MMSC 230 Final

what are some of the ethical concerns in using emotional appeals?

- make appropriate topic -don't substitute for evidence, reasoning

what are the four ways to organize a speech on a question of policy?

- problem-solution - problem-cause-solution - comparative advantages - Monroe's Motivated Sequence

what are the four guidelines for wording your speech?

- use language accurately -use language clearly -use language vividly -use language appropriately

what are the tips for narrowing web and database searches?

-Search on different aspects of your topic - do not use OR -use limiters -notice the default search options -narrow the topic down itself

how do you generate emotional appeals?

-Use emotionally charged language -Use vivid, powerful examples -Be sincere, passionate, expressive

What are cliches and a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.

-a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought. -This is because clichés can portray the writer as unoriginal and lazy. Audiences are looking for new and imaginative ways to read what's already been said. Trying to avoid a cliché is the perfect opportunity to flex your writing muscles.

What are the five steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence?

-attention -need -satisfaction -visualization -action

what are the guidelines for using inclusive language?

-avoid generic "he" -avoid generic "man" -avoid stereotyping jobs, social roles by gender -use names groups use to identify themselves

what are the guidelines for a speech of introduction?

-be brief -be accurate -adapt to occasion, audience -build sense of anticipation

what are the different types of examples? be able to identify examples of each?

-brief (specific case referred to in passing to illustrate point) -extended (story, narrative, anecdote developed at length to illustrate point) -hypothetical (example describing fictitious situation)

How do you determine the credibility of online sources?

-check the authorship -check the sponsorship -check the recency... if it is over five years old it is most likely not the most recent information

what are the different tips for using exmaples?

-clarify ideas -reinforce ideas -personalize ideas -make vivid, richly textured -practice delivery

define: analogical reasoning

-comparing two similar cases -what is true for first case is also true for second

what is persuasion? how is it a psychological process?

-creating, reinforcing, changing people's beliefs or actions

what do we mean by using language appropriately?

-has to match the occasion -has to match the audience -has to be appropriate to the topic -has to be appropriate for the speaker

how do you properly orally cite a sources? what elements need to be included?

-name of document -author, sponsoring organization -qualifications -date

what are the different types of speeches on questions of policy?

-passive agreement -immediate action

what are the tips for using testimony?

-quote or paraphrase accurately -use testimony from qualified sources -use testimony from unbiased sources -identify the people you quote or paraphrase

what are you trying to accomplish in a commemorative speech? what is the best way to accomplish this feat?

-to inspire the audience -adjust content, delivery to fit situation and use language creatively

what are the ethical goals of persuasion?

-truthfulness -authenticity -respect -equity -social responsibility

what are the tips for using evidence?

-use specific evidence -use novel evidence -use evidence from credible sources -make clear the point of your evidence (logos)

what are the tips for using statistics?

-use to quantify ideas -use sparingly -identify sources -explain thoroughly -round off (dont use decimal points) -use visual aids if needed

when should you paraphrase?

-when the wording of the source is less important than the meaning of the source

when should you use a direct quotation?

-when they are brief -when they convey your meaning better than you can -when they are particularly eloquent, witty, or compelling.

How can you enhance your credibility?

1) Explain your competence. 2) Establish common ground with your audience. 3) Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

what are the three types of credibility?

1. Initial (before speech) 2. Derived (produced during) 3. Terminal (after speech)

what are the five cannons of rhetoric?

1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Delivery 5. Memory

what are the parts of a syllogism?

1. major premise 2. minor premise 3. conclusion

What is a virtual library?

A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer systems, where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided. Like the online Paul Meek Library

simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

define red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

define bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

define after dinner speech

A public address event that is traditionally spoken after a dinner, and meant to take an important topic and make greater sense of it through the use of humor that is relevant to the idea presented.

what are emotional appeals?

Appeals intended to evoke sadness, anger, happiness, pride, etc.

Why is St. Augustine important in rhetoric and in philosophy?

Augustine believed that there is only one truth, and the source of that truth is God. To him, that meant that only God can reveal the truth. Based on these beliefs, he thought that rhetoric should be used to carry the truth to an audience, who must then receive revelation to understand the message.

What is a periodical database?

Databases include the citations of articles in magazines, journals and newspapers. Some periodical databases contain abstracts or brief summaries of the articles. Many contain the full text (entire content) of articles as they originally appeared in the periodical.

what had to be meet in order for Plato to consider something an art?

In order to achieve this status, a practice had to involve knowledge of a class of objects. In addition, the practitioner of a techne should be able to give an account of the art, or explain how it achieves its goals.

What is the process you go through in order to determine the source's credibility or that of a sponsoring organizations?

Use the CRAAP Test to evaluate your sources. CRAAP is an acronym for Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose.

Define hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

define ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

define appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

define slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

define reasoning from a sign

a form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about phenomena based on events that precede or co-exist with, but not cause, a subsequent event.

What is maxim?

a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct.

define commemorative speech

a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

what are abstract and concrete words? which should you use in a speech?

abstract words- references to general concepts, qualities, attributes concrete words-references to tangible objects -concrete is what you should use in a speech

define post hoc

after this

what is a paradigm?

an accepted set of theories, procedures, and assumptions about how researchers look at the world

define invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike (likes apples to oranges)

what is an enthymeme?

an incomplete logical structure based on an unstated assumption that an audience must accept

what is a syllogism?

an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion (e.g., all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs ).

deine appeal to novelty

assuming something new is automatically better than old

define propter hoc

because of this

Why are commemorative speeches so lasting?

both the words used and the way they are delivered play an important role in making a commemorative speech truly memorable.

what are the two different types of reasoning from sign?

causal reasoning and analogical reasoning

how do examples enhance your speech?

clarify, reinforce, and personalize your ideas

what determines a speakers credibility?

competence and character

what is the difference between denotative and connotative definitions?

denotative meaning- literal or dictionary definition of a word of phrase connotative meaning- meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by the word or phrase

Define casual reasoning

establishing relationship between causes and effects

What are the three different artistic proofs?

ethos, pathos, logos

what are the three different types of rhetoric?

ethos, pathos, logos

what are the different types of testimony?

expert (testimony recognized from experts and peer (testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience, insight)

define false dilemma

forcing choice between two alternatives when more than two exist

what is the most important thing you have to do in a speech of introduction?

gain audience attention and interest

when should you use denotative words?

if you want to be more technical, literal or precise

Define deductive reasoning

is general principle which leads to a specific conclusion.

what are the criteria for using abstracts versus full text articles?

it is considered academically lazy and unethical to just cite the abstract. do not just cite from the abstract, cite from the actual body of the article or journal so that there is more fleshed out information available to you to use.

which type of rhetoric was Aristotles favorite?

logos

what are the three issues all speeches on questions of policy must address?

need, plan, practicality

what is Cicero most known for, other than the cannons of rhetoric.

orations on politics and society

What is rhetoric about?

refers to the study and uses of written, spoken and visual language.

repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

alliteration

repeating initial consonant in close or adjoining words

how do you determine if statistics are credible?

seek figures gathered by objective, nonpartisan sources

define acceptance speech

speech for giving thanks for gift, award, recognition

define introduction speech

speech introducing main speaker to audience

define presentation speech

speech presenting gift, award, some recognition

What is Aristotle's definition of rhetoric?

the ability in a particular case to see the available means of persuasion

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure (you have two opposing ideas that are close to each other that are worded similarly)

what did plato consider rhetoric a knack rather than art?

the kind that produces pleasure and gratification

rhythm

the pattern of sound created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line

what is a target audience?

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

what is reasoning from a sign?

the presence of an attribute can be taken as the presence of some larger condition or situation of which the attribution is a part

parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

on what base did Plato base philosophy?

the world of form is derived from the world of ideas.

define ergo

therefore

how do you organize speeches on questions of fact?

topically

how do you organize speeches on questions of value?

topically

Who do you cite if there is no clearly defined author for an article or source?

use a shortened title of the work in place of an authors name

when should you use statistics?

used in passing to strengthen a speakers point and create an overall impact on listeners

when do you use connotative words?

when you want to create more emotion

Define inductive reasoning

yields generalizations that are based on a large number of specific observations