module 77

Explicit attitudes are typically ________, whereas implicit attitudes are often ________. persistent; temporary negative; positive ingroup biased; outgroup biased objective; subjective conscious; unconscious

conscious; unconscious

In one study, researchers found that police officers judge Black faces that appear more typical of their race to be more childlike. criminal. altruistic. familiar. unattractive.

criminal.

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrate the subtle nature of implicit attitudes. subordinate goals. confirmation biases. social traps. reciprocity norms.

implicit attitudes.

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this would be considered to illustrate deindividuation. the fundamental attribution error. cognitive dissonance. a social trap. implicit prejudice.

implicit prejudice.

Hostilities between the Iraqi Sunni and Shia and between Northern Ireland Protestants and Catholics illustrate the irony that sometimes the greatest dislike is expressed between groups that are much more alike than different. value the reciprocity norm. demonstrate groupthink. discriminate because of outgroup bias rather than ingroup bias. experience deindividuation.

are much more alike than different.

The three components of prejudice are beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action. social loafing, group polarization, and groupthink. schemas, attributions, and social scripts. inequality, frustration, and aggression. ingroup bias, mirror-image perceptions, and deindividuation.

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to dislike and distrust those who are wealthy. believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer. work to resolve and lessen social injustices. express higher levels of prejudice after suffering frustration. respond with kindness to those who mistreat them.

believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.

We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category. This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice. neurological emotional biological social cognitive

cognitive

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in stereotyping. discrimination. the fundamental attribution error. deindividuation. confirmation bias.

discrimination.

A vivid example of a North Korean's behavior has an unusually strong influence on people's judgments of all North Koreans primarily because people are motivated to confirm their current stereotypes of specific groups. strongly resent those who draw a lot of attention to themselves. are prone to committing the fundamental attribution error. typically categorize other individuals on the basis of barely noticeable characteristics. estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of the memorability of these characteristics.

estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of the memorability of these characteristics.

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from stereotypes. self-serving bias. frustration. the just-world phenomenon. ingroup bias.

frustration.

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate deindividuation. ingroup bias. the reciprocity norm. the mere exposure effect. the fundamental attribution error.

ingroup bias.

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called prejudice. discrimination. groupthink. scapegoating. deindividuation.

prejudice.

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of the mere exposure effect. social facilitation. the bystander effect. the just-world phenomenon. scapegoat theory.

scapegoat theory.

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying deindividuation. group polarization. social inequalities. the bystander effect. superordinate goals.

social inequalities.