DNA The mitochondria are directly transferred from the male sperm to the egg upon fertilization. recombines with the male genome and goes through genetic recombination

offspring inherit the mothers mitochondrial DNA

In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water. phosphorylated; deoxygenated deoxygenated; phosphorylated oxidized; reduced reduced; oxidized oxidized; oxidized

oxidized; reduced

Which of the following terms has this function: energizes the electrons with more light energy so they have enough energy to reduce to NADP+ photosystem II cytochrome C ATP synthase photosystem I

photosystem I

"Having more than 2 sets of chromosomes" is the definition of which of the following terms? karyotype polyploidy monoploidy polytype

polyploidy

DNA sequencing using the Sanger method relies on: the detection of protons during DNA synthesis. the termination of DNA synthesis at specific bases. the addition of specifically labeled phosphates to the DNA. the removal of specific bases from DNA. the detection of electromagnetic signatures of specific bases in DNA

the termination of DNA synthesis at specific bases.

What is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase? to synthesize a strand of DNA using a polypeptide as a template to synthesize a polypeptide using DNA as a template to synthesize a strand of DNA using DNA as a template to synthesize a strand of mRNA using mRNA as a template to synthesize a strand of mRNA using DNA as a template

to synthesize a strand of DNA using DNA as a template

The enzyme ATP synthase is responsible for which of the following? transports hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane and generates ATP recruits ADP to the membrane to convert to ATP transfers the electrons from complex IV to oxygen provides the energy needed to start the Krebs cycle

transports hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane and generates ATP

Which of the following is not one of the net final products of glycolysis? two molecules of acetyl-CoA two molecules of ATP two molecules of pyruvate two molecules of NADH

two molecules of acetyl-CoA

At the end of glycolysis, the carbon molecules originally found in the starting glucose molecule are in the form of: two ATP molecules two NADH molecules. four ATP molecules two pyruvate molecules. one pyruvate molecule.

two pyruvate molecules.