Probability, Probability, Probability, Probability, probability, Statistics, Data

1/2

1 red marble, 3 green, 4 blue. what is the probability of not picking blue?

3/8

1 red marble, 3 green, 4 blue. what is the probability of picking a green?

0

1 red marble, 3 green, 4 blue. what is the probability of picking a yellow?

11/13

5 red marbles, 6 green, 2 blue. what is the probability of not picking blue?

6/13

5 red marbles, 6 green, 2 blue. what is the probability of picking green?

5/13

5 red marbles, 6 green, 2 blue. what is the probability of picking red?

Tree Diagram

A Diagram which shows all possible outcomes of an event, using connecting lines to create pathways

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

probability

A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.

outcome

A possible result of a probability experiment

Outcome

A possible result of an experiment

Random Sample

A sampling method in which all members of a group (population or universe) have both an equal and independent chance of being selected.

event

An outcome or set of outcomes of an experiment or situation.

Impossible

Can never happen, having a probability of 0 or 0%

Triangular Graph

Graphs showing data that can be divided into three parts. The data must be in percentages which total 100%

Scatter Graph

Graphs which show how two sets of data are related to each other.

8/52 or 2/13 = 0.1538 = ~15.4%

If you choose a card out of a standard deck of 52 playing cards, what is the P (red Jack or red Queen, or red King, or red Ace)?

6/12 or 1/2 = 0.5 = 50%

If you roll a 12-sided dice, what is the P(rolling an even number)?

4/12 or 1/3 = 0.333 = 33.3%

If you roll a 12-sided dice, what is the probability of rolling a multiple of 3?

5/12 = 0.4167 = ~41.7%

If you roll a 12-sided dice, what is the probability of rolling a number between 4 and 10?

3/8 = 0.375 = 37.5%

If you spin the spinner once, what is the probability that you will get a number greater than 5?

Double-blinding experiment

In addition to the experimental units, those people who are conducting the experiments not know to which group the experimental units have been assigned

Qualitative

Measurements vary in kind or name but not in degree meaning they cannot be ranked

Flow Diagrams

Provide illustrations of things like traffic or pedestrian flows, population migrations, or world trade. Thickness of arrows usually indicate flow size.

Radial Graph

Shows multivariable data in a 2 dimensional chart of 3 or more variables starting from the same point.

Certain

Sure to happen; having a probability of 1 or 100%

Experimental Probability

The RESULT of an experiment or simulation after a large number of trials.

Population

The entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn.

Probability

The extent to which an event is likely to occur, measured by the ratio of the favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible.

Multistage random sampling

The population is divided into several clusters and these are further divided into smaller sub-clusters

Odds in Favor

The ratio of the number of ways that an outcome can occur compared to how many ways it cannot occur.

Odds Against

The ratio of the number of ways that an outcome cannot occur compared to how many ways it can occur.

Sample Space

The set of all possible outcomes or results of an experiment. It is usually denoted using set notation, and the possible outcomes are listed as elements in the set.

Haphazard sampling

This method involves selecting a sample by some convenient mechanism that does not involve randomization

24/32 or 3/4 = 0.75 = 75%

Tim has 14 pop, 10 rap, and 8 rock songs on his playlist. If he hits shuffle once, what is the P(not getting a rock song)?

Line graph

Used to show a continuous change in data

Bar graph

Used to show change in data with categories that cannot really be joined as in a Line graph.

Histograms

Used to show distributions or frequencies, so information along a spectrum

Divided Bar Graph

Used to show how a data set can be broken down into fractions or percentages.

Pie Graph

Used to show how a data set can be broken down into fractions or percentages; more complex than divided bar graph.

Theoretical Probability

What is EXPECTED to happen based on the possible outcomes, assuming equally likely events.

1, or 100%

a certain chance of an event happening is the same as a ______________ chance

random choice

a choice made without a reason

venn diagram

a diagram using two (or more) circles that shows how two (or more) sets are related

null (empty) set

a set with no elements

event

a specific possible outcome

two way table

a table with columns and rows recording the number of items belonging to different categories

trial

a(n) ________ is each observation of an action

outcome or event

a(n) _________________ is a possible result of an action

sample space

all possible outcomes

statistical model

an equation that shows relationship of variables

0, or 0%

an impossible chance of an event happening is the same as a _________________ chance

random sample

any possible outcome

population

collection to be analyzed

Constant

do not change in repeated trials over time

1/2, 0.5, or 50%

equally likely chance of an event happening is the same as a __________ chance

Factor

explanatory variables that cause a change in the response

discrete

finite

Simple random sampling

list of all possible individuals in the population is made and n subjects are chosen in such a way that every set of n subjects has an equal chance of being selected

Inferential Statistics

making predictions about unknown population parameters using sample statistics

statistic variable

measurable characteristic

Quantitative

measurable data that is discrete or continuous

subjective

measure one's belief

Variable

measurements of some characteristic vary from trial to trial

nominal

named

statistic

number computed from sample

parameter

number that describes a population

statistics

observation of past

ordinal

ordered

favorable outcomes

outcomes in a sample space that satisfy the event desired are called _______________ _________________

Volunteer Response Sampling

people volunteer to be a part of the study. EX- telephone call in polls ,internet survey

experiment

planned activity that yields data

Stratified random sampling

population is naturally divided into two or more groups of similar subjects called strata

likelihood

probability is the _________________ that an event will occur

equally likely

same probability of occurring

sample space

set of all possible outcomes of an experiment

bias

some individuals are systematically favored over others

Levels

specific value of factor

Descriptive Statistics

statistics dealing with organizing and summarizing data

union (sets)

the combination of all elements from two or more sets

intersection (sets)

the elements that are common to two or more sets

Wind Rose Graph

type of Radial Graph, which provides a pictorial representation of wind direction. Number of calm days are shown in the middle.

statistical inference

using sample information to learn about population

1/2

what is the probability of flipping a coin and getting head?

0/8

what is the probability of landing on 9?

5/8

what is the probability of landing on an even number or 3?

8/8

what is the probability of landing on an odd or even number?

4/8

what is the probability of landing on black?

1/3

what is the probability of rolling a dice and getting a 1 or 6?