MODULE 2 Chapter 3: The Chemical Basis of Life II
Which of the following bonds and interactions contribute directly to a protein's tertiary structure? -Hydrophobic effect -Disulfide bonds -Glycosidic bonds -van der Waals forces -Ionic bonds -Peptide bonds -Hydrogen bonds
-Hydrophobic effect -Disulfide bonds -van der Waals forces -Ionic bonds -Hydrogen bonds
Arrange these carbohydrates in order of increasing size. Start with the smallest at the top of the list, and end with the largest at the bottom. -Disaccharide -Polysaccharide -Monosaccharide
-Monosaccharide -Disaccharide -Polysaccharide
Organic molecules exist in four main classes. What are they? -Enzymes -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids -Nucleotides -Amino acids -Nucleic Acids
-Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids -Nucleic Acids
Which levels of protein structure are stabilized by hydrogen bonds? -Secondary structure =Quaternary structure =Tertiary structure =Primary structure
-Secondary structure -Quaternary structure -Tertiary structure
Which levels of protein structure are stabilized by hydrogen bonds? -Secondary structure -Primary structure -Tertiary structure -Quaternary structure
-Secondary structure -Tertiary structure -Quaternary structure
What are the three major structural components of an amino acid? -Phosphate group -Side chain (R) -Glycerol -Amino group -Nitrogenous base -Carboxyl group
-Side chain (R) -Amino group -Carboxyl group
What are the four main elements found in all proteins? -sulfur -phosphate -carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen -carboxyl
-carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen
What are the four main elements found in all proteins? -sulfur -carboxyl -carbon -phosphate -oxygen -hydrogen -nitrogen
-carbon -oxygen -hydrogen -nitrogen
What are the three atoms found in all carbohydrates? -phosphorus -sulfur -nitrogen -oxygen -carbon -hydrogen
-oxygen -carbon -hydrogen
Hydrophobic effects play a major role in what protein structures? -primary structure -secondary structure -quaternary structure -tertiary structure
-quaternary structure -tertiary structure
What are the two possible shapes formed by monosaccharides such as glucose? -ring -linear -branched chain -glycogen -triangular
-ring -linear
A carbon atom can form up to ... covalent bonds with other atoms.
4
Which of the following accurately describes the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in a protein?
A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.
What is a fatty acid?
A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end
During the synthesis of a triglyceride, what is attached to glycerol in each dehydration reaction?
A fatty acid
Steroids
Form hormones important in reproduction
This diagram illustrates what molecule?
Glycerol
.... are large molecules made from smaller organic molecules.
Macromolecules or Polymers
In a peptide bond, which parts of the two amino acids are joined together?
The amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other
The structure of a DNA molecule is best described as a(n):
double helix
A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end is called a:
fatty acid
Disaccharides are formed when monosaccharides are:
linked together by dehydration reactions
Organic molecules are so named because they were first discovered in ... animals.
living
The macromolecule shown here is an example of a(n) ...
octapeptide
tertiary
the three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide
How many shells of electrons does carbon have?
two
Between what two atoms are peptide bonds located in the backbone of a polypeptide?
Carbon and nitrogen
Cellulose
Cell wall of plants
Which of the following accurately describes the function of cellulose, starch, and glycogen in cells?
Cellulose is used for structural purposes while starch and glycogen are used for energy storage.
disulfide bond
Covalent bond between two cysteines
Waxes
Create a barrier to water loss
Identify the two major classes of nucleic acids.
DNA and RNA
The two classes of nucleic acids are ... and ...
DNA, RNA
What process is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides?
Dehydration reactions
How are fats synthesized?
Dehydration synthesis links three fatty acids to glycerol.
Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides are called ...
Disaccharide
What type of bond can form between the side R groups of two cysteine amino acids to stabilize protein structure?
Disulfide bond
Fats
Energy storage
Glycogen
Energy storage in animals
Starch
Energy storage in plants
Chitin
Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi
Glycosaminoglycan
Extracellular matrix and cartilage of animals
Steroid
Four fused rings of carbon atoms attached to one or more hydroxyl groups
Triglyceride
Glycerol linked to three fatty acids
Phospholipid
Glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules?
Glycosidic bond
What are functional groups?
Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties
Where are the peptide bonds in a polypeptide located?
In the polypeptide backbone
hydrophobic effect
Interaction between nonpolar amino acids
What type of bonds can form between positively and negatively charged side chains within a polypeptide?
Ionic bonds
What are macromolecules?
Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together
Polysaccharide
Many monomers
What type of monomers are combined to form carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What functional group is involved in disulfide bridges?
Sulfhydryl
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
Fats consist of three fatty ... covalently bonded to a three-carbon molecule called ...
acids, glycerol
Proteins are made up of chains of ... acids.
amino
The molecule shown in this diagram is an example of a(n):
amino acid
This figure depicts the chemical structure of a(n) ..
amino acid
A polypeptide is a chain of ... ...
amino acids
What are the monomers found in proteins?
amino acids
When a peptide bond is formed, two amino acids are linked between the ... group of one amino acid and the ... group of the other.
amino, carboxyl
Steroids are lipids that contain what chemical structure that is distinct from other lipids?
carbon rings
Proteins are made by ... reactions, in which water is removed as amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides.
dehydration
... bridges can form between the side chains of two cysteine amino acids.
disulfide
A DNA molecule consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a structure called a(n) ...
double helix
A DNA molecule consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a structure called a(n) ... ...
double helix
The function of fats in organisms includes:
energy storage
Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties are called .... groups.
functional
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide ...
glucose
The name of the chemical structure shown here is ... , which can be bound to three fatty acids to form a triglyceride.
glycerol
A phospholipid consists of a ...
glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Fats, or triglycerides, are composed of:
glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acids
The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a(n) ... linkage.
glycosidic
The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a(n) .... linkage.
glycosidic
Amino acid side chains that are nonpolar tend to exclude water and contribute to ... effects involved in protein folding.
hydrophobic
... bonds promote protein folding when they form between oppositely-charged side chains of a protein.
ionic/Hydrogen
What type of organic molecule can assume both a linear or ring form?
monosaccharide
Carbohydrate monomers are known as ...
monosaccharides
The main elements that make up proteins are carbon, hydrogen, ... , and ... , in addition to small amounts of other elements, like sulfur.
nitrogen, oxygen
A protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure contains:
one polypeptide folded into its three-dimensional structure
Carbon-containing molecules are collectively known as .... molecules.
organic
The three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are ... ... and ...
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
A type of covalent bond called a ... bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.
peptide
In living things, starch is found in ... cells and glycogen is found in certain types of ... cells
plant, animal
When amino acids are linked together they form a large molecule called a(n) ...
polypeptide.
A protein is made up of one or more:
polypeptides
Carbohydrate polymers are called:
polysaccharides
When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long polymers called ...
polysaccharides
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the ... structure.
primary
secondary
repetitive folding patterns such as α helix and β pleated sheet
The sugar found in ribonucleotides of RNA is ...
ribose
What type of sugar is found in RNA molecules?
ribose
The ... structure of a polypeptide is the repeating pattern of folding stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
secondary
What type of lipid contains ring structures?
steroid
Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds between ... groups of cysteine side chains.
sulfhydryl
primary
the linear sequence of amino acids
This molecule is a type of lipid called a(n)
triglyceride
Fats, a type of lipid are also called ... and contain three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
triglycerides
Which of the following are correct names for fat molecules, one of the major classes of lipids?
triglycerides
quaternary
two or more interacting polypeptides
Lipids called ... help to prevent water loss from organisms.
waxes
Hydrogen bonds can form:
within a polypeptide and between different polypeptide chains
What functional groups are found at the N-terminus and the C-terminus of a polypeptide? -A chloride group is at the C-terminus. -An amino group is at the N-terminus. -A methyl group is at the C-terminus. -A hydroxyl group is at the N-terminus. -A carboxyl group is at the C-terminus. -A phosphate group is at the N-terminus.
-An amino group is at the N-terminus. -A carboxyl group is at the C-terminus.
Monosaccharide
One monomer
Triglycerides contain long fatty acid chains that can be metabolized to make ...
ATP
ionic bond
Bond between oppositely charged amino acid side chains
hydrogen bond
Bond between partial positive and negative charges on different amino acids
The four major categories of organic molecules are:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
The type of bond labeled with the Arabic numeral 1 is called a(n):
Peptide bond
What type of lipid is composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to one phosphate group and two fatty acids?
Phospholipid
Phospholipids
Plasma membrane structure
Which of the following carbohydrates are polymers of glucose? -Starch -Peptidoglycan -Sucrose -Chitin -Cellulose -Glycogen
Starch Cellulose Glycogen
In what organisms are starch and glycogen found?
Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals.
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The repeating pattern of folding between regions
What is the function of waxes?
They prevent water loss.
This molecule is a type of lipid called a(n) ...
Triglyceride
What type of lipid molecule is shown in this diagram?
Triglyceride
True or false: A protein may be composed of more than one polypeptide.
True
Disaccharide
Two monomers
Wax
Very long hydrocarbon chain
van der Waals force
Weak, temporary attraction between two atoms