Module 22. Studying And Encoding Memories

_____ is NOT an effective effortful processing strategy to better remember information. -Massed practice -Using hierarchies -Using mnemonics -Chunking information

Massed practice

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work.

effortful processing

To get information into one's brain is to:

encode

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences.

implicit; explicit

Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor say, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is acquired, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:

memory

Cori studied French in high school but has not heard or spoken French in years. Her friend introduces her to someone from France. He begins speaking French and Cori cannot understand a word. A week later after study, she understands and can respond correctly. Cori was able to improve so rapidly due to:

relearning

Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with:

retrieval

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ processing refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work.

effortful

Imagine one has to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory test is known as:

recognition

As Jenny was watching television the electricity went out. For a few tenths of a second, she was still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of _____ memory.

iconic

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

rehearsal

Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So Randy repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called _____.

rehearsal

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.

rehearsal

Given the research on _____, it is likely that many mammalian species can differentiate animals by their facial characteristics.

facial recognition

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

helps one to understand how memory works