Probability, Probability, Probability, Probability, probability, Statistics, Data
1/2
1 red marble, 3 green, 4 blue. what is the probability of not picking blue?
3/8
1 red marble, 3 green, 4 blue. what is the probability of picking a green?
0
1 red marble, 3 green, 4 blue. what is the probability of picking a yellow?
11/13
5 red marbles, 6 green, 2 blue. what is the probability of not picking blue?
6/13
5 red marbles, 6 green, 2 blue. what is the probability of picking green?
5/13
5 red marbles, 6 green, 2 blue. what is the probability of picking red?
Tree Diagram
A Diagram which shows all possible outcomes of an event, using connecting lines to create pathways
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
probability
A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.
outcome
A possible result of a probability experiment
Outcome
A possible result of an experiment
Random Sample
A sampling method in which all members of a group (population or universe) have both an equal and independent chance of being selected.
event
An outcome or set of outcomes of an experiment or situation.
Impossible
Can never happen, having a probability of 0 or 0%
Triangular Graph
Graphs showing data that can be divided into three parts. The data must be in percentages which total 100%
Scatter Graph
Graphs which show how two sets of data are related to each other.
8/52 or 2/13 = 0.1538 = ~15.4%
If you choose a card out of a standard deck of 52 playing cards, what is the P (red Jack or red Queen, or red King, or red Ace)?
6/12 or 1/2 = 0.5 = 50%
If you roll a 12-sided dice, what is the P(rolling an even number)?
4/12 or 1/3 = 0.333 = 33.3%
If you roll a 12-sided dice, what is the probability of rolling a multiple of 3?
5/12 = 0.4167 = ~41.7%
If you roll a 12-sided dice, what is the probability of rolling a number between 4 and 10?
3/8 = 0.375 = 37.5%
If you spin the spinner once, what is the probability that you will get a number greater than 5?
Double-blinding experiment
In addition to the experimental units, those people who are conducting the experiments not know to which group the experimental units have been assigned
Qualitative
Measurements vary in kind or name but not in degree meaning they cannot be ranked
Flow Diagrams
Provide illustrations of things like traffic or pedestrian flows, population migrations, or world trade. Thickness of arrows usually indicate flow size.
Radial Graph
Shows multivariable data in a 2 dimensional chart of 3 or more variables starting from the same point.
Certain
Sure to happen; having a probability of 1 or 100%
Experimental Probability
The RESULT of an experiment or simulation after a large number of trials.
Population
The entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn.
Probability
The extent to which an event is likely to occur, measured by the ratio of the favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible.
Multistage random sampling
The population is divided into several clusters and these are further divided into smaller sub-clusters
Odds in Favor
The ratio of the number of ways that an outcome can occur compared to how many ways it cannot occur.
Odds Against
The ratio of the number of ways that an outcome cannot occur compared to how many ways it can occur.
Sample Space
The set of all possible outcomes or results of an experiment. It is usually denoted using set notation, and the possible outcomes are listed as elements in the set.
Haphazard sampling
This method involves selecting a sample by some convenient mechanism that does not involve randomization
24/32 or 3/4 = 0.75 = 75%
Tim has 14 pop, 10 rap, and 8 rock songs on his playlist. If he hits shuffle once, what is the P(not getting a rock song)?
Line graph
Used to show a continuous change in data
Bar graph
Used to show change in data with categories that cannot really be joined as in a Line graph.
Histograms
Used to show distributions or frequencies, so information along a spectrum
Divided Bar Graph
Used to show how a data set can be broken down into fractions or percentages.
Pie Graph
Used to show how a data set can be broken down into fractions or percentages; more complex than divided bar graph.
Theoretical Probability
What is EXPECTED to happen based on the possible outcomes, assuming equally likely events.
1, or 100%
a certain chance of an event happening is the same as a ______________ chance
random choice
a choice made without a reason
venn diagram
a diagram using two (or more) circles that shows how two (or more) sets are related
null (empty) set
a set with no elements
event
a specific possible outcome
two way table
a table with columns and rows recording the number of items belonging to different categories
trial
a(n) ________ is each observation of an action
outcome or event
a(n) _________________ is a possible result of an action
sample space
all possible outcomes
statistical model
an equation that shows relationship of variables
0, or 0%
an impossible chance of an event happening is the same as a _________________ chance
random sample
any possible outcome
population
collection to be analyzed
Constant
do not change in repeated trials over time
1/2, 0.5, or 50%
equally likely chance of an event happening is the same as a __________ chance
Factor
explanatory variables that cause a change in the response
discrete
finite
Simple random sampling
list of all possible individuals in the population is made and n subjects are chosen in such a way that every set of n subjects has an equal chance of being selected
Inferential Statistics
making predictions about unknown population parameters using sample statistics
statistic variable
measurable characteristic
Quantitative
measurable data that is discrete or continuous
subjective
measure one's belief
Variable
measurements of some characteristic vary from trial to trial
nominal
named
statistic
number computed from sample
parameter
number that describes a population
statistics
observation of past
ordinal
ordered
favorable outcomes
outcomes in a sample space that satisfy the event desired are called _______________ _________________
Volunteer Response Sampling
people volunteer to be a part of the study. EX- telephone call in polls ,internet survey
experiment
planned activity that yields data
Stratified random sampling
population is naturally divided into two or more groups of similar subjects called strata
likelihood
probability is the _________________ that an event will occur
equally likely
same probability of occurring
sample space
set of all possible outcomes of an experiment
bias
some individuals are systematically favored over others
Levels
specific value of factor
Descriptive Statistics
statistics dealing with organizing and summarizing data
union (sets)
the combination of all elements from two or more sets
intersection (sets)
the elements that are common to two or more sets
Wind Rose Graph
type of Radial Graph, which provides a pictorial representation of wind direction. Number of calm days are shown in the middle.
statistical inference
using sample information to learn about population
1/2
what is the probability of flipping a coin and getting head?
0/8
what is the probability of landing on 9?
5/8
what is the probability of landing on an even number or 3?
8/8
what is the probability of landing on an odd or even number?
4/8
what is the probability of landing on black?
1/3
what is the probability of rolling a dice and getting a 1 or 6?