Module 8 Questions
Which of the following statements about alcohol intake and cancer risk is true? Moderate amounts of alcohol intake protect against breast and colon cancer. Alcohol intake increases the development of smoking-related cancers. Alcohol intake is linked to the development of liver cancer only. Alcohol acts as an antioxidant, resulting in liver cancer.
Alcohol intake increases the development of smoking-related cancers. It is hypothesized that alcohol interacts with smoke and functions as a solvent for the carcinogenic chemicals in tobacco.
Apart from diminished physical energy, cancer-related fatigue can manifest in which of the following ways? Mood changes Diminished intellectual performance All of the above Muscle weakness
All of the above Cancer-related fatigue can manifest in a variety of ways, including diminished intellectual performance, muscle weakness, and mood changes.
Individual response to pain depends on which of the following factors? Psychologic Cultural All of the above Physiologic
All of the above Cultural, psychologic, and physiologic factors all play a role in an individual's response to pain.
Which of the following factors plays a role in organ tropism? Presence of chemotactic factors Presence of certain growth factors or hormones Preferential adherence to the surface of certain target cells All of the above
All of the above The preferential metastatic growth of cancer cells in certain organs, known as organ tropism, is determined by preferential adherence to the surface of certain target cells and the presence of certain growth factors, hormones, or chemotactic factors that attract the cancer cells to the tissue.
After cancer cells metastasize into lymphatic vessels, which of the following events can occur? All of the above can occur. Cancer cells are killed by immune cells in the lymph nodes. Cancer cells continue past the lymph nodes to distant organ sites. Cancer cells lodge in the lymph node and proliferate.
All of the above can occur. After entering the lymphatic system, cancer cells may continue to travel to distant organs and tissues; however, they also may be killed by immune cells in the lymph nodes or survive and proliferate in the nodes.
Which of the following factors plays a role in the development of cancer from viral and bacterial infections? All of the above factors play a role. Growth factors are released during the resulting inflammation. Cells divide more frequently to replace damaged tissue. Inflammatory chemicals cause damage to DNA.
All of the above factors play a role. All three of these factors play a role in the development of cancer from viral and bacterial-induced inflammation.
Which of the following cell populations do chemotherapeutic agents primarily target? All cells Cancer cells only All rapidly dividing cells Cells that are incapable of mitosis
All rapidly dividing cells Chemotherapeutic agents target cells at certain stages in the cell cycle and therefore tend to cause injury or death to rapidly dividing cells. Populations affected include cancer cells and any healthy tissue undergoing mitosis, including cells of the bone marrow, hair follicle, and gastrointestinal tract.
Which of the following genetic events is capable of activating oncogenes? All of the above Deletion Loss of heterozygosity Amplification
Amplification Because the growth-promoting effect of oncogenes must involve overexpression of the gene, amplification is a genetic event that can activate an oncogene.
Mesothelioma is associated with exposure to which of the following? Coal Radon Tobacco Asbestos
Asbestos Perhaps the best-known occupational hazard is asbestos and its strong link to lung cancer and mesothelioma.
Which nutrients modify carcinogen metabolism? A) Fiber B) Selenium C) Chromium D) Calcium
B) Selenium modifies carcinogen metabolism and may modify carcinogenesis.
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papilloma virus results in cervical: A) atrophy. B) dysplasia. C) metaplasia. D) hormonal hyperplasia.
B) dysplasia. Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical dysplasia.
Cytokines, like CSFs, for example, are: A) adhesion molecules B) growth factors C) sequences of DNA D) cell junctions
B) growth factors. Cytokines are growth factors that transmit signals within and between cells.
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of benign tumors? Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule. Cells in the tumor are undifferentiated. Cells in the tumor occasionally metastasize to lymph nodes. Benign tumors have a tendency to invade surrounding tissue.
Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule. Most benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule that separates the tumor from the surrounding tissue.
Which of the following modes of treatment is not used to eradicate cancer? Hormone therapy Surgery Blood transfusions Immunotherapy
Blood transfusions Although blood transfusions can be used to treat severe cancer-related anemia, this therapy is not effective in treating cancers.
Mutations in the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of cancer in which of the following organs? Breast and ovary Breast and vagina Breast and cervix Breast and uterus
Breast and ovary Breast cancer gene BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations describe inherited tumor-suppressor gene mutations that put the individual at increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer.
Which diet has been linked with reducing mortality rates for those with chronic illnesses? A) Atkins diet B) Vegetarian C) Mediterranean D) Paleo
C) The Mediterranean diet has been linked to a reduction in mortality rates for those with chronic illnesses.
In autocrine signaling: A) a cell signals a neighboring cell B) a cell releases a hormone C) a cell signals itself D) a neuron signals another neuron
C) a cell signals itself.In autocrine signaling, or autostimulation, molecules act on the cell of origin (i.e., a cell signals itself).
Free radicals cause tissue injury by all of the following mechanisms except: A) lipid peroxidation. B) DNA fragmentation C) activation of lysosomal enzymes. D) mitochondrial damage.
C) activation of lysosomal enzymes Free radicals cause tissue injury by DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial damage.
Pathologic hyperplasia can lead to: A) metaplasia. B) dysplasia. C) all of the above. D) neoplasia (cancer).
C) all of the above. Pathologic hyperplasia can eventually lead to metaplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia.
Normally, the tumor suppressor gene p53 induces: A)secretion of antigrowth factors. B)the formation of oncogenes. C) apoptosis. D)telomere activity.
C) apoptosis. p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that induces apoptosis of injured or mutated cells. Loss of this gene can contribute to the survival of a cancer cell.
Which is true regarding circadian rhythms? A) Circadian rhythm is separate from body processes. B) Circadian rhythm does not affect metabolism. C)Circadian rhythm interferes with detox cycles. D) Circadian disruptions accelerate malignant growth.
D) Circadian disruptions accelerate malignant growth.Circadian disruptions accelerate malignant growth.
Which of the following statements about mutations is correct? A)Mutations always lead to genetic disease B) Spontaneous mutations occur as a result of exposure to a mutagen C) Mutations are always inherited D) Mutations are alterations in normal DNA sequence.
D) Mutations are alterations in normal DNA sequence. Mutations are alterations in normal DNA sequence.
Smoking tobacco is linked to which type of cancer? A) Colon cancer B) Skin cancer C) Breast cancer D) Upper aerodigestive tract cancer
D) Upper aerodigestive tract
Free radical injury can be caused by: A) excess amounts of vitamins C and E. B) tissue damage by antioxidants. C) the presence of edema D) radiation injury.
D) radiation injury. Radiation injury resulting in large amounts of energy absorption can cause free radical injury.
Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of cancer cells? Loss of cellular self-destruct mechanisms Autocrine stimulation Decreased responsiveness to growth signals Unlimited replication
Decreased responsiveness to growth signals Cancer cells usually have an increased responsiveness to growth signals.
Which of the following mutational routes is necessary to cause cancer with a tumor suppressor gene mutation? Gene amplification Chromosomal translocation Point deletion on one chromosome Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor alleles
Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor alleles Both copies of a tumor suppressor alleles must be deleted for cancer to occur.
Which of the following statements is true regarding exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and the risk of cancer? Electromagnetic radiation has been identified as a possible carcinogen. Electromagnetic radiation has been demonstrated to result in cancer of multiple organs. Electromagnetic radiation has no relationship to the development of cancer. None of the above is true.
Electromagnetic radiation has been identified as a possible carcinogen. The increasing amount of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure through cellular phones, fluorescent lights, high-voltage power lines, and computers has raised concerns, so in 1998 the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences designated EMF as a possible carcinogen.
Which of the following is an effective treatment for cancer-related or chemotherapy-related anemia? Exercise Erythropoietin Calcium and magnesium supplements Chemotherapy
Erythropoietin Exogenous erythropoietin can be administered to stimulate bone marrow production of red blood cells.
What role does estrogen play in the development of breast and endometrial cancer in women? Estrogen protects against these cancers. Estrogen blocks tumor suppressor genes. Estrogen promotes growth in these estrogen-dependent organs. Estrogen is a potent carcinogen.
Estrogen promotes growth in these estrogen-dependent organs. The growth factor effect of estrogen on breast and endometrial cells is linked to the development of cancer in these organs.
Neuromuscular dysfunction and the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 are thought to be responsible for which of the following manifestations of cancer? Cachexia Metastasis Thrombocytopenia Fatigue
Fatigue The hypothesized causes of cancer-related fatigue involve the effects of neuromuscular dysfunction and inflammatory mediators on skeletal muscle function.
Epigenetic factors play a role in which of the following? All of the above Gene expression Gene division Gene mutation
Gene expression Epigenetic factors are not related to changes in the DNA sequence but rather changes in gene expression that are subsequently perpetuated in cell division.
Which is the basis for cancer? A) Poor nutrition B) Birth defects C) Sedentary lifestyle D) Genetic changes
Genetic changes Genetic changes are the basis for cancer.
Which of the following viruses has been implicated in the development of cervical cancer? HIV Human papillomavirus Herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus
Human papillomavirus The sexually transmitted human papillomavirus is the primary cause of cervical cancer.
Which of the following alterations in metabolism is often present in people with cancer? Overproduction of protein Increased basic metabolic rate Increased anabolism Decreased fat breakdown
Increased basic metabolic rate The release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and interferons results in increased protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.
Inflammatory cytokines such as those found in ultraviolet light exposure have which of the following effects on the risk of cancer? A) Inflammatory cytokines increase the risk of skin cancer. B) There is no evidence that inflammatory cytokines have any effect on skin cancer development. C) Inflammatory cytokines protect against skin cancer. D) Inflammatory cytokines only increase the risk of skin cancer in individuals with minimal melanocytes in the skin.
Inflammatory cytokines increase the risk of skin cancer. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can contribute to carcinogenesis by increasing the exposure of cells to toxic oxygen radicals.
How does radiation therapy provide an effective means for treating some forms of cancer? The resulting inflammatory response destroys the tumor. Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA. High-energy waves cause cell membrane injury. Heat generated by radiation is thermally toxic to cancer cells.
Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA. A focused beam of ionizing radiation can cause enough DNA damage to seriously injure or kill tumor cells.
Which of the following cancers always arises from an initial mutation in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow? Leukemia Carcinoma Lymphoma Osteosarcoma
Leukemia Leukemia always arises from an initial mutation in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow.
Chronic active hepatitis B infection is a risk factor for developing which of the following types of cancer? Lung Liver Leukemia Pancreas
Liver Chronic active hepatitis B infection can cause increased cell division and mutagenesis in liver cells.
Radon exposure increases an individual's risk for which of the following cancers? Lung Pancreatic Skin Esophageal
Lung Radon is an odorless gas that is emitted from the ground and trapped in basements of houses. Inhaling radon increases a person's risk for developing lung cancer.
Silica exposure increases the risk of cancer in which of the following organs? Stomach Liver Lung Pancreas
Lung Silica is associated with cancer of the lung.
Tobacco smoking accounts for how many deaths in the United States? 5 million Less than 3 million 40 million More than 20 million
More than 20 million It is estimated that tobacco smoking accounts for more than 20 million deaths in the United States.
Which of the following statements about cancer pain is false? Cancer pain management requires a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach. Most patients with cancer experience pain early in the disease process. Nonpharmacologic therapies such as meditation and relaxation are effective for cancer pain management. When first diagnosed with cancer, many individuals say that severe pain is their biggest fear.
Most patients with cancer experience pain early in the disease process. Pain does not usually occur until late in the disease process after the tumor begins to cause tissue damage and compress nerves. The majority of patients with terminal cancer experience pain.
Local tissue invasion by a tumor is accomplished by which of the following mechanisms? Release of antibodies by the tumor cells, which enhances phagocytosis of surrounding tissue Release of cytokines by the tumor cells, which kills surrounding cells Release of lytic enzymes by the tumor cells, which causes tissue degradation Release of free radicals by the tumor cells, which damages surrounding tissue
Release of lytic enzymes by the tumor cells, which causes tissue degradation Local invasion by a tumor is accomplished by the release of lytic enzymes, including proteases, collagenases, and lysosomal enzymes, which break down the matrix of surrounding tissues.
A tumor that has distant lymph node involvement but no evidence of distant metastasis to other tissues is classified as: stage IV. stage II. stage III. stage I.
Stage III. Stage III tumors have evidence of regional lymph node spread but no distant metastasis.
Which of the following statements is true regarding tobacco smoke and cancer? More than 30 carcinogens have been identified in cigarette smoke. Tobacco smoke causes cancer in multiple organs as the carcinogens are absorbedby the skin. Tobacco smoke causes cancer in multiple organs as the carcinogens circulate in the bloodstream. Evidence indicates that tobacco smoke results only in cancer of the lung.
Tobacco smoke causes cancer in multiple organs as the carcinogens circulate in the bloodstream. More than 60 carcinogens have been identified in cigarette smoke, and many are absorbed from the lung into the bloodstream, where they travel throughout the body.
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in people with cancer cause: depressed carbohydrate absorption. weight gain. hypoglycemia. a diabetes-like syndrome.
a diabetes-like syndrome. Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in people with cancer often cause hyperglycemia and a diabetes-like syndrome.
A proto-oncogene is best defined as: a normal gene that has the potential to mutate. does not cause cancer. a tumor-suppressor gene. an inactive gene. a frameshift mutation.
a normal gene that has the potential to mutate. A proto-oncogene normally codes for proteins such as growth factors and growth factor receptors. A normal proto-oncogene
Mutations can result in: A) abnormal RNA. B) abnormal DNA. C) all of the above. D) abnormal proteins.
all of the above. Mutations resulting in DNA changes also affect RNA and proteins because these elements are formed from the DNA template.
Tumor markers can be found in: all of the above. urine. cerebrospinal fluid. blood.
all of the above. Tumor markers are biologic substances produced by cancer cells and can be found in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine.
Hair loss from chemotherapy treatment is a condition known as: sterility. folliculitis. alopecia. erythema.
alopecia. Alopecia is hair loss from chemotherapy toxicity to the hair follicle.
The process of triggering new blood vessel formation in a tumor is called: erythropoiesis. atherosclerosis. angiogenesis. seeding.
angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. Angiogenic factors are secreted by cancer cells to promote the development of new blood vessels to support the growing tumor.
Cancer cells ensure adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients by releasing: autocrine growth factors. angiogenic factors. telomerase. lysosomal enzymes.
angiogenic factors. Angiogenic factors are secreted by cancer cells to promote the development of new blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the growing tumor.
Pharmacologic therapies for pain management include all of the following except: beta receptor blockers. local anesthesia. opioids. anti-inflammatory agents.
beta receptor blockers. Pharmacologic treatment of pain most often includes opioids (such as morphine) in combination with adjuvant therapies such as antiinflammatories (e.g., ibuprofen), nerve "stabilizers" (such as tricyclic antidepressants or antiepileptic drugs), and local anesthesia (e.g., nerve blocks).
The wasting syndrome associated with cancer and cancer treatment is called: anemia. cachexia. Cushing syndrome. anabolism.
cachexia. The wasting syndrome associated with cancer and cancer treatment is known as cachexia.
Mechanisms that cause cancer pain include all of the following except: pressure on tissues and nerve endings. metastases to bone. cancer cells residing in lymph nodes. release of pain-inducing chemicals.
cancer cells residing in lymph nodes. Some of the ways that cancer can cause pain include pressure on tissues and nerve endings; invasion of tissues and nerve endings; release of pain-inducing chemicals; obstruction of gastrointestinal or urinary systems; metastases to bone; infectious complications, such as mouth ulcers; and complications of treatment (surgery, toxic drugs, radiation).
Sarcomas are cancers that arise from: glandular tissues. epithelial tissues. connective tissues. germ cells.
connective tissues. Sarcomas are cancers that arise from connective tissue cells.
Cervical carcinoma in situ: refers to cervical cancer that has metastasized to the liver. cannot be detected using available medical tests. contains cancer cells that have not invaded the surrounding tissue. usually progresses to cervical cancer even after treatment
contains cancer cells that have not invaded the surrounding tissue. Carcinoma in situ refers to preinvasive epithelial cancers that have not penetrated the basement membrane.
The normal function of tumor suppressor genes in an individual without cancer is to: control production of anti-growth signals. prevent apoptosis. prevent cancer-causing mutations. stimulate cell replication.
control production of anti-growth signals. Normally, tumor suppressor genes control the production of anti-growth signals, thus preventing tumor growth.
Regular physical activity decreases the risk of cancer development by means of all of the following except: A) decreased obesity-related metabolic effects. B) decreased appetite-stimulating hormones. C) decreased endogenous hormones. D) decreased proinflammatory mediators.
decreased appetite-stimulating hormones. The mechanisms responsible for the protective effects of physical activity remain poorly understood but include decreased obesity-related metabolic effects, increased gut motility, decreased endogenous hormones, and decreased proinflammatory mediators.
Which of the following factors is necessary for metastasis to occur? Proximity to body cavities Decreased cell adhesions Temporary cessation of cell division Decreased cellular motility
decreased cell adhesions Metastasis requires decreased cell adhesions, increased motility, and presence of lymphatic or blood vessels.
Malignant tumors have a tendency to: invade surrounding tissues. metastasize to distant tissue. grow rapidly. do all of the above.
do all of the above. Cells in malignant tumors divide and proliferate rapidly. Malignant tumors also have a tendency to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant tissues.
Tumor cell markers can be used to: assist in the diagnoses of tumor type. screen individuals for cancer. follow the clinical course of tumor development. do all of the above.
do all of the above. Tumor cell markers are used to screen individuals for cancer, diagnose tumor type, and follow the clinical course of tumor development.
Cachexia is a syndrome that includes all of the following symptoms except: weakness and fatigue. anorexia. weight loss. dyspnea.
dyspnea. Cachexia is one of the leading causes of death secondary to cancer and includes anorexia, profound weight loss, weakness and fatigue, and catabolic factors.
The less differentiated a cancer cell is, the more: similar it will appear to its tissue of origin. all of the above. embryonic it will appear. benign it will be.
embryonic it will appear. An undifferentiated cancer cell will appear more embryonic as it loses its mature structural features and physiologic specialization.
The term used to describe an aggregation of cancer cells that accumulates faster than its nonmutant neighbors is clonal: selection. expansion. stimulation. reunification.
expansion Clonal expansion is the term used to describe the rapid proliferation of a mutated cancer cell and its progeny. Cancer cells gain a selective advantage over their neighboring cells by proliferating and expanding at a faster rate.
Anemia in individuals with cancer can be the result of all of the following except: fatigue. malignant cells in the bone marrow. chronic bleeding. decreased erythropoietin.
fatigue. Anemia can be the result of chronic bleeding, severe malnutrition, malignant cells in the bone marrow, decreased production of erythropoietin, and, most commonly, chemotherapeutic drugs that are toxic to the bone marrow. Fatigue can result from anemia, but it does not cause anemia.
The most commonly reported symptom in individuals with cancer is: depression. nausea. fatigue. anorexia.
fatigue. Fatigue, as a result of many physiological and psychological factors, is the most commonly reported symptom among cancer patients.
Anticipatory nausea related to cancer treatment is caused by: central nervous system effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. constipation and diarrhea. fear of impending chemotherapy treatment. gastrointestinal tract toxicity.
fear of impending chemotherapy treatment. Anticipatory nausea occurs before chemotherapy and is caused by the stress or fear of impending treatment.
Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial cause of: lymphoma. gastric cancer. bladder cancer. colon cancer.
gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection, which also causes peptic ulcer disease, is considered a primary risk factor for gastric cancer.
Cell surface markers are composed of: A) lactose molecules B) cholesterol C) phospholipids. D) glycoproteins
glycoproteins.Most cell surface markers are composed of glycoproteins that identify a cell to its neighbor.
Major causes of fatigue related to cancer and cancer therapy listed by the National Cancer Institute include all of the following except: immunosuppression. metabolic disturbances. chronic stress. disordered sleep.
immunosuppression. Side effects of cancer treatment include anemia malnutrition, anorexia/cachexia, metabolic disturbances, hormone changes, chronic stress, and disordered sleep.
Cancer-causing mutations of a proto-oncogene result in: production of monoclonal antibodies. increased cell division. decreased cell responsiveness to growth factors. apoptosis.
increased cell division. Proto-oncogenes normally promote cellular division, and overstimulation of these genes that cause them to function as oncogenes can lead to increased rates of mitosis.
Leukopenia from cancer or chemotherapy treatment increases an individual's risk for: autoimmune disease. allergic reactions. infection. bleeding.
infection. Leukopenia, which is manifested by a decreased white blood cell (leukocyte) count, increases an individual's risk for infection and sepsis.
As a tumor grows, it exerts mechanical pressure on surrounding tissues, which results in: metastasis. ischemia. cellular swelling. extravasation.
ischemia. Pressure on blood vessels reduces blood flow, causing hypoxia and necrosis in the surrounding tissues. This allows the tumor to easily expand into these tissues.
Cancers in the abdominopelvic cavity, such as ovarian and colorectal cancers, tend to first metastasize to the: axillary lymph nodes. brain. liver. bladder.
liver. Because of blood flow through the hepatic portal circulation, cancer cells in abdominal or pelvic organs have a tendency to metastasize first to the liver.
Referring to cancer, the term anaplasia means: loss of cellular differentiation. rapid growth of cells. ectopic production of hormones. independence from normal cellular controls.
loss of cellular differentiation. Cancer cells appear undifferentiated, or anaplastic, when compared with normal, mature cells.
Viruses are associated with all of the following cancers except: lymphoma. liver cancer. lung cancer. Kaposi sarcoma
lung cancer. There is no link between viral infection and the development of lung cancer.
As a result of circulatory patterns, cancer cells often first metastasize to the: skeletal muscles. lung. brain. vertebral column.
lung. After penetrating the lymphatic system, the cancer cells end up in the venous circulation and eventually in the right side of the heart. If the cancer cells survive their travels this far in the bloodstream, they will then be transported to the lung.
The extension of cancer to distant tissues and organs is called: malignancy. apoptosis. tropism. metastasis.
metastasis. Metastasis is the extension of cancer to distant tissues and organs.
Survival from breast cancer is directly correlated to the: number of involved lymph nodes. amount of pain an individual incurs. degree of nausea and vomiting side effects from chemotherapy. amount of seeding in the peritoneal cavit
number of involved lymph nodes. Increased lymph node involvement is correlated to higher mortality rates from breast cancer.
In men, increased androgens are associated with the development of: colon cancer. prostate cancer. penile cancer. testicular cancer.
prostate cancer. In men, increased androgens are associated with the development of prostate cancer.
Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition arising from a diet poor in: calories. fat. protein. carbohydrate.
protein. Kwashiorkor is a specific form of malnutrition arising from a diet poor in protein.
Seeding involves the spread of cancer cells to: serous membranes of body cavities. blood vessels. fascia surrounding muscles and bones. dermis and subcutaneous layer of the skin.
serous membranes of body cavities. Seeding involves the invasion of cancer cells to linings of the body cavities or in the cerebrospinal fluid.
One way that a tumor suppressor gene can become inactivated in the absence of mutation or deletion is through gene: translocation. amplification. splicing. silencing.
silencing. Through gene silencing, a tumor suppressor gene can be shut off in the absence of mutation or deletion.
Determining the size of the tumor, the degree of node involvement, and the extent of distant metastasis is called: staging. factoring. categorization. processing.
staging. Determining the size of the tumor, the degree of node involvement, and the extent of distant metastasis is called tumor staging.
Oral ulcers caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy is a condition known as: candidiasis. decubitus ulceration. impetigo. stomatitis.
stomatitis. Oral ulcers caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy is a condition known as stomatitis, or oral mucositis.
All of the following dietary factors are known to be carcinogenic except: sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables. aflatoxins. environmental xenobiotics. amines found in charbroiled beef.
sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables. Sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables (broccoli) may decrease the risk for some cancers.
The substance responsible for cancer cells' ability to continually divide (immortality) is: growth factors. telomerase. tumor markers. apoptosis signals.
telomerase. The telomere in normal cells caps the end of each chromosome and prevents unlimited cell division. Cancer cells, like embryonic cells, produce an enzyme called telomerase that helps maintain the telomere and allows the cell to achieve immortality.
The concept of developmental plasticity indicates that: A) the body is susceptible to environmental influences in utero and early life. B) the body can reverse acquired genetic mutations. C) the body is able to destroy cancerous cells secondary to immune system function. D) the body can reverse inherited genetic mutations.
the body is susceptible to environmental influences in utero and early life. Developmental plasticity is the degree to which an organism is dependent on its environment. There is a growing body of knowledge that suggests that events in utero and early in life play a major role in an individual's susceptibility to a variety of diseases, including cancer.
