Psychology Test 1 (Prologue and Ch. 1)
survey, question, read, review, relect
(Close-Up) In order, the sequence of steps in the SQ3R method is _______________________.
random sample
A _____________ of a large group of people is one in which every person in the large group has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
basic research
A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in ____________.
social-cultural
A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the __________ perspective.
double-blind procedure
Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of the ___________.
developmental
Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) __________ psychologist.
reviewing material
One technique of the SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of ___________.
illusory correlation
Our tendency to notice and remember instances in which a premonition of an unlikely phone call is actually followed by the call most clearly contributes to ___________.
blind
Participants in an experiment are said to be _________ if they are uninformed about which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.
behavior genetics
Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on homosexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective.
neuroscience
Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a _______ perspective on depression.
industrial (organizational) psychology
behavior in the workplace
cognitive neuroscience
brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory and language
psychodynamic perspective
the disguised effect of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas
developmental psychologist
Dr. Jone's research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a ______________.
Descartes
Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?
Edward Titchener
Who introduced the early school of structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life?"
John B. Watson
Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed?"
William James
Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?
reactions to sensory stimulation
Wilheim Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of _________.
clinical psychologists
_________ are most likely to be involved in providing therapy to trouble people.
case study
___________ is a research method is which a single individual is studied in great depth.
functionalism
_______________ was a school of psychology that focused attention on the adaptive value of conscious thought.
applied
a psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ____________ research
basic research
adds to psychology's knowledge base
functionalism
an early school of psychology that focused on the adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors
structuralism
an early school of psychology tht used introspection to explore the contents of the mind
illusory correlation
Adelle dreamed that a handsome young man she had met the previous day asked her for a date. When he actually did call for a date several days later, Adelle concluded that dreams accurately predict future events. Her belief best illustrates ____________.
introspection
Behaviorists dismissed the value of __________.
humanistic psychology
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with _______________.
false consensus effect
Conservatives are more likely than liberals to perceive high levels of popular support for conservative views. This best illustrates ___________.
cognitive
Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ____________ psychologist.
social-cultural
Dr. Ernst explains behaviors in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the ____________ perspective.
potential for healthy growth
Humanistic psychologist focused attention on the importance of people's __________.
potential for healthy growth
Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's ___________.
people's economic status and the aggressiveness of their children are negatively correlated
If psychologists discovered that people who live in at the poverty level have more aggressive children than do wealthy people, this would indicate that _____________.
negatively correlated
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are ___________.
placebo
In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a __________.
independent
In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the _________ variable.
science of mental life
In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the __________.
control
In order to study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems working together, other participants were instructed to solve problems working alone. Those who worked alone were exposed to the _______ condition.
behavior
In psychology, ___________ is best defined as any action we can observe and record
operational definition
In reporting the effect of alcohol consumption on self-consciousness, psychological researchers would specify exactly how they measured self-consciousness. They are thereby providing a(n) __________.
experimentation
In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?
nature, nurture
Innate ability is to learned ability as _________ is to __________.
naturalistic observation
Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as ____________.
cognitive neuroscientists
Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception, and other thought processes are called ___________.
behavior genetics
Psychologists who study the to which genes influence out personality are working from the ___________ perspective.
clinical psychologists
Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called ___________.
behavior and
Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior and mental process." Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this defintion
behavior, mental processes
Smiling is to feeling as __________ is to __________.
Plato
The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was ______________.
mean
The _________ of a distribution of scores is the arithmetic average of all the scores.
cognitive perspective
The _____________ in psychology focuses on how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
may be unrepresentative of what is generally true
The biggest danger of relying on a case study is that it ____________.
unconscious conflicts
The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on _____________.
Wundt, 1879
The first psychology lab was est by ________ in the year ________.
experiments
The most accurate way of assessing the impact of breast-milk feedings on the intellectual development of children is by means of ____________.
blood chemistry
The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by ___________.
introspection
The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called ____________.
Locke
The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is ___________.
random assignment
To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movies scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make us of ____________.
connects with a diversity of other fields
Today, psychology is a discipline that ____________.
science of behavior and mental processes
Today, psychology is defined as the __________.
philosophy and biology
Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of ________________.
psychiatrist
What individual is also a physician?
correlation coefficient
What is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables?
behavioral
Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?
neuroscience
Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
neuroscience
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior?
cognitive
Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?
behavior genetics perspective
how much genes and environment contribute to individual differences
evolutionary research
how natural selection favors traits that promote the perpetuation of ones genes
social-cultural perspective
how people differ as products of different environments
neuroscience perspective
how the body and brain crate emotions, memories, and sensations
cognitive perspective
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
behavioral perspective
the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed
psychiatry
the medical treatment of psychological disorders
applied research
the study of practical problems
clinical psychology
the study, assessment, and treatment of troubled people
behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that avoids reference to mental processes