Module 4: Plant Evolution History

all land plants

-display alternation of generations -retain the fertilized egg (protection and nourishment)

angiosperms

-most recent and diverse group of land plants -appear in fossil record 150 mya -flowers, ovary, double, fertilization, fruits -coevolution with pollinators

chitin

Cells walls of fungi are composed of

sedless vascular plants (ferns, allies, horsetails, whisk ferns, lycophytes)

- vascular tissue; water conducting tubes reinforced with lignin -sporophyte is dominant, bt still depends on gametophyt for nutrition when yong -sperm flagellated and require water to reach egg -massive lycophyte forests dominated swamps, resulting in todays coal deposits

nonvascular plants (mosses, liverworts, hornworts; bryophytes, non-tracheophytes)

-gametophytes are photosynthetic -sporophytes are attached to the gametophytes and depend on them nutritionally -they require water to reproduce; sperm are flagellated and must swim to the egg -most are small; less than 7 cm high -diverse terrestrial habitat but generally unspecialized plants -common to temprate and tropical areas

heterosporous (seed plants)

-microsporangia, microspoes, male gametophyte, sperm -megasporangia, megasportes, female gametophyte, eggs

green algae

-most closely related to and plants -do not display alternation of generations -retain fertilized zygote (protection)

gymnosperms (cordaites, seed ferns)

-primitive seed plants coexisted in swamps and forests but were not prominent until swamps began to dry -began to replace the swamp forests as the climate became arid -cordaites; a group of tree-like plants, distinctive trunk and separate branches to which narrow-elliptical leaves were attached in whorls -seed ferns; had the appearance of ferns but reproduced with seeds

yeast cells are eukaryotic and make/modify proteins similarly to human cells

An advantage of using modified yeast cells over bacterial cells to express human proteins is that:

parasites mutualistic symbiotes free living heterotrophs facultative anaerobes

Fungi "make a living" as

animals

Fungi are mostly closely related to

cuticle < vascular tissue < seeds < flowers = fruits

Place the following adaptations from first to most recent appearance in the plant evolutionary history. vascular tissue seeds flowers cuticle fruits

mosses < ferns < gymnosperms < angiosperms

Place the following plant groups in sequence from the first to most recent appearance in the fossil record. gymnosperms mosses angiosperms ferns

oceans are full of reduced iron (Fe2+) = some iron is oxidized by microbes using anoxygenic photosynthesis < oxygenic photosynthesis evolved < oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria oxidizes iron to Fe3+ < precipitated iron accumulates in oceanic sediment

Place the following steps in chronological order for the creation of the The Great Oxygenation Event. oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria oxidizes iron to Fe3+ oxygenic photosynthesis evolved some iron is oxidized by microbes using anoxygenic photosynthesis oceans are full of reduced iron (Fe2+) precipitated iron accumulates in oceanic sediment

sporophyte, diploid, gametophyte, haploid

Plants have evolved a life cycle involving alternation of generations, where the _________ generation is _____________, followed by the __________ generation which is __________. This cycle is repeated continuously.

dessication - waxy cuticle gravity - woody (lignin) structures transport of water - xylem gaseous environment - stomata transport of nutrients (sugar) - phloem

Select the relevant adaptation exhibited by plants in their transition to land from an aquatic lifestyle. A. dessication B. gravity C. transport of water D. gaseous environment E. transport of nutrients (sugar)

3 ---> 1 ---> 2

Sexual reproduction in fungi is very different from animals. Fungal reproduction via sex (note: sex is the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote; more on this later in the term!) involves the three events listed below (not in order). Select the numbers which place these events in the proper sequence. 1. karyogamy 2. meiosis 3. plasmogamy

false

The first immediate challenge to early land plants was evolving resistant seeds to allow dispersal across dry landscapes.

cells of fungi are surrounded by a cell wall fungi are heterotrophs

What makes a fungus, a fungus?

Gravity is present for aquatic organisms as well as those on land. Organisms would have been exposed to greater constraints due to gravity as they transitioned to land, not just once they arrived.

What's wrong with this statement biologically? Life arose in the aquatic environment and later invaded land. Once organisms came onto land, they had to evolve effective methods of support against gravity in order to survive.

The trend towards a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?

they recycle carbon and inorganic minerals via extracellular digestion

Why are fungi important decomposers?

the atmosphere lacks oxygen

Yeast is a facultative anaerobe. This means that fermentation takes place only if:

magnolias

belong to evolutionary branch reelated to monocots

key innovations of plants to land life

dimorphic body, waxy cuticle and stomata

Reproduction

diploid sprorophytes produces spores by meiosis; spores grow into haploid gametophytes; haploid gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis; haploid gametes come together to produce diploid sprorophytes. you can tell where the sporophyte is in this diagram because it occurs as a result of the fusion of the two haploid gametes.

Divergence in Plantae characteristics

divergence of entire clade from green algae cellulose-based cell walls, chlorophyll a and b, starch as storage molecule in chloroplasts non-tracheophytes nonseed tracheophytes gymno and angiosperms early lineages were dependent on wet habitats, more recent ones are not; adaptive radiation in mesic and xeric conditions

successive adaptive radiations

diversification in plants involved this following evolution of key biological adaptations that increased efficiency in a gaseous (air)and solid (earth) environment

low and sprawling

first land plants were this before evolution of rigid body support, algal-like tissue could nont grow erect and resist gravity

Cretaceous (end of the Mesozoic)

flowers and fruits arose in the leading to angiosperms (flowering plants)

non-tracheophytes

lack wter transport cells (2 of 3 lineages), mosses have limited number

major problems posed by gravity, water loss, availability of land

maintain body structure in air (and inc. body size) obtain, transport, and retain water fertilize egg and produce and protect embryos

eudicots

most have two embryonic cotyledons includes herbs, vines, deciduous trees, shrubs, and fruit trees

basal angiosperms

oldes angiosperm groups

alternations of generations

prescence of both a multicellular haploid and a multicellular diploid organism

aquatic lifestyle (land masses were virtually unoccupied by multicellular organisms, tremendous potential for adaptive radiation)

prior to the diversification of land plants in the Silurian era, multicellular life was entirely adapted and restricted to this type of lifestyle

at the end of the Devion

seeds and true leaves arose in the lineages that led to seeded vascular plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

monocots

single embryonic cotyledon includes grasses, cattails, orchids, and palm trees

sporophyte

small in bryotphytes larger in ferns dominant in gymnosperms and angiosperms

homosporus (non-vascular, no-seedless vascular plants)

sprangium, spores, bisexual gametophyte, sperm or egg

ordovician (early paleozoic)

the cuticle present on all land plants

pollen grain

the male gametophyte is reduced to a microscopic structure called this

terrestrial life

this type of life required solution to structural, physiological, and problems of living on land

nonseed tracheophytes

vascular tissue and leaves, but reproduce via spores

Devion (mid Paleozoic)

vascular tissue arose in the lineages that led to vascular plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms

vascular tissure, complex leaves, seeds