Module 3: Language, Culture, Society
Which is an example of embodiment?
Dressing professionally while at work to maintain a good working relationship with colleagues
"Social facts reinforce the collective conscience to maintain social solidarity" is a thought attributed to:
Durkheim
Having access to material resources such as crops or oil is an example of:
Economical capital
The first method of farming developed by humans is known as what?
Extensive horticulture
Anthropologists are exclusively interested in studying culture.
False
Dialects and accents that vary from the standard language are incorrect and should be corrected.
False
In Durkheim's organic solidarity, everyone in the community participates in all the same economic activities.
False
Social capital is the use of an education to bring about power.
False
What is the earliest hominin species to show an increasing control over their environment and to migrate into new geographical regions?
Homo erectus
Which of the following does not describe a sociocultural construction?
In smaller societies with low populations, kinship in solving problems in everyday life
What movement represents the largest diaspora in history, with some 18 million people no longer living in their country of origin?
Indian diaspora
Americans are often characterized by anthropologists as having a concept of the self in which individuals are primarily responsible for their own actions. This is reflected in which trait?
Individualism
Which of the following BEST describes the way gender is presented in Chapter 12?
A powerful sociocultural construct embedded in social practices and institutions
What is the name for the use of irrigation systems, a plough, and continuous cultivation of the same plots?
Intensive agriculture
Which of the following anthropologists focused on symbols as the central way that culture is composed?
Clifford Geertz
Which type of colonization best describes what happened to the Indigenous people of North America?
Settler colonization
What is the name for using several plots of land in various stages of fallow and cultivation?
Shifting cultivation
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that the language you speak influences how you do what?
The way one thinks about reality
Culture is synonymous to civilization.
false
Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of forced migration?
increase in economic wealth
Research suggests that what percentage of differences in skill levels is related to gender?
5%
What does it mean when a person is described as having both power and agency?
A person has control, authority, or influence as well as the capability to act on decisions
What is meant by the phrase "closed corporate community"?
Communities largely detached from urban centers and less prone to cultural change
Why do humans live in a society?
For collective survival
What term refers to the ability to convince others and build group consensus?
Persuasive power
What percentage of the world's languages are in danger of dying out in the next hundred years?
40%
Which term best describes the act of self aligning with who the self thinks it ought to be?
Performativity
Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are differentiated by:
Political and subsistence patterns
For most of humanity's existence, groups of humans were relatively isolated.
True
Globalization requires compatible infrastructure between states.
True
Humans have the ability to ascribe meaning to things, allowing for knowledge structures to form that make life and social relations possible.
True
In social settings, meaning emerges from conversation and social interaction, not (just) from rules.
True
Power is maintained through the manipulation of different types of capital, structural violence, the control of ideologies, and mass surveillance.
True
Symbols make to work culture real to those that understand them
True
Transparency of power (such as the use of open-source materials) and categorizing power (through defining different types) can help minimize the malicious use of unequal power.
True
What phenomena entails the wealthiest and most educated members of postcolonial societies leaving their homelands and relocating to the former colonizing nation?
brain drain migration
What is the name for the time period from the 18th to the 20th century during which institutions of European political control were standardized, particularly in Africa?
classic colonialism
Learning the ways of a culture in an authentic, experiential way, often also defined as the process of one generation passing on cultural values to the next is called:
enculturation
Culture does not change, people change.
false
Culture has an ideal and traditional form that all people strive towards.
false
Identity is completely constructed from the culture around us.
false
Most anthropologists these days take ownership of the culture they are studying.
false
National news always manages to be unbiased in their framing of events.
false
Primitivism and orientalism are types of cultural relativism.
false
What mode of subsistence have humans practiced for most of their evolutionary history?
gathering-hunting
Cultural relativism was the basis for:
historical particularism
The relationship between a person and the political state they are affiliated with describes a person's_________________.
nationality
Which term describes how modern capitalist interests continue to pressure poor nations through economic, political, or military means?
neocolonialism
What economic model prioritizes privatization of public services?
neoliberalism
What term refers to a form of herding in which people live in small seasonal camps as they move with their animals?
nomadism
French philosopher Michel Foucault used which term to describe how people engage in risky public speech in order to speak truth about power?
parrhesia
What mode of subsistence is associated with the care and use of domesticated herd animals?
pastoralism
What occurs when a social movement changes the structure of the political system, whether through peaceful or violent action?
revolution
The ways that individuals perceive aspects of social and natural reality and divide that reality into categories that are culturally variable are called:
social constructions
In Durkheim's mechanical solidarity, the strongest cohesive factor is kinship.
true
Which description BEST defines gender?
Cultural roles associated with the biological categories of male and female
The biological ability of humans to make sounds and put them into meaningful sequences is the study of:
Evolutionary linguistics
What do anthropologists believe was the first step in the development of agriculture?
Gatherer-hunters growing plants in areas that were more convenient for them
Which description BEST defines immigrants?
Individuals who move permanently from one country to another
Education, government, medicine, and family are different areas of dense social complexity. These structures are referred to as:
Institutions
Which farming method would generate the greatest yield and support the largest population?
Intensive agriculture
Which area of linguistics focuses on the social contexts in which language is acquired?
Language socialization
Which kinship structure highlights the nuclear family?
Lineal kinship
Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things in common?
Linguistic universals
Which of the following describes the cultural practice of sororate?
A remarriage rule requires that when a married woman dies, the deceased wife's lineage must provide a replacement wife
Which term refers to a social organization in which certain people have more power or prestige than others?
A social hierarchy
Which of the following BEST describes a fragile state?
A state that can no longer adequate perform the functions of a state
What subfields of linguistics examine the social context of language?
Sociolinguistics
British historian Basil Davidson has argued that African societies such as the Asante and Zulu were proto-states, which means what?
States in formation at the time of European colonization
Which of the following is NOT a likely research area for a sociobiologist?
The degree to which there is gender equity in terms of pay and title in contemporary corporations
What is meant by the term gender essentialism?
The idea that gender-based traits are deep and consequential
Which of the following BEST defines meritocracy?
The idea that people succeed based entirely on their own effort and abilities
Which of the following BEST defines systemic oppression?
The normalization of political, economic, and social inequalities in a society
Which description BEST defines heteronormativity?
The view that heterosexuality is the most natural form of sexuality
Which occupational area employs the greatest number of immigrants to the United States?
Agriculture and meatpacking
Which of the following BEST describes the universalist approach to understanding economic processes?
Assumes that economic processes work the same way all over the world
Which statement is NOT true of the approach Native American cultures typically took to variant genders?
Variant-gender individuals were considered homosexual
Martin Gilens found that when poor people and rich people disagree on an issue, government policy nearly always supports which portion of the population?
Wealthy
As cities and states emerged, there was an increase in demand for higher yields to support growing populations. What did this force farmers to do?
Work as peasants on small plots of land owned by the state
What term refers to a cultural group without an official leader?
acephalous
Quantitative studies focus on statistics.
true
Status and roles help to create structure to interact with others in society.
true
Which theory views social inequality as a struggle between economic classes?
Conflict theory
"Social conflicts caused by material needs result in political and historical events as people seek to find solutions." This idea attributed to Marx is known as:
Dialectical materialism
Which statement is NOT supported by recent findings of feminist researchers?
Meat obtained by male hunters was the primary source of calories for members of preagricultural cultures
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares which of the following regarding refugees?
Refugees have an international legal right to seek asylum
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of chiefdoms?
Reliance on the extended community in making decisions
Which description BEST defines sexual orientation?
Sociocultural identities associated with specific forms of sexuality
Which of the following is an example of a fictive kinship?
The practice of godparenthood
Which of the following BEST describes a paradigm?
Worldviews that define the thinking of a specific time period
What system of social inequality is based on an individual's circumstances of birth and there is no opportunity to move out of a social group?
caste system
Which term refers to the exchange of ideas and artifacts between cultures as a result of migration or globalization?
cultural hybridity
Which term refers to large-scale movement caused by warfare, institutional violence, or the search for better opportunities?
diaspora
What term refers to people sharing things with no regard to value or compensation?
generalized reciprocity
Which term refers to socialized prejudice against women and feminism?
misogyny
Which statement does NOT describe European colonialism in Africa?
Africans were encouraged to start import-export trade and their own factories
The capacity of individuals to act freely and make their own choices is called:
Agency
According to Weber, social change is brought about by:
Charismatic individuals
The formal rules of a language, including how it sounds, is the study of:
Descriptive linguistics
Which statement about communication is false?
It is synonymous with the term language
What area of study looks at the ways in which political and economic systems reinforce or contradict one another over time?
Political economy
According to Durkheim, society changes (or "evolves") because of:
Population growth
Society is synonymous with nation or civilization.
false
Which term refers to the movement of people from rural to urban areas for education, employment, and other opportunities?
internal migration
What term describes how people interact with their environments in order to make a living?
mode of subsistence
The rights and obligations of a particular status are:
roles
What term did Elman Service use for a type of acephalous society that relies on extended family structures for leadership, decision-making, and conflict resolution?
tribal societies
A shared culture helps us trust people we do not know, but share norms with.
true
All humans practice, use, and express culture.
true
Anthropologists can use the scientific method, but their findings are often not objective.
true
Culture is integrated into society's infrastructure, social structure, and superstructure.
true
Culture is learned from others around you.
true
Culture is something that is understood by both actor and audience, outside of formal rules.
true
Culture is the unique beliefs, behaviors, norms, values, ideas, and actions that are taken for granted as a shared way of life.
true
Culture manifests in both the material and ideological.
true
Most anthropologists these days see cultural relativism as tool rather than a rule.
true
People are generally ethnocentric because they are most familiar with their own experiences, which feels "right" to them.
true
Queer Anthropology examines how the hegemonic forces in society work to marginalize and silence alternative ways of being.
true
Social constructions feel very real because we are surrounded by people immersed in the same cultural context.
true
While a society is a collection of people that work together for survival, culture is how social relationships are facilitated and made meaningful
true
What is a ghost marriage?
A marriage performed between one or two deceased individuals
Which of the following is NOT an example of an extended family?
A married couple living with their two children
New archaeological evidence suggests that the Americas were first settled by whom?
A pre-Clovis culture
Which type of colonization happens when large areas of land are occupied by imperial forces for resource extraction and locals are forced to build the infrastructure of their own subjugation and environmental ruin?
Economic colonization
How does capital accumulation contribute to social inequality?
It is invested to increase its value rather than being circulated in the wider economy
Someone who succeeds in college because they have a large family network that supports them while they study is cashing in on:
Social capital
Which of the following is not an example of liminality?
Spending the day at work
Which of the following does not describe a sociocultural construction?
The genetic relatedness of family members
Which of the following BEST describes French philosopher Michel Foucault's concept of biopower?
The power of the state to regulate the bodies of citizens
In American culture, which human-other is symbolically understood as the least real?
Vampires
Which of the following anthropologists used liminality to describe how social structures make sense of the out-of-ordinary?
Victor Turner
What term refers to the process of raising animals to obtain animal by-products?
animal domestication
What term refers to small seminomadic groups who are gatherer-hunters?
bands
What term describes an exploitative relationship in which one state has political dominance over another?
colonialism
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, and objects of another is called
cultural appropriation
What is the estimated number of enslaved Africans believed to have been transported to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century?
10-12M
Environmental degradation, healthcare denial, and the oppression of free speech are examples of:
Structural violence
Technological development, agricultural development, urbanization, industrialization, and communication infrastructure are the five processes of:
Modernization
The continued influence of a nation-state on a former colony after official political occupation is called:
Neocolonization
What term describes organized action by a group outside of the government to create social change?
Social movements
The feeling of connectedness we feel to other members within our group is called:
Social solidarity
The creation of classes in a society to reflect different levels of capital is referred to as:
Social stratification
Which term refers to a hierarchical organization of different groups of people based on traits such as race, socioeconomic status, religion, or gender?
Social stratification
Which description BEST defines evolutionary social theory (cultural evolution)?
Societies moving from one form of social organization to another in a linear evolutionary sequence
Examining how people use a language in real settings rather than studying language as a formal set of rules is which kind of linguistics?
Sociolinguistics
Sexual dimorphism is defined as which of the following?
The exhibition of different characteristics by males and females of the same species
Modernization is:
The processes that make a culture compatible with the larger global economic landscape.
Which of the following is NOT associated with globalization?
The rise of the Industrial Age and the growth of local factories
Which of the following BEST describes the primary focus of political anthropologists?
The role of history and the dynamic relationships of a culture
