Psychology Test 1 (Prologue and Ch. 1)

survey, question, read, review, relect

(Close-Up) In order, the sequence of steps in the SQ3R method is _______________________.

random sample

A _____________ of a large group of people is one in which every person in the large group has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

basic research

A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in ____________.

social-cultural

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the __________ perspective.

double-blind procedure

Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of the ___________.

developmental

Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) __________ psychologist.

reviewing material

One technique of the SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of ___________.

illusory correlation

Our tendency to notice and remember instances in which a premonition of an unlikely phone call is actually followed by the call most clearly contributes to ___________.

blind

Participants in an experiment are said to be _________ if they are uninformed about which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

behavior genetics

Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on homosexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective.

neuroscience

Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a _______ perspective on depression.

industrial (organizational) psychology

behavior in the workplace

cognitive neuroscience

brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory and language

psychodynamic perspective

the disguised effect of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas

developmental psychologist

Dr. Jone's research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a ______________.

Descartes

Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

Edward Titchener

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

Wilhelm Wundt

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life?"

John B. Watson

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed?"

William James

Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?

reactions to sensory stimulation

Wilheim Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of _________.

clinical psychologists

_________ are most likely to be involved in providing therapy to trouble people.

case study

___________ is a research method is which a single individual is studied in great depth.

functionalism

_______________ was a school of psychology that focused attention on the adaptive value of conscious thought.

applied

a psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ____________ research

basic research

adds to psychology's knowledge base

functionalism

an early school of psychology that focused on the adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors

structuralism

an early school of psychology tht used introspection to explore the contents of the mind

illusory correlation

Adelle dreamed that a handsome young man she had met the previous day asked her for a date. When he actually did call for a date several days later, Adelle concluded that dreams accurately predict future events. Her belief best illustrates ____________.

introspection

Behaviorists dismissed the value of __________.

humanistic psychology

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with _______________.

false consensus effect

Conservatives are more likely than liberals to perceive high levels of popular support for conservative views. This best illustrates ___________.

cognitive

Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ____________ psychologist.

social-cultural

Dr. Ernst explains behaviors in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the ____________ perspective.

potential for healthy growth

Humanistic psychologist focused attention on the importance of people's __________.

potential for healthy growth

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's ___________.

people's economic status and the aggressiveness of their children are negatively correlated

If psychologists discovered that people who live in at the poverty level have more aggressive children than do wealthy people, this would indicate that _____________.

negatively correlated

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are ___________.

placebo

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a __________.

independent

In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the _________ variable.

science of mental life

In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the __________.

control

In order to study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems working together, other participants were instructed to solve problems working alone. Those who worked alone were exposed to the _______ condition.

behavior

In psychology, ___________ is best defined as any action we can observe and record

operational definition

In reporting the effect of alcohol consumption on self-consciousness, psychological researchers would specify exactly how they measured self-consciousness. They are thereby providing a(n) __________.

experimentation

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?

nature, nurture

Innate ability is to learned ability as _________ is to __________.

naturalistic observation

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as ____________.

cognitive neuroscientists

Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception, and other thought processes are called ___________.

behavior genetics

Psychologists who study the to which genes influence out personality are working from the ___________ perspective.

clinical psychologists

Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called ___________.

behavior and

Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior and mental process." Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this defintion

behavior, mental processes

Smiling is to feeling as __________ is to __________.

Plato

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was ______________.

mean

The _________ of a distribution of scores is the arithmetic average of all the scores.

cognitive perspective

The _____________ in psychology focuses on how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true

The biggest danger of relying on a case study is that it ____________.

unconscious conflicts

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on _____________.

Wundt, 1879

The first psychology lab was est by ________ in the year ________.

experiments

The most accurate way of assessing the impact of breast-milk feedings on the intellectual development of children is by means of ____________.

blood chemistry

The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by ___________.

introspection

The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called ____________.

Locke

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is ___________.

random assignment

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movies scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make us of ____________.

connects with a diversity of other fields

Today, psychology is a discipline that ____________.

science of behavior and mental processes

Today, psychology is defined as the __________.

philosophy and biology

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of ________________.

psychiatrist

What individual is also a physician?

correlation coefficient

What is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables?

behavioral

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?

neuroscience

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

neuroscience

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior?

cognitive

Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?

behavior genetics perspective

how much genes and environment contribute to individual differences

evolutionary research

how natural selection favors traits that promote the perpetuation of ones genes

social-cultural perspective

how people differ as products of different environments

neuroscience perspective

how the body and brain crate emotions, memories, and sensations

cognitive perspective

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

behavioral perspective

the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed

psychiatry

the medical treatment of psychological disorders

applied research

the study of practical problems

clinical psychology

the study, assessment, and treatment of troubled people

behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that avoids reference to mental processes