MMC Test 2 Study Guide FSU

Publishers and advertisers increasingly use ___________________ as a means of boosting the value of a magazine as an advertising medium. *(Ch. 5 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

*Advertorials* - *Definition: ads that appear in magazines and take on the appearance of genuine editorial content.* - *The goal is to put commercial content before readers, cloaked in the respectability of editorial content.*

Contemporary magazines typically divided into what 3 parts? Categories? *(Ch. 5 part 2)* *(ON TEST)

*PARTS* ➢ *Trade, professional, and business* magazines. ➢ *Industrial, company, and sponsored* magazines. ➢ *Consumer* magazines. *CATEGORIES* ➢ *Alternative*: Mother Jones ➢ *Business/money*: Money, Black Enterprise ➢ *Celebrity and entertainment*: People, Entertainment Weekly ➢ *Children's*: Highlights, Ranger Rick ➢ *Computer*: Internet, PC World ➢ *Ethnic*: Hispanic ➢ *Family*: Fatherhood, Parenting

Who were the pioneers in the development of TV? *(Ch. 8 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

*Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin*, pioneers in the development of television.

Rating *(Ch. 8 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

- *% of households in a population with the television tuned to a specific station, channel, or network (i.e., program) (ON TEST)* - *Rating = households/population* - With about 114.5 million households in the United States in 2009, *it would be impossible for any ratings company to conduct a census of media use.* - *The companies naturally resort to SAMPLING to produce data that are GENERALIZED to the population.*

How many magazines are sold in the US each year? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

- *360 million* - *The industry takes in more than $30 BILLION a year in revenue, about half of that amount is generated by ADVERTISING*

John Baird *(Ch. 8 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- *A Scottish inventor, he was the FIRST to TRANSMIT MOVING IMAGES using a MECHANICAL DISC as early as 1925, and in 1928 he successfully sent a television picture (first transatlantic tv signal) from London to Hartsdale, New York.* --*my notes*: 1st two inventions used mechanical metods • *Baird's invention, a pictorial-transmission machine he called a "TELEVISOR," used mechanical rotating disks to scan moving images into electronic impulses.* • This information was then *transmitted by phone lines to a screen where it showed up as a low-resolution pattern of light and dark.*

Things were good for radio: (don't think we will need to know this) *(Ch. 7 part 1)*

- *Ad revenues were up to $310 million by the end of World War II in 1945.* - The Beatles ushered in the "British invasion" of rock 'n' roll and transformed popular music, shaping today's popular music and helping reinvent radio. - *Annual ad revenues reached $454 million in 1950.*

Radio as an advertising medium *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

- *Advertisers enjoy the specialization of radio because it gives them access to homogeneous* (the same on some attribute) *groups of listeners to whom products can be pitched.* - *Radio ads are INEXPENSIVE to produce and THEREFORE can be changed, updated, and specialized to meet SPECIFIC audience DEMANDS.* - *Ads can also be specialized to DIFFERENT TIMES OF DAY* - *Radio time is INEXPENSIVE to buy, especially when COMPARED TO TV*

Accountability Guarantees *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

- *Another strategy to make magazines attractive to advertisers is to have this* - *Definition: guaranteeing through independent testing that its readers are able to recall content. If they are unable to recall content to an agreed upon level, the advertiser will receive free ad pages until recall reaches that benchmark.* *MY NOTES* - are they doing this post launch or pre launch in an experimental setting (when you do a pre-launch it gets a lil sketchy because it doesn't REALLY guarentee anything)

What made people have to become film literate? *(Ch. 6 part 1)*

- *Beginning with the PARIS premiere in 1895, people had to become FILM literate.* - *THE ARRIVAL OF A TRAIN AT A STATION* (film) -- story while influential, it is largely not true but it is kind of a fun story -- most likely didn't happen -- *The story goes: that when the film was first shown, the audience was so overwhelmed by the moving image of a life-sized train coming directly at them that people screamed and ran to the back of the room.*

The Influence of Tomas Edison and the Edison Lab: *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- *Built the first motion PICTURE STUDIO near his laboratory in NJ.* • *He called it BLACK MARIA , the common name at that time for a police paddy wagon.* • *It had a open roof and revolved to follow the sun so the performers being filmed would always be illuminated.* - *The completed films were NOT PROJECTED Instead they were run through a KINESTOSCOPE*

But, convergence is changing how ratings data will be gathered and computed. The company now reports the ____________________. / ___________ periods also exist, but will soon be _____________. (Nielsen) *(Ch. 8 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

- *But, CONVERGENCE is changing how ratings data will be gathered and computed. The company now reports the TOTAL AUDIENCE MEASUREMENT INDEX (TAMi)* ---*Definition: measure of viewing a single television episode across all platforms* (**know how to calculate a rating & share & how the 2 differ**) - *SWEEP PERIODS ALSO EXIST, but will soon be ABANDONED* ---*my notes*: 4 month interval, during them they just send out journals and they are trying to find trends. but they are gonna be abolished soon because no one wants to fill out a journal and it's not accurate

A short history of TV's: The 1950's *(Ch. 8 part 1)*

- *By 1952, 108 stations were broadcasting to 17 million television homes.* - *By the end of the decade, there were 559 stations, and nearly 90% of U.S. households had televisions.* - *In the 1950s more television sets were sold in the United States (70 million) than there were children born (40.5 million).* - The content and character of the medium were set in this decade as well: - *Carried over from the radio networks, television genres included variety shows, situation comedies, DRAMAS (including Westerns and cop shows), soap operas, and QUIZ SHOWS* - *TWO new formats appeared: FEATURE SILMS and TALK SHOWS. Talk shows were instrumental in introducing radio personalities to the television audience, which could see its favorites for the first time.*

Chet Huntley and David Brinkley's 1956 coverage of the major political conventions gave audiences what? What happened in 1951? *(Ch. 8 part 1)*

- *Chet Huntley and David Brinkley's 1956 coverage of the major political conventions gave audiences an early glimpse of the power of television to COVER NEWS and HISTORY in the making.* - *1951: AT&T completed its national network for the distribution of television programming.* --- The entire United States was now within the reach of the major television networks, and they came to dominate the medium.

What have affected the production and distribution aspects of both radio and sound recording? *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

- *EMERGING AND CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES have affected the production and distribution aspects of both radio and sound recording.* - Television, specifically the cable channel *MTV , changed the recording industry, too*.

VCR *(Ch. 8 part 2)*

- *EXPLODED IN POPULARITY* - *Introduced commercially in 1976, videocassette recorders (VCRs) quickly became common in American homes, but they are now disappearing.* --- *People could now watch RENTED and PURCHASED videos.* --- *Allowed TIME-SHIFTING- taping a show for later viewing.* --- *And ZIPPING - fast-forwarding through taped commercials.* *MY NOTES* - universal was producing a lot of TV shows and telling sony they couldn't let people record their shows - this is where fair views was established

What was the age when Radio was doing good? Then what happened? Did radio survive? *(Ch. 7 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

- *GOLDEN AGE* - But then... *TELEVISION ARRIVED* --*my notes*: - tv is just cutting into radios bottom line, but *radio still SURVIVED* - Actually, it *MORE THAN SURVIVED* (talk about this on another slide) - *Network affiliation dropped from 97% in 1945 to 50% by the mid-1950s*, as radio stations "WENT LOCAL" in the face of television's national dominance. - *National radio advertising income dipped to $35 million in 1960,* the year that television found its way into 90% of U.S. homes.

Kinetograph vs Kinetoscope *(Ch. 6 part 1)*

- *GRAPH*: An innovative motion picture camera with rapid intermittent, or stop-and-go film movement, to photograph movies. - *SCOPE*: Narrow device with small window for exhibition of images to be viewed by one individual at a time. (not like how the projector is in class)

John Walson *(Ch. 8 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- *HE STARTED CABLE TELEVISION (ON TEST)* - As more and more people became aware of his wire-from-tower system, he began wiring the homes of customers who bought his sets to the community antenna system. - *In June of that year (1948), Walson had 727 subscribers for his COMMUNITY ANTENNA TV (CATV) system.* • *Definition*: outmoded name for early cable television (*my notes*: pre-curser for how cable works) - *Cable television was born! (Walson = cable television).* - *To attract even more subscribers, he had to offer IMPROVED PICTURE QUALITY. He accomplished this by USING COAXIAL CABLE AND SELF-MANUFACTURED BOOSTERS (or amplifiers).* -- *As a result, it ALLOWED MORE OF THE ORIGINAL SIGNAL TO PASS and even permitted Walson to CARRY A GREATER NUMBER OF CHANNELS*

Why are magazine readers more engaged? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

- *HOW people use magazines makes them attractive to advertisers:* - Magazine readers are more engaged with Magazines. *Perhaps because "The power of magazines is a personal experience."* (you're paying for it and its something you like and the ads know what target they are delivering to) - Unlike a lot of media consumers pay for magazines. This is another form of ENGAGEMENT

What did George Mèliès do? *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- *He began making NARRATIVE motion pictures* - *He is often called the "first artist of CINEMA/SPECIAL EFFECTS"* --*A trip to the moon*

Paul Nipkow *(Ch. 8 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- *In 1884 Paul Nipkow, a Russian scientist living in Berlin, developed the first workable device for generating signals suitable for the transmission of a scene that people could see.* --*my notes*: it produced 14.000 pixels per second (dots that make up pitcure) - This was known as the *Nipkow disc*: • *Definition*: the first workable device for generating electrical signals suitable for the transmission of a SCENE. *MY NOTES* - each hole scanned a line - could never actually achieve a clear picture but it was an important 1st step

DVD *(Ch. 8 part 2)*

- *In March 1996 digital video disc ( DVD ) went on sale in U.S.* stores. - *Using a DVD viewers can:* 1. Stop images with no loss of fidelity; 2. Can subtitle a movie in a number of languages; 3. Can search for specific scenes from an on-screen picture menu; 4. Can access information tracks that give background on the movie.

DVR *(Ch. 8 part 2)*

- *In March 1999 PHILIPS ELECTRONICS unveiled the digital video recorder ( DVR )* - *Using a DVR viewers have:* 1. Significant amount of control over content in viewers' hands; 2. "Rewind" and play back portions of a program while they are watching and recording; 3. Can digitally record programs by simply telling the system their titles.

Nikola Tesla *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- *Invented the INDUCTION COIL or TESLA COIL, a device essential to sending and receiving radio waves.* --*my notes*: the coil was for sending radio waves, but a fire destroyed it so he couldnt make radio waves - But in 1895 *a fire destroyed Tesla's lab* as he prepared to send radio signals approximately 50 miles to West Point, NY.

Miltion Jerrold Shapp *(Ch. 8 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- *Later to become PENNSYLVANIA'S GOVERNOR* - *He noticed thousands of antennas CLUTTERING the roofs of department stores and apartment buildings.* - *Seeing Walson's success, he set up master antennas and connected the sets in these buildings to them, employing a signal booster he had developed.* --- *This was the start of MASTER ANTENNA TV (MATV).* --- *Definition:* connecting multiple sets in a single location or building to a single, master antenna. - *With expanded bandwidth and the new, powerful "Jerrold boosters", these systems began experimenting with the IMPORTATION OF DISTANT SIGNALS* • *Definition*: delivery of distant television signals by cable television for the purpose of improving reception. - *They began delivering independent stations from as far away as New York to fill their then-amazing 7 to 10 channels.* - By 1962, 800 systems were providing cable television to more than 850,000 homes.

How did Lusi and Desi produce "I love lucy" after being refused by CBS? *(Ch. 8 part 1)*

- *Lucy and Desi borrowed the necessary money and produced I Love Lucy on their own, selling the broadcast rights to CBS.* - *In doing so, I Love Lucy TRANSFORMED the business and look of television.* - *FILMED RE-RUNS were now POSSIBLE* - *The television industry then moved from NY with its stage drama preference, to HOLLYWOOD with its entertainment film-mind set.* - *Weekly series could now be produced relatively QUICKLY and INEXPENSIVELY*

What was america's first national mass medium? What era did they serve as an important change? *(Ch.5 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- *Magazines* • Much like books they served as an important force in social change, especially in the *MUCKCRAKING ERA* of the first decades of the 20th century. • Theodore Roosevelt coined the label as an *INSULT* , but the muckrakers wore it proudly. • Muckrakers' targets were the POWERFUL. Their beneficiaries were the POOR. *(ON TEST)* -- at first it was insulting; but now they own it

What happened to the circulation of popular magazines in the post-civil war years? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

- *Mass circulation popular magazines began to do well* in the post-Civil War years. • In 1865 there were 700 magazines • By 1870 there were 1,200 • By 1885 there were 3,300

Guglielmo Marconi *(ON TEST)* *(Ch. 7 part 1)*

- *Meanwhile (While Nikola was inventing stuff), Marconi had been conducting his own experiments and in 1896, sent and received Morse code-based radio signals at distances spanning nearly 4 miles in England.* - *That same year, he applied for, and was GRANTED THE WORLD'S FIRST PATENT IN WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY in England.* - *As a result, Marconi is often referred to as THE FATHER OF RADIO* *(ON TEST)* - *Marconi was from Italy*. However, Italy was NOT interested in his telegraph. - *England WAS interested*, and with a global empire and the world's largest navy and merchant fleets, was naturally interested in long-distance wireless communication. --*my notes*: helpful if you needed to communicate around the world - With the financial and technical help of the British, *Marconi successfully transmitted across the English Channel in 1899 and across the Atlantic in 1901*. --*my notes*: this is still transmitting morse codes, still havent figured out how to send voice over wireless - *Wireless was now a REALITY*

Radio is _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ *(Ch. 7 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

- *RADIO IS LOCAL*: No longer able to compete with television for the national audience in the 1950s, radio began to attract a *LOCAL* audience. --*my notes*: - radio is way cheaper for advertising than television - *RADIO IS FRAGMENTED (HIGHLY): Radio stations are widely distributed throughout the United States. *Virtually every town—even those with only a few hundred residents—has at least one station.* - *RADIO IS SPECIALIZED*: *When radio became a local medium, it could no longer program the expensive, star-filled genres of its golden age.* In comes the *DISC JOCKEY* - *RADIO IS PERSONAL AND MOBILE*: With the advent of television, the *relationship of radio with its audience changed* (*ex:* calling into radio stations and being able to listen wherever you want)

60% of readers 14 and older say they pay more ____________ to print advertising in magazines than online. Why? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

- *They pay more attention* • 8 in 10 prefer reading the printed version. • 70% admit that they enjoy reading print magazines even though they know they can find most of the same information online. *WHY?* - magazines are more lucrative - in magazines they are more targeted and more strategically placed

Personal Peoplemeter (Nielsen) *(Ch. 8 part 2)*

- *To produce the ratings today, Nielsen selects 37,000 households thought to be representative of the entire U.S. viewing audience. To record data on what people in those TV households are watching, Nielsen employs the PERSONAL PEOPLEMETER* • *Definition: ratings technology; a special remote control with personalized buttons for each viewer in the household*

Convergence of Internet and TV *(Ch. 8 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

- *Ultimately, the convergence of the Internet and television will be even more seamless as there are several new technologies further discouraging the distinction between the two.* - *Slingbox, for example, allows users to "sling" television content to their computers and cell phones. (ON TEST I THINK)* - *48% of adult Internet users watch video on MOBILE devices.* --- *Teens are its heaviest consumers* watching more than seven hours a month. - *Smartphones and tablets, just as they have for other media, have made television watching an anywhere anytime activity.*

Video on the Internet: What is the leading evolution of Internet video? *(Ch. 8 part 2)*

- *YOUTUBE is leading the evolution of Internet video from its short-clips era to that of long-form programming.* --*my notes*: they are lowkey tryna be TV - *Attracting as few as 600,000 unique monthly visitors in 2005, today it draws nearly 160 million unique visitors who watch 4 billion videos a day and upload 60 hours of new content every minute* --*my notes*: producing more than anyone could ever watch

Today's movie audience is increasingly a ________ one. Who is a typical moviegoer? *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

- *young* • *The typical moviegoer in the United States is a teenager or young adult.* • These teens and 20-somethings, although making up less than 20% of the total population, represent more than 30% of the tickets bought. *MOVIES AND THEIR AUDIENCES SLIDE 5* • Kids' movies are not always movies with nothing to say. • Modern teen movies often deal with topics such as teen pregnancy, race, and mental illness. • Although Hollywood may bank on kids and teens filling the seats, it does not mean moviemakers are not producing culture-defining movies as well.

I love lucy and more changes? 1951 *(Ch. 8 part 1)*

- 1951: *CBS asked Lucille Ball to move her hit radio program My Favorite Husband to television.* - The network *REJECTED* her request. Historians say this is because her husband, Desi Arnaz, was Cuban. - *Lucy made additional demands:* 1. *Lucy wanted her program produced in the same manner* - in front of a live audience with the three cameras, but these cameras would be FILM cameras. 2. Lucy also *wanted the production to take place in HOLLYWOOD instead of New York* --- *CBS REFUSED all of these requests.*

Philo Farnsworth *(Ch. 8 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- At the same time, *Philo Farnsworth moved from Idaho to San Francisco to perfect an ELECTRONIC TELEVISION SYSTEM the design for which he had shown his high school science teacher when he was 15 years old.* - *He knew an all-electronic scanning system could produce a superior image for transmission to a receiving device* - *In 1927, at the age of 20, he made his first public demonstration*—film clips of a prize fight, scenes from a Mary Pickford movie, and other graphic images.

Because magazine articles increasingly focused on ______________, what did the US magazines doo? What did journalism historians call this? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

- Because magazine articles increasingly focused on *U.S. MATTERS*, *U.S. magazines began to look less like London publications*. --up until this point US was just copying other countries content - Journalism historians called this *"the time of significant beginnings."* --this time period was when journalism really started to get going for magazines and the US

Vladimir Zworykin *(Ch. 8 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- Born in Russia in 1892, but immigrated to Pittsburgh. *While working for Westinghouse, he demonstrated his ICONOSCOPE TUBE.* • *Definition*: This was the first practical television - a fully system, which used special spinning disks to capture light from a single very brightly lit spot (developed 1923). • *In 1929 David Sarnoff lured Zworykin to RCA to head its electronics research lab.*

In concluding the history of radio and sound recording, please note what? *(Ch. 7 part 1)*

- Both transmission or radio and sound recording *were significant BECAUSE for the first time in history, radio allowed people to HEAR the words and music of others who were not in their presence, and sound recording allowed to DUPLICATE what had already been spoken and recorded.* *MY NOTES* - before this you couldn't hear someone except in person - it was monumental

Eadward Muybridge: What did he invent? *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- Eadward Muybridge began taking pictures of numerous kinds of human and animal action. - To display his work, Muybridge invented the *Zoopraxiscope.*: *A machine for projecting slides onto a distance surface.*

What were the first two magazines, who were they aimed towards and did they succeed? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

- In 1741 *American Magazine* by *Andrew Bradford* - In 1741 *General Magazine* by *Ben Franklin* - *Aimed at a SMALL number of literate colonists* - *Neither of these magazines were SUCCESSFUL* (initially the market was towards books, magazines were relatively small) --not gonna be economically viable if your target market is very very small --ex: virtual reality now, it's not mass technology quite yet

Thomas Edison & Early Sound Recording *(ON TEST)* *(Ch. 7 part 1)*

- In 1877 prolific inventor Edison patented his "talking machine," a *PHONOGRAPH - a device for replicating sound that used a hand- cranked grooved CYCLINDER and a needle.* --*my notes*: disc is the one for the gramophone slide***** - *The mechanical movement caused by the needle passing along the groove of the rotating cylinder and hitting bumps was converted into electrical energy that activated a diaphragm in a loudspeaker and produced sound.* - *The DRAWBACK was that only one "recording" could be made of any given sound; the cylinder could not be duplicated.* --*my notes*: couldn't make duplicates of a cylinder; basically what books were before the gutenburg press

Reginald Fessenden *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

- In 1903 Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian, invented the *LIQUID BARRETTER* • *Definition: The first AUDIO device permitting the reception of wireless VOICE SIGNALS* • *His 1906 Christmas Eve broadcast from Brant Rock, a small New England coastal village, was the FIRST public broadcast of voices and music.* • •*His LISTENERS were SHIPS AT SEA and a DEW NEWSPAPER OFFICES equipped to receive the transmission.* -- *my notes*: by this point, ships had radio recievers, so they just heard music and voice for the first time from his broadcast

RCA vs. Farnsworth *(Ch. 8 part 1)*

- In 1931, *David Sarnoff of RCA offered to buy Farnsworth patents' for $100,000 with the stipulation that he become an employee of RCA, but Farnsworth REFUSED* - *RCA finally CONCEDED to a multi-year licensing agreement concerning Farnsworth's 1937 patent for television totaling $1 million.* - *RCA was then FREE to showcase electronic television at the New York World Fair in 1939, and to sell electronic TV cameras to the public*. - *People could buy television sets at the RCA Pavilion at prices ranging from $200 for the 5-inch screen to $600 for the deluxe 12-inch-screen model*

It was during this time (1850s) that the magazine developed many of the _______________ we associate with it even today. What concept began? What began to fill the pages? Who were they still aimed at? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

- It was during this time (1850s) that the magazine developed many of the *CHARACTERISTICS* we associate with it even today. - *Magazines and the people who staffed them began to clearly differentiate themselves from other publishing endeavors.* -- this is how VR is too, being compared to other forms of media until they become their own special entities - *The concept of SPECIALIST WRITERS took hold* - Numerous and detailed illustrations began to fill the pages of magazines --important to note that; even though they are growing, they are still aimed at the elite of society

Magazines were a favorite medium of who? by when? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

- Magazines were a favorite medium of the *British elite by the mid-1700s*, and two prominent colonies printers hoped to duplicate the success in the *NEW WORLD*

Production (Three component system) *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

- Simply put, *production is the making of movies.* • *700 movies made annually today, compared to about 300 in 1985.* • *Technology has radically changed the production industry.* • Most films are *now shot on a digital format as opposed to film.* • Movies are reliant on digital special effects. *The Evolution of Special Effects*

The 1870s price war was made possible by the newfound ability of magazines to attract growing amounts of _______________. *(Ch.5 part 1)*

- The 1870s price war was made possible by the newfound ability of magazines to attract growing amounts of *ADVERTISING* • *Social and demographic changes in the post-Civil-War era* • *Urbanization and Industrialization* (RAILROADS) • *The spread of railroads*, and • *Development of consumer brands and brand names* = All helped to produce an explosion in the number of advertising agencies.

The Internet music revolution began with the development of ________ *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

- The Internet music revolution *began with the development of MP3.* --*MP3*: Compression software that shrinks audio files to less than a tenth of their original size. • *The crux of the problem for recording companies was that they sold music "in its physical form," whereas MP3 permitted music's distribution in a NON-PHYSICAL form.*

What is the influence blockbuster mentality had on the movie making process? *(Ch. 6 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

- The blockbuster mentality has many deep influences on the movie making process. • *CONCEPT movies - movies so dependent on a basic formula, they can often be described in a single line.* -- For example, the movie Twister can be fully described as a movie about a giant tornado. • *Because concept movies are not as dependent on deep dialogue, they are more marketable in foreign markets.*

How did broadcasters successfully challenge? What ensued? - Radio Act of 1912 *(Ch. 7 part 1)*

- The broadcasters successfully *challenged the Radio act of 1912 in court*, and eventually *President Calvin Coolidge ordered the cessation of government regulation of radio DESPITE his belief that CHAOS* would descend on the medium. - *Chaos did ensue and to restore order, the government passed the Radio Act of 1927.* -- *my notes*: they did need to own a license to operate

There are more than ________ radios for every person in the United States. The industry as a whole sells more than ___________ a year of ad time, and radio remains people's _____________ means of consuming audio content. *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

- There are more than *two* radios for every person in the United States. The industry as a whole sells more than *$17 billion* a year of ad time, and radio remains people's *primary* means of consuming audio content. • *There are 14,952 broadcast radio stations operating in the United States today:* - 4,766 commercial AM stations, - 6,542 commercial FM stations, and - 3,644 noncommercial FM stations.

why are ads still so profitable in magazines? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

1. *Because you can NARROWCAST very well* 2. *MORE ATTENTIVE because its relative to their interest (the consumer)* 3. *RELATED INTEREST*

WHO started cable television? *(Ch. 8 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

John Walson

What did the Lumière Brothers do? *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

They made the next advancement: *Cinèmatographe* • *A device that BOTH photographed and projected action.* • *This was superior to the Edison's lab's Kinetograph, which did not have a projector.* • *Their initial screenings demonstrated that people would sit in a darkened room to watch motion pictures PROJECTED on a screen.* • This helped to increase the number of people who could simultaneously watch a movie, *but it also meant more profit.* • The Edison and Lumière movies were *typically only a few minutes long and were 'simple' movies.* • *This novelty wore thin. People wanted more for their money.*

Thomas Edison and Big Studios: What did he open? What was it comprised of? *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• *1908*: Thomas Edison foresaw the huge amounts of money that could be made from movies. • *He opened the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), often simply called the Trust.* • *Comprised of 10 companies under Edison's control* - holding the patens to virtually all existing filmmaking and exhibition equipment. • *MPPC ran the production and distribution of film in the U.S. with an "IRON FIST."* *MY NOTES* - they had rules about the looks of movies - highly regimented film making - little control for the filmmakers - very tightly controlled

Who are the audiences for magazines? *(Ch.5 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• *94% of people with some college education read at least one magazine.* • Overall, *93% of all Americans read a magazine*. • Adults, on average, read 7.7 issues a month. • Magazine readers are MORE ATTENTIVE. --more than you would any other content because ... you are already invested in the content even with ads

Audience research, sequels and franchises in BB mentality *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• *AUDIENCE RESEARCH* - Movies and potential movies are "tested" on audiences before their release or even production. Multiple endings are often tested. --• *Reliance on audience research results in one-size-fits all movies that do not date break from predictability.* --• Audience research has shown to be *remarkably unreliable.* • *SEQUELS AND FRANCHISES* - Movies produced with the full intention of releasing additional installments. --• *Sequels are very sage for studios, often providing a known quantity and predictable returns.* --• There were 27 sequels in 2011, with the top seven earners being franchise installments.

Magazines and Advertising *(Ch.5 part 1)*

• *Advertising agencies needed to place their messages somewhere.* • *Magazines were the PERFECT outlet because they were read by a large, national audience.* (it was a large audience because of railroads* • As a result, circulation-rather than reputation became the most important factor in setting advertising rates (NOT NECESSARILY THE PUBLICATION, THE REACH IS REALLY IMPORTANT) *MY NOTES* - this idea of the content being deemphasized for larger economic reach they just want to get as many eyeballs on the magazine and that is more important than what the actual content is (they are focused on the revenue) ex: hypercommercialization

What happened after Porter's new narrative was developed? *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• *Almost immediately hundreds of NICKELODEONS were opened in converted stores, banks, and halls across the U.S.* --*Definition: an early motion-picture theater where a film or a variety show could be seen, usually for the admission price of a nickel.* • *From 1907-1908, the first year in which there were more narrative than documentary films, the number of nickelodeons in the U.S. increased TINFOLD.*

Convergence in Radio and Sound Recording: Impact of TV *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• *American Idol contestants, for example, accounted for 60 Number One hits and 14 platinum (over a million sales) albums in the first seven years after the show's 2002 debut.* • *Music labels now time record releases to artists' television appearances*, and new and old tunes alike find heavy play on television shows like Gossip Girl and Glee. • *Internet video, has become "the new radio." YouTube served as career launching pad for pop star Justin Bieber.*

Maintaining the confidence of audience members? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

• *An additional media literacy issue here has to do with maintaining the confidence of audience members.* • *As digital altering of images becomes more widespread - and its occurrence better known- will we come to question the conformity of photo-shopped images and the reports that employ them?*

Platform rollout (Distribution in the three component system) *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• *Another important function of distribution* is the strategic "PLATFORM ROLLOUT" of a movie. • *Definition: opening a movie on only a few screens in the hope that favorable reviews and word-of-mouth publicity will boost interest.* • *The goal of a rollout is to generate positive word-of-mouth marketing in advance of the full release.* • This practice can *help limited marketing budgets work more effectively.*

What is the result of magazine readers being more engaged? *(ON TEST)* *(Ch.5 part 1)*

• *As a result, more than all other commercial media, magazine advertising ranks in FIRST making a positive impression.* (basically if you are reading a magazine then you aren't going to be mad) • And behind only video games in people's assertion that they continue to enjoy the content at the time they see the ad. • *More American adults (48%) trust magazine advertising than they do television or Internet advertising.*

Between 1900 and 1945, the number of families who subscribed to one or more magazines grew from what? *(Ch.5 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• *Between 1900 and 1945, the number of families who subscribed to one or more magazines grew from 200,000 to more than 32 million.* • New and important magazines continued to appear throughout the decades. • For example, Time which was first published in 1923. • It made a profit within a year.

What fueled the magazines? How many magazines were there in 1825? What was the growth? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

• *Cheaper printing and growing LITERACY fueled expansion of the magazines just as they did with BOOKS* (remember from Chapter 3)? --ex: the diffusion theory • *Additional factor was the spread of SOCIAL MOVEMENTS such as labor reform and abolitionism.* • *In 1825 there were 100 magazines in operation.* --it took decades to get to 100, but once literacy became mass then it grew rapidly • *But by 1850 there were 600.*

What was crucial in the expansion of magazines after the civil war? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

• *Crucial in this expansion was the WOMEN'S MAGAZINE* • *Women's right to vote was the social movement that occupied its pages*. (women's suffrage) • *Advertisers, too, were eager to appear in new women's magazines*. (wanted to market their products)

Product Placement *(ON TEST)* *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• *Definition: The practice of placing brand name products in media for commercial gain.* • *Can be found in almost every major motion picture release.* • Sales for General Motors spiked 3% after the release of Transformers, which featured GM products almost exclusively (e.g., Chevy Camaro). • *Not a new phenomenon, can be found in movies as far back as 1950.*

Distribution (Three component system) *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• *Distribution is the act of supplying movies to the various outlets that will exhibit them, including theaters, internet streaming providers, disc creators, etc.* • Movies now are distributed in as many as *250 different formats* to the various outlets. • The vast services needed for effective distribution *ensures large studios will continue to control the market.* • *Movie promotion and advertising also falls within the scope of distribution.* • *Marketing and promotion budgets can approach the costs of the movie itself*. For example, $300 million was spent making Avatar; $200 million was spent marketing it. • *Because successful marketing is so critical to the profitability of a movie, marketing executives are often required to "GREEN LIGHT" a script idea before the studio produces it.*

Who were early newspapers developed by? Movies? *(Ch. 6 part 1)*

• *Early newspapers were developed by businesspeople and patriots for a small, politically involved ELITE that could read.* • *But, the early movie industry was built largely by who wanted to make money everyone.*

Who is Edwin S. Porter and what happened after he saw George Mèliès' "a trip to the moon"? What was the first movie to use editing? *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• *Edwin S. Porter, *an Edison Company camera operator,* saw A Trip to the Moon and thought the film could be even better storyteller with more artistic use of CAMERA PLACEMENT and EDITING* (establishing the language of film) • Porter's 12-minute *The Great Train Robbery (1903) was the first movie to use editing, intercutting of scenes, and a mobile camera and was also the first Western.* • *This new narrative form using MONTAGE was an instant hit with audiences.*

Even though the number of ad pages has been _______________, total readership of American consumers magazines continue to _______________ This is in part to ________________ . *(Ch. 5 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

• *Even though the number of ad pages has been DECLINING, total readership of American consumers magazines continue to GROW. This is in part to CONVERGENCE* ➢ *Online Magazines have emerged; made possible by CONVERGENCE of magazines and the Internet.* ➢ *83% of magazines now produce online editions offering special interactive features not available to their hard-copy readers.*

What are hollywood studios typically classified as? Major studios finances? What is the budget for independent films? what does that lead to? *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• *Hollywood studios are typically classified as MAJOR STUDIOS, corporate independents, and independents.* • *Major studios finance movies through their own business operations.* --• Examples include: Warner Brothers, Columbia, and Paramount. • *Corporate independents are simply niche divisions of the majors, aimed at creating films that look and feel like independent films.* --• Examples include Newline Cinema and Focus Features. • Lionsgate and The Weinstein Company are among the last true independent studios. • *Other independents make movies with the goal of securing a distribution deal with a major. Million Dollar Baby and Paranormal Activity are examples of independent movies.* • *Independent films have much SMALLER budgets, which often leads to more creative content.*

How much does illegal downloading account for? What do these sites use? *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• *Illegal downloading still occurs, ACCOUNTING FOR 95% of ALL music pulled from the Internet.* • The vast majority of the 1.1 billion songs downloaded from file-sharing sites every month are shared *ILLEGALLY* • *Sites such as Freenet, LimeWire, Morpheus, and BearShare USE P2P TECHNIQUES* - *Definition*: peer-to-peer software that permits direct Internet- based communication or collaboration between two or more personal computers while bypassing centralized servers.

Emile Berliner *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• *In 1887 that problem (with thomas edison's phonograph) was solved by German immigrant Emile Berliner's invention of the* *GRAMOPHONE*- *which could record sound using a flat, rotating, wax-coated disk and that could be copied or pressed from a metal master.* • *Now people had not only a reasonably priced record player but records to play on it.* • *The next advance was introduction of the TWO-SIDED DISK by the Columbia Phonograph Company in 1905.*

In 1950, how many magazines were there? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

• *In 1950, there were 6,950 magazines.* • *The number now exceeds 20,000* some 7,300 of which are general interests consumer magazines. • *In 2012 alone, new magazines being launched totaled 227.*

Readership.com *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

• *In 2006, audience assessment firm McPheters & Co. rolled out a new measurement service, Readership.com* - Designed to provide near real-time information on magazine distribution, readership, and ENGAGEMENT - Tallies # of people the magazine reaches, but also the *effect* its ads have on brand awareness, and readers' intent to buy. -- send out various surveys

Local affiliates carry network programs (they clear time). Until quite recently, affiliates received ____________ _____________ for carrying a show. / Now networks receive ______________ ________________. *(Ch. 8 part 2)*

• *Local affiliates carry network programs (they clear time). Until quite recently, affiliates received DIRECT PAYMENTS for carrying a show.* • Loss of network audience and the rise of cable have ALTERED this arrangement. • *Now networks receive REVERSE COMPENSATION* - *Definition*: a fee paid by a local broadcast station for the right to be a network's affiliate. ---*my notes*: they argue that the broadcast spectrum doesnt have space for more channels so we made more technology

Piracy *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• *MP3 became a headache for the recording industry when music from the name artists they controlled began PIRACY*appearing on MP3 sites, making piracy. -- *Definition*: the illegal recording and sale of copyrighted material and high-quality recordings. • Not only could users listen to their downloaded music from their hard drives, but *they could make their own CDs from MP3 files and play those discs wherever and whenever they wished.* • Illegal file sharing proved the popularity of downloading music from the Internet. • *It was Apple's 2003 introduction of its iPod and iTunes Music Store that suggested a better strategy.* - Fans could simply buy and own albums and individual songs for as little as 99 cents. - *Apple controlled only 5% of the PC market, yet it sold over a million tunes in its first week of operation.*

Why does Magazine specialization exist and succeed? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

• *Magazine specialization exists and succeeds because the DEMOGRAPHICALLY similar readership of these publications is attractive to advertisers.* • *Advertisers want to target ads for their products and services to those most likely to RESPOND to them.* • Despite a 30% tumble in the number of ad pages sold in American magazines from 2006-2011, *advertisements remains LUCRATIVE*

Time spent by Mobile devise users *(Ch. 8 part 2)*

• *Mobile device users spend more time with those devices than in front of a television screen* (27% of their media time vs. 22%) and 39% use their mobile devices while watching television. • In fact, *when asked if they would rather give up their smartphone or their television, 58% said they would eliminate television.*

What could magazines not meet the reach of? *(Ch.5 part 1)*

• *No matter how large their circulation, magazines could not match the reach of TELEVISION* • *Magazines did not have moving pictures or visual and oral storytelling.* (he doesn't test directly on eras I don't think) • *Nor could magazines match television's timeliness.* • *Magazines were WEEKLY, whereas television was CONTINUOUS* • *Televisions were new - magazines were not as novel.* --they drilled down to really niche audiences that television couldn't do

The blockbuster mentality: What is it characterized by? Who are the moves made by? *(Ch. 6 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

• *Other than MGM, each major is part of a larger conglomeration.* --• For example,Paramount is owned by Viacom and University by General Electric. • *Conglomeration focused studios into adopting a "blockbuster" mentality.* • The blockbuster mentality is *characterized by limited risk and formulaic movies.* • *Moves are made by a committee.*

Rating vs. Share *(Ch. 8 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

• *RATING is percent tuned into a channel out of a GIVEN POPULATION with TVs.* --- *my notes*: not every TV is gonna be on every night • *SHARE is percent tuned into a channel out of THOSE VIEWING A TV.* • *SHARE IS A MORE PRECISE estimator of total # of households watching than rating.* • *RATING CAN NOT EXCEED SHARE (ON TEST)* *MY NOTES* - the NUMBERS would always stay the same and PROPORTION would change - SHARES are a good way to COMPARE shows and see how they are doing in that moment

The Nielsen Ratings: Rating Research and Ratings Methodology *(Ch. 8 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

• *RATINGS RESEARCH*: measures exposure to a program at any given time and provides estimates of audience size and composition. - *Television*- Nielson Media Research in Northbrook, IL - *Radio* - Arbitron, Inc. in New York City, NY • *RATINGS METHODOLOGY* - *Electronic meters* (the heart of Nielsen media research) -*THE NIELSEN PEOPLE METER*: what program is being tuned, and who is watching -- *Coupled with:* 1. *Viewer/listener diaries* (*my notes*: if you live in a really small town you have to rely on listeners writing what they heard) 2. *Telephone coincidentals*

Remaking of content and merchandise tie-ins in blockbuster mentality *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• *REMAKING OF CONTENT from other sources, such as TV shows, comic books, and video-games.* • *Essentially retelling content already proven to be successful*. --*This limits* both risk and creativity. --• *Movies based on comics and video games are especially attractive for their easy tie-ins with existing merchandise.* • *MERCHANDISE TIE-INS - Movies, especially children's movies, are often made for their ability to push non-film merchandise to consumers.* --• Hollywood makes $200 billion a year from merchandise tie-ins. --• The movie Cars was described by one Disney executive as being less a movie and more a "lifestyle brand for young boys."

Rating Example *(Ch. 8 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

• *Rating Example*: 10,000 households with TV (Nielsen NTI's sample) and 2,200 are WATCHING THE SUPERBOWL • *The Rating: 2,200 (tuned into Superbowl) /10,000 (population) =.22 or 22% of households with TV.* • *Rating = 22%* - *The combined ratings of all the networks or stations during a specific time period provide an estimate of the total number of HOMES USING TV (HUT). This is IMPORTANT in order to UNDERSTAND A SHARE* --- *my notes*: HUT is not population, but instead the number of people viewing

Share *(Ch. 8 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

• *SHARE: % of the HUT (Homes Using Television) that is tuned to a specific station, channel, or network.* - *Share = house holds viewing a specific channel/house holds viewing or using their TV (HUT)* • *Example*: The sample HUT is 6,000 (2,200+ 2,000+1,800, or 60% of 10,000. --- *my notes*: won't have to do math on the exam but there will be questions on the exam about the equations

Radio and Sound Recording: Impact of Satellite and Cable *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• *Satellite radio's true impact offered a greater variety of listening options:* - *Many listeners now receive "radio" through their CABLE televisions in the form of DMX (Digital Music Express).* • *DMX:* Home delivery of audio by CABLE . - *Direct SATELLITE home/office and automobile delivery of audio by digital audio radio service (DARS) brings Sirius XM Radio to more than 22 million subscribers*. • *DARS*: Direct automobile delivery of audio by SATELLITE

Advertisers influence over magazine content, what is the ad pull policy? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

• *Sometimes controversial, too, is the influence that some advertisers attempt to exert over content.* • *A magazine editor must satisfy advertisers as well as readers.* • *One common way is to SHAPE CONTENT is in the placement of ads.* --- *EX*: You don't see cigarette ads near articles on lung cancer. - Airline ads are moved away from stories about plane crashes. - *AD PULL POLICY : the demand for an advance review of a magazine's content, with the threat of pulled advertising if dissatisfied with that content.*

Advancements of the phonograph and gramophone *(Ch. 7 part 1)*

• *Soon there were hundreds of phonograph or gramophone companies, and the device, by either name, was a standard feature in U.S. homes by 1920*. • *More than 2 million machines and 107 million recordings were sold in 1919 alone.* --*my notes*: pretty quick ramp of people getting this technology and buying content for it fairly rapidly • *Public acceptance of the new medium was enhanced even more by development of ELECTROMAGNETIC RECORDING* in 1924 by *Joseph P. Maxwell at Bell Laboratory.*

Radio Act of 1912 *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• *The Radio Act of 1912: established SPHERES OF AUTHORITY for both federal and state governments, provided for allocating and revoking licenses and fining violators, and assigned frequencies for station operation.* (they were like maybe lets not let people do whatever they want on the radio) • *The government was in the business of regulating what was to become known as BROADCASTING, a development that angered many operators.*

Big Studios *(Ch. 6 part 1)*

• *The new studio system, with its more elaborate films and big name stars was born, and it controlled the movie industry in California.* • *Several companies were formed including:* - The Triangle Company - Paramount - 20th Century Fox - Universal

Cloud-music services *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• *There are now hundreds of legally licensed music sites* on the Net selling tens of millions of different music tracks. • *Digital music sales surpassed physical sales for the first time in 2011*, and the CD's 13% share of sales is a far cry from its dominance of 60 to 70% of all sales just a few years ago. • *This rise in downloading has also been fueled by industry approved downloading sites, such as CLOUD-MUSIC SERVICES* - *Definition*: subscription sites that allow users to store their digital music online and stream it to any computer or digital device anywhere.

Three component system *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• *To understand how the movie industry is being threatened, we need to first learn how it operates. There are THREE component systems involved in the movie industry:* - Production - Distribution - Exhibition

While the regulatory structure of the medium (Radio) was evolving so were its ____________ ____________. What did the RCA ensure? How did the radio industry support itself? *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• While the regulatory structure of the medium was evolving, so were its *FINANCIAL BASES* • The formation of Radio Corporation of America (RCA) had *ensured that radio would be a commercial, profit-based system.* • The radio industry supported itself *through the sale of receivers; that is, it operated radio stations in order to sell radios.* --- *my notes*: if your whole business model is selling radios to people you're going to hit a cap

Convergence: Trends in movie making *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• *While competitors, the TV and film industry are so intertwined, they can often be thought of as a single industry.* • *This convergence is almost entirely attributable to TECHNOLOGICAL advances* (i.e., satellite, cable, video-on-demand, DVD, and Internet streaming). - ex: pretty easy to get a movie in really good quality movie the day of not in theaters • Today's distributors make about THREE times as much revenue from home entertainment as they do from theater ticket sales • *Unfortunately for the industry, DVD sales are plummeting thanks to less expensive streaming options, including on-demand and Netflix.* • Lower revenue from DVD sales has made studios even *more risk averse.* • However, *digital exhibition is much less costly for studios.* --you dont have a production cost or distribution cost; but you tend to make way less per unit sold • *ULTIMATLEY, many inside the industry believe convergence will bring Hollywood and home entertainment together seamlessly.* • Movies will be released in the home and in the theater *at the same time.*

FM, AM, and Noncommercial Radio: How much does FM and AM constitute for? *(ON TEST)* *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• Although *FMs constitute 58% of all commercial stations (to AMs' 42%)*, they *attract over 75% of all radio listeners.* *(ON TEST)* - *The FM (frequency modulation) signal is WIDER*, allowing the broadcast not only of stereo but also of *BETTER FIDELITY* (i.e., accuracy) to the original sound *than the narrower AM (amplitude modulation) signal.* --*my notes*: MODULATION is talking about how the wave lengths go (fm waves go horizontal and am go vertical i think) - *As a RESULT, people attracted to MUSIC gravitate toward FM.*

Rules for movies getting in hollywood *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• Anyone who wanted to make or exhibit a movie *needed Trust permission*. • *Many independent film companies sprang up in defiance of the Trust.* • *To avoid MMPC's scrutiny, these companies moved to California - Hollywood.* • *This move had other benefits including*: better weather- meaning that there could be longer shooting seasons.

What were the reasons for this growth of magazines? *(ON TEST)* *(Ch.5 part 1)*

• As with books, widespread literacy increased. • *The Postal Act of 1879*. *EAST COAST TO WEST COAST (he said this was important)* --*permitted the mailings of magazines at a cheaper postal rate* (makes them lower their cost so more people can buy magazines) • *The SPREAD of the RAILROAD.* -- they had a wide reach because of the railroads • *Reduction in costs.*

Who invented the radio? *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• Because both applied for patents within months of one another in the late 1890s, *there remains disagreement over who "invented" radio.* • *Either: Eastern European immigrant NIKOLA TESLA, or GUGLIELMO MARCONI , son of a wealthy Italian businessman and his Irish wife.*

D.W. Griffith *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• Because so many movies needed to be made and rushed to the nickelodeons, *people working in the industry had to learn and perform virtually all aspects of production.* • *Writer, actor, and camera operator D.W. Griffith perfected his craft in this environment.* • *He was quickly recognized as a brilliant director - HE INTRODUCED SCHEDULED REHEARSALS before final shooting, costume and lighting, and used close ups and others angles to transmit EMOTION*

Who did Eadward Muybridge's invention lead him to meet? What did this prompt him to develop? *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• Eadward Muybridge's invention led him to meet *Thomas Edison* in 1888 - who quickly saw the potential of the zoopraxiscope. • *This prompted Edison to assign WILLIAM DICKSON, a leading scientist, to the task of developing a better projector.* • Dickson devised the *KINETOGRAPH, which captured 40 photos per second to make a motion picture.* --*Definition*: An innovative motion picture camera with rapid intermittent, or stop-and-go film movement, to photograph movies.

Exhibition (Three component system) *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• Exhibition is *the actual showing of the movie for profit.* • There are *more than 40,000 movie screens* in operation today. • *Generally 40% of a theater's profits comes from CONCESSION , as concession items are typically marked up 80%.* • To help offset low ticket sales for movies, *theaters often multicast live events such as sports and concerts.*

Lee DeForest *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• In 1903, American *Lee DeForest invented the: AUDION TUBE.* - *Definition: A vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signal* (essentially an electronic amplifier). • *Now the reliable transmission of CLEAR VOICES and music was a reality.* --*my notes*: you can now start giving good decent music, at the time this was revolutionary •"It will soon be possible to distribute grand opera music from transmitters placed on the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House by a Radio Telephone station on the roof to almost any dwelling in Greater New York and vicinity. ..." - DeForest (1907)

Wireless Ship Act *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• In 1910 Congress passed the *Wireless Ship Act.* - It *Required that all ships using U.S. ports and carrying more than 50 passengers have a working wireless machine and operator.* - *Of course, the wireless industry did not object, as the legislation boosted sales.* • *But after the Titanic struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic in 1912 and it was learned that hundreds of lives were lost needlessly because other ships in the area had left their radios unattended*. (it wasn't being strictly enforced) • *Congress passed the Radio Act of 1912, which not only strengthened rules regarding shipboard wireless but also required that wireless operators be licensed by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor*. (you have this new technology and this is the growing pain of making sure its being used for commercial good and public safety)

Have ticket sales of movies matched population growth? *(Ch. 6 part 2)*

• In 2012, twenty-six movies each took in more than $400 million. Still, movie executives are nervous about the future of Hollywood. • *Ticket sales have not matched population growth.* • Home technology _THREATENS the movie-going experience. - *my notes*: if you track on for population growth, that isn't the case but it is largely due to home technology

Who are the people who make up radio's audience? Time spent listening has ________________. *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• In an average week, *more than 242 million people, 93.1% of all Americans 12 and over, will listen to the radio.* • That 93.1% figure is in fact *a decline from the 95.6% who listened regularly in 2011.* • While the audience's size has remained relatively constant for the last few years, time spent listening has *FALLEN*.

Magazines are often further specialized through ________? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

• Magazines are often further specialized through *SPLIT RUNS* - *Definition*: *Special versions of a given issue in which editorial content and ads vary according to some specific demographic or regional grouping*. --*idea that certain bits of content are tailored to a certain consume*r ex: having the same issue of a magazine in different locations and they have different ads in them - *SINGLE SPONSOR MAGAZINE* - having only one advertiser throughout an entire issue. --ex: if ford decided to sponsor an entire issue of national geographic - *Time has at least 8 regional editions, more than 50 state editions, and 8 professional oriented editions.*

What do magazines price their advertising space based on? What is a third form of circulation? *(Ch. 5 part 2)*

• Magazines price advertising space in their pages based on *CIRCULATION* - *Circulation*: The total number of issues a magazine that are sold. - Can be either (1) subscription or (2) single-copy sales. - *About 68% of all sales are SUBSCRIPTIONS, or SINGLE COPY SALES* A *THIRD FORM OF CIRCULATION IS CONTROLLED CIRCULATION* -*Definition: Refers to providing a magazine at no cost to readers who meet some specific set of advertiser attractive criteria.* --ex: free airline and hotel magazines

Potability *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• One of radio's distinguishing characteristics, as we've seen, is its *POTABILITY* - *More than half of all PANDORA listening is mobile*, and it is the leading audio app (though Spotify is the leader now) on the iPhone and iPad. - *11% percent of smartphone owners listen to streamed music while driving by connecting their devices to their cars'* sound systems, and 19% download music from other devices to their smartphones for listening-on-the-go. - *Listening also occurs via social networking sites*' (SNSs) streaming services such as MySpaceMusic and Facebook's free music links to sites such as Spotify, Pandora, and turntable.fm

What else did Radio due besides survive post-TV? What did post-TV radio become? *(Ch. 7 part 2)*

• Radio more than survived post-television; *it PROSPERED by changing the nature of its relationship with its MOBILE* • Post-television radio *BECAME LOCAL, FRAGMENTED, SPECIALIZED, PERSONALIZED (you can call into the radio show) and MOBILE (you can listen on the go (in car, in your room)* . • Whereas pre-television radio was characterized by the big national networks, *today's radio is dominated by formats, a particular sound characteristic of a local station.* (88.9 VS. 102.3)

How do you measure circulation? *(Ch. 5 part 2)* *(ON TEST)*

• Regardless of how circulation occurs, *it is monitored through RESEARCH* • *1914: Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) established to provide reliability to a booming magazine industry.* • *2012: The ABC became platform agnostic due to the recognition that circulation should include digital editions and apps.* • *The ABC renamed itself the Alliance for Audited Media (AAM)*. The AAM provides reliable circulation figures, as well as important population and demographic data. • *Circulation data are often changed by measures of pass along readership.* • *This traditional model of measurement, however, is under increasing attack* • *As advertisers demand more precise assessments of accountability and return on their investments, new metrics beyond circulation are being demanded by professionals inside and outside the industry.* • "We live in a very short-term measurement world" says advertising sales executive Steve Lanzano, "I need answers now."

What was the problem with the radio industry supporting itself *through the sale of receivers; that is, it operated radio stations in order to sell radios.*? What was the *solution*? *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• The *PROBLEM was that once everybody had a radio, people would stop buying them*. The *SOLUTION was ADVERTISING* • On August 22, 1922, New York station WEAF accepted the first radio commercial, a *10-MINUTE spot for Long Island brownstone apartments. The COST OF THE AD WAS $50*

What did the Radio Act of 1927 authorize? What was established to administer the provisions of this act? *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• The Radio Act of 1927 Act *AUTHORIZED broadcasters to use the channels, which belonged to the public, but not to own them.* • *Broadcasters were simply the caretakers of the airwaves, a national resource.* --- *my notes*: in theory anything can still be played but the government can control it to some degree • *The five-person Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was ESTABLISHED to administer the provisions of the act.* --- *ex*: no cursing

The business of broadcast television is dominated by who? *(Ch. 8 part 2)*

• The business of broadcast television is *dominated by a few centralized production, distribution, and decision-making organizations.* • *These NETWORK link affiliates for the purpose of delivering and selling viewers to advertisers.* - *Definition*: centralized production, distribution, decision-making organization that links affiliates for the purpose of delivering their viewers to advertisers. ---*EX*: ABC, CBS

Growth of radio in homes? Growth of ad revenues? What became a radio staple? *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• The number of homes with radios grew *from 12 million in 1930 to 30 million in 1940, and HALF HAD TWO RECIEVERS* • *AD REVENUES rose from $40 million to $155 million over the same period. (1930-1940)* --Between them, the four national networks broadcast 156 hours of network-originated programming a week. • *NEWS became a radio staple.*

What did the sale of advertising on the radio lead? *(Ch. 7 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• The sale of advertising *LED the establishment of the national radio networks.* • Groups of stations, or *AFFILIATES , could deliver to LARGER audiences, realizing greater advertising revenues, which would allow them to HIRE BIGGER STARS and produce BETTER PROGRAMMING, which would ATTRACT LARGER AUDIENCES, which could be sold for even greater fees to advertisers.* - *AFFILIATES*: A broadcasting station that aligns itself with a network.

How did the audience of magazines change? What secret success did they hit? *(Ch.5 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• WWII changed the nature of America. • *The audience became more interested in narrower publications such as GQ and Self.* • As a result, the industry had hit on the secret of success: *specialization and a lifestyle orientation.* • *Indeed, it was the MAGAZINE that began the trend to attract an increasingly FRAGMENTED audience.*

Zoopraxiscope *(Ch. 6 part 1)* *(ON TEST)*

• When people watched the rapidly projected, sequential slides, they saw the pictures as if they were in motion. • *This perception is the result of a PHYSIOLOGICAL phenomenon known as PERSISTENCE OF VISION.* - *Persistence of Vision*: *In which the images our eyes gather are retained in the brain for about 1/24 of a second. Therefore, if photographic frames are moved at 24 frames a second, people perceive them as actually in MOTION.*