Module 3

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Anatomic planes are imaginary flat fields that divide the body into sections. Three major planes lie at right angles to one another and are always in reference to the anatomic position. The frontal or coronal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. A sagittal plane is any vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides, without consideration of whether the sides are equal. The midsagittal plane is a sagittal section made through the midline, dividing the body into equal halves. A transverse plane cuts across the body horizontally, dividing it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. The abdominopelvic region is divided into nine sections: three upper, three middle, and three lower sections. These sections give health care providers a common map for locating internal organs and for describing the location of pain or disease. The three upper regions are the right and left hypochondriac regions—referring to the patient's right and left sides—and the epigastric region, which is above the stomach. The middle three regions are the right and left lumbar regions, with the umbilical region between them, where the umbilicus, or navel, is located. The lower three regions are the right and left iliac regions, where the top of the hip bones lie, with the hypogastric region between them. Because the iliac regions are near the groin, they are also sometimes called the inguinal regions.

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Patients often need to be in a certain position to facilitate an examination or a procedure. To be recumbent means to be lying down. Lying down on the back with the face up is called the supine position. Lying face downward is called the prone position. The head may be turned to one side in the prone position. In a lateral recumbent position, the patient is lying either on his or her left or right side. There are several variations of the supine position. The Fowler position is a semisitting position with the knees slightly elevated. In the Trendelenburg position, the patient is lying on his or her back with the body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet. In the lithotomy position, the patient is supine. The legs are raised, the feet are in stirrups, the hips and knees are flexed, and the thighs are externally rotated, falling away from the body. The Sims position involves turning the patient onto his or her left side with the right knee drawn up and the left arm drawn behind, parallel to the back. The patient may also be on his or her right side; this variation is specifically called a right Sims position. Finally, patients who need to sit up to breathe are placed in the orthopnea position. The patient may sit erect in a chair or upright in bed, supported by pillows behind the head and chest. Sometimes the patient tilts forward, resting on a pillow supported by an overbed table.

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Proximal means near the point of attachment or origin. For example, the shoulder is proximal to the elbow because it is closer to the arm's attachment to the trunk of the body. The opposite of proximal is distal, formed by adding -al to the combining form dist/o, meaning away from that point of reference. For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist and distal to the shoulder. The term supine means to be lying down on one's back with the face turned up. The opposite position is prone. To be prone means to be lying face down.

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The abdominopelvic region may be divided into quadrants, or four sections, by drawing imaginary vertical and horizontal lines through the umbilicus. Right and left designations refer to the patient's right and left sides. The right upper quadrant, abbreviated RUQ, contains the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, parts of the pancreas and small and large intestines, and the right kidney. The left upper quadrant, abbreviated LUQ, contains the left lobe of the liver, the stomach and spleen, parts of the pancreas and intestines, and the left kidney. The right lower quadrant, abbreviated RLQ, contains parts of the intestines, the appendix, the right ureter, and the right fallopian tube and ovary in women, or the right spermatic duct in men. Located in the left lower quadrant, abbreviated LLQ, are again portions of the intestinal tract, the left ureter, and the left fallopian tube and ovary in women or the left spermatic duct in men. Quadrants are useful in describing the signs and symptoms found during the physical examination and when taking the medical history, during which a patient's descriptions may be more general.

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The term superior means pertaining to above and may be used to describe the location of an anatomic structure above another. For example, the eye is superior to the mouth. The term cephalic may also be used to refer to a structure that is situated above another. The combining form cephal/o means head. Another term with this word root is cephalad. The suffix -ad means toward or near; cephalad means toward the head. The term inferior means below. For example, the ankle is inferior to the knee. The term caudal also describes an inferior position. The combining form caud/o means tail or lower part of the body. The term caudad indicates a direction toward the lower part of the body. Lateral, meaning pertaining to the side, indicates a direction that is away from the body's midline. Unilateral means pertaining to one side, and bilateral means pertaining to both sides of the body. If a body part is described as being lateral to another, then it means that it is located to the side of that structure. The lungs are lateral to the heart, for example. The heart, however, is medial to the lungs, meaning that it is located in the middle of the lungs. The term mediad means toward the middle.

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The top end of the humerus is closer to the shoulder.

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When using directional terms, it is assumed that the body is in the anatomic position. The body is in an erect posture and facing forward in the anatomic position. The arms are at the sides, with palms facing forward. The feet are placed side by side, pointed toward the front. The term anterior means pertaining to the front. The term ventral also means pertaining to the front. The combining form ventr/o means belly or front. The term posterior means pertaining to the back. The term dorsal may also be used to describe the backside. When describing the foot, dorsal refers to the upper surface, opposite the sole of the foot. In radiology, directional terms specify the path of the x-ray beam, indicating—by the order of the word parts—which aspect of the body will be struck first by the x-ray beam. For example, the term posteroanterior, abbreviated PA, tells us that the x-ray beam will travel from the back of the body to the front. Anteroposterior, abbreviated AP, indicates that the x-ray beam will travel from the front of the body to the back.

Where is the right hypochondriac region located? above the right lumbar region next to the umbilical region below the right iliac region

above the right lumbar region

Which structure is inferior to the knee? thigh ankle pelvis

ankle

What does the coronal plane do? divide body into anterior and posterior sections divide body into right and left sections divide body into upper and lower sections

divide body into anterior and posterior sections

What does the sagittal plane do? divide body into anterior and posterior sections divide body into right and left sections divide body into upper and lower sections

divide body into right and left sections

What does the transverse plane do? divide body into anterior and posterior sections divide body into right and left sections divide body into upper and lower sections

divide body into upper and lower sections

Which structure is superior to the mouth? eye chin neck

eye

In the supine position, is the patient lying face up or face down? face up face down

face up

Play question audio Transcript In the anatomic position, in which direction do the palms face? backward forward

forward

Play question audio Transcript In radiology, which direction is the x-ray beam traveling in a posteroanterior view? from front to back from back to front from side to side

from back to front

In the anatomic position, where are the arms? above the head across the chest hanging at the sides of the body

hanging at the sides of the body

What does the word root in the term cephalic mean? tail side head

head

What does it mean to be recumbent? lying down sitting upright standing erect

lying down

Play question audio Transcript Which choice best describes the lateral recumbent position? lying on his or her back with the feet up in stirrups lying face down or with the head turned to the side lying on his or her side

lying on his or her side

How is a prone patient positioned? lying on the abdomen, head turned to one side lying on the back, face up

lying on the abdomen, head turned to the side

How is a supine patient positioned? lying on the back, face up lying on the back, face down

lying on the back, face up

Which choice best defines the Sims position? lying on the left side with the right knee drawn up and the left arm drawn behind, parallel to the back sitting upright in bed with pillows supporting the head and chest a semi-sitting position with the knees slightly elevated

lying on the left side with right knee drawn up and the left arm drawn behind, parallel to the back

What does the term posterior mean? pertaining to the front pertaining to the back correct answer from the back to the front

pertaining to the back

What does the term anterior mean? pertaining to the front pertaining to the back dorsal

pertaining to the front

What does the term mediolateral mean? pertaining to the heart pertaining to the middle of one side pertaining to the middle and to the side

pertaining to the middle and to the side

Play question audio Transcript Which of the following terms means the same as dorsoventral? dorsolateral anteroposterior posteroanterior

posteroanterior

Is the shoulder proximal or distal to the elbow? proximal distal

proxmial

Which choice best describes the Trendelenburg position? recumbent, with head higher than feet recumbent, with head lower than feet sitting upright in bed

recumbent, with head lower than feet

Where is the umbilical region located? right and left iliac regions right and left hypochondriac regions right and left lumbar regions

right and left lumbar regions

Which organ is located in the right upper quadrant? left lobe of the liver right lobe of the liver urinary bladder

right lobe of the liver

Which organs are located in the right lower quadrant? left ureter and left fallopian tube and ovary in women or left spermatic duct in men left lobe of the liver, stomach, and spleen right ureter and right fallopian tube and ovary in women or right spermatic duct in men

right ureter and right fallopian tube and ovary in women or right spermatic duct in men

Which joint is cephalad to the elbow? shoulder wrist ankle

shoulder

Play question audio Transcript Lateral means pertaining to which direction? front back side

side

Which organs are contained in the left upper quadrant? stomach and spleen lobe of the liver and gallbladder appendix and right ureter

stomach and spleen

What does it mean to say a patient has bilateral arthritis of the hand? the arthritis started on one side the arthritis occurs in the dominant hand only the arthritis occurs in both hands

the arthritis occurs in both hands

What does the suffix in the term caudad mean? pertaining to toward above

toward

Which joint is caudal to the elbow? wrist shoulder

wrist