MOB-Ch's12,13

What is the difference between a functional group and a task group within an organization?

A functional group is a permanent team created to accomplish broad purposes without specified time horizons, while task group is constructed to accomplish a narrow range of purposes within a specified time horizon.

team

A group of workers that functions as a unit, often with little or no supervision, to carry out work-related tasks, functions, and activities

What is game theory?

A mathematical model developed by economists to predict negotiation outcomes

informal leader

A person who engages in leadership activities but whose right to do so has not been formally recognized by the organization or group

The following are all factors that increase group cohesiveness:

Agreement on goals,Intergroup competition,Personal attraction

Role ambiguity

Arises when the sent role is unclear and the individual does not know what is expected of him or her

group

Consists of two or more people who interact regularly to accomplish a common purpose or goal

informal or interest group

Created by its members for purposes that may or may not be relevant to those of the organization

Which of the following methods is an effective way to control conflict within an organization?

Expand the resource base.Enhance coordination and encourage interdependence.Set superordinate goals.

What are the four stages of group development?

Forming, storming, norming, and performing

socialization

Generalized norm conformity that occurs as a person makes the transition from being an outsider to being an insider in the organization

Which of the following actions is least likely to stimulate conflict in an organization?

Give current employees a voice in decision-making processes.

factors that reduce cohesiveness

Group size Disagreement on goals Intragroup competition Domination Unpleasant experiences

____ are those leaders whom the group members themselves choose to follow.

Informal leaders

factors that increase cohesiveness

Intergroup competition Personal attraction Favorable evaluation Agreement on goals Interaction

"Personality clash" is a common antecedent for which type of conflict?

Interpersonal conflict

Which of the following is true of an interest group?

It is created by its own members.

Which of the following is the BEST example of an informal leader?

Lebron James

What of the following is the BEST example of conflict between an organization and its environment

McDonald's dealing with OSHA regulations regarding the cleanliness of its restaurants

What levels of performance and conflict are preferred for the optimal level of organizational conflict?

Medium performance and medium conflict

role overload

Occurs when expectations for the role exceed the individual's capabilities to perform

What did early approaches to negotiation focus on psychologically?

Personality traits of the negotiators, A mathematical model developed by economists to predict negotiation outcomes(called game theory)

Which of the following is the term for the most common type of team, where knowledge workers gather to solve a specific issue and then disband?

Problem-solving team

What is role conflict?

Role conflict occurs when the messages of the sent role are clear but contradictory.

norms

Standards of behavior that the group accepts for and expects of its members

virtual teams

Teams composed of people from remote work sites who work together online

Why is the cognitive approach to negotiation foundational to effective negotiation?

The cognitive approach recognizes that negotiators will stray from perfect rationality during negotiation.

Cohesiveness

The extent to which members are loyal and committed to the group; the degree of mutual attractiveness within the group

role

The parts that individuals play in groups in helping the group reach its goals

Negotiation

The process in which two or more parties (people or groups) reach agreement on an issue even though they have different preferences regarding that issue

role structure

The set of defined roles and interrelationships among those roles that the group members define and accept

Decision Support Systems(DSS's)-

an interactive system that locates and presents information needed to support the decision-making process

Nonverbal communication-

any communication exchange that does not use words or uses words to carry more meaning than the strict definition of the words themselves

Transaction-processing systems(TPS's)

application of information processing for basic day-to-day business transactions

Management by wandering around

approach to communication that involves the managers literally wandering around and having spontaneous conversations with others

Timely

available in time for appropriate managerial action

Intranets-

communication network similar to the Internet but operating within the boundaries of a single organization

Extranets-

communication network that allows selected outsiders limited access to an organization's internal information system or intranet

Artificial intelligence(AI)

construction of computer systems, both hardware and software, to imitate human behavior--that is, to perform physical tasks, use thought processes, and learn

Information

data presented in a way or form that has meaning

Which approach to negotiation tries to predict how negotiators will depart from rationality and focuses on providing advice to negotiators actively involved in negotiations?

decision analytic

Oral communication

face to face conversation, group discussions, telephone calls, and other circumstances in which the spoken word is used to transmit meaning

Horizontal communication

flows laterally within the organization; involves colleagues and peers at the same level of the organization and may involve individuals from several different organizational units

Vertical communication

flows up and down in an organization, usually along formal reporting lines; takes place between managers and their superiors and subordinates and may involve several different levels of the organization

Grapevine-

informal communication network among people in an organization

Management Information Systems(MIS's)

information system that supports an organization's managers by providing daily reports, schedules, plans, and budgets

Relevant information

information that is useful to managers in their particular circumstances for their particular needs

The production team started work on a project and then the development team changed the specs. The production team said the spec change would increase the budget and delay final product delivery. The development team insisted that the product must deliver according to the original schedule in order to meet a crucial sales window in the marketplace. Production said that the original schedule could be met only if the original specs were followed, but development insisted that the spec changes were necessary to be competitive in the marketplace. This is an example of _____ conflict.

intergroup

Competition for scarce resources, especially funding, can often lead to _____ within an organization.

intergroup conflict

The confrontational approach to conflict resolution is also called ____.

interpersonal problem solving

Eric is a marketing associate at Tredwell Industries. His job involves assisting in the preparation of marketing materials for Tredwell's new product lines. Yesterday, Eric's manager told him that the A-0x line is the highest priority, and that the spec sheet needs to be done by the end of the week. This morning, his manager told Eric to drop everything he is working on to focus on in-house training materials to help launch the new promotion of the A-1x line. Eric is experiencing _____.

intrasender conflict

storming

members develop group structure and patterns of interaction

performing

members enact roles and direct effort toward goal attainment and performance

forming

members get acquainted with and test interpersonal behaviors

norming

members share acceptance of roles and sense of unity

Written communication

memos, letters, reports, notes and other circumstances in which the written word is used to transmit meaning

Communication network

pattern through which the members of a group communicate

Effective communication

process of sending a message in such a way that the message received is as close in meaning as possible to the message intended

Communication

process of transmitting information from one person to another

Accurate information

provides a valid and reliable reflection of reality

Complete information

provides the manager with all the information he or she needs

Executive Support System(ESS)

quick-reference, easy-access, application of information systems specifically designed for instant access by upper-level managers

Data

raw figures and facts reflecting a single aspect of reality

Information technology(IT)

resources used by an organization to manage information that it needs to carry out its mission

One of the major limitations of the individual differences approach to negotiation is that it did not consider _____ that negated the effects of individual differences.

situation variables

The types of communication between negotiators, the potential outcomes of the negotiation, and the relative power of the parties are among the factors investigated in which approach to negotiation?

situational characteristics

Eduardo has begun to schedule the two employees on completely different shifts to try to restore a pleasant atmosphere. By doing this, Eduardo is attempting to resolve the conflict using a(n) _____ method.

smoothing

Eric was recently hired as a marketing associate at Tredwell Industries. He is gradually learning both the written and unwritten rules for behavior at Tredwell. Eric is experiencing ____.

socialization

Jeb, Renee, and Borov meet once a week to discuss ways to improve sustainability practices at their company. They are a functional group, which means that ____.

the group was formed by the organization

The enacted role is best described as:

what an individual actually does in the role.

General kinds of groups in organizations are:

•functional groups. •task groups and teams. •informal or interest groups.

Three methods of managing conflict are to:

•stimulate it. •control it. •resolve and eliminate it.