modules 1-7
Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ________ that he encountered. A) unconscious thought processes B) species variation C) biopsychosocial approach D) SQ3R method
B
Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in A) reuptake. B) multiple sclerosis. C) schizophrenia. D) an action potential.
B
During open-brain surgery, Adam's left ankle twitched whenever the surgeon electrically stimulated a specific area within Adam's A) left frontal lobe. B) right frontal lobe. C) left parietal lobe. D) right parietal lobe.
B
Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of A) cause-effect conclusions. B) hindsight bias. C) replication. D) the placebo effect.
B
Using a brain-computer interface, some paralyzed people may be able to move a robotic limb simply by thinking about moving it. This best illustrates A) neurogenesis. B) constraint-induced therapy. C) cognitive neural prosthetics. D) neural plasticity.
C
Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of A) mental processes. B) clinical psychology. C) unconscious motives. D)conditioned responses
A
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the A) adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors. B) component elements of sensory experience. C) disruptive effects of unconscious motives. D) treatment of psychological disorders.
A
In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as A) Plato is to Aristotle. B) Watson is to Skinner. C) Aristotle is to Plato. D) Skinner is to Watson.
A
Magnetic resonance imaging uses magnetic fields and ________ to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. A) radio waves B) brain lesions C) a radioactive form of glucose D) electrodes placed on the scalp
A
Most psychologists define consciousness as A) our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. B) mental processes. C) observations of behavior. D)waking awareness and altered states of observation
A
Phrenology highlighted the presumed functions of A) specific brain regions. B) synaptic gaps. C) endorphins. D) the myelin sheath.
A
Rebecca is talking to her friend about her daughter, Amy, who is in the ninth grade. Amy seems to have changed dramatically. She has changed her group of friends, she stays out past curfew, and she has been caught drinking alcohol. Also, her grades have dropped significantly. Rebecca's friend remarks, "Of course! Bad associations spoil useful habits." This best demonstrates A) hindsight bias. B) overconfidence. C) scientific inquiry. D) perceiving patterns in random events.
A
The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by A) random assignment. B) hindsight bias. C) operational definitions. D) the placebo effect.
B
The possibility that our mental state might have a direct impact on our actions was most clearly dismissed by A) evolutionary psychologists. B) behaviorists. C) cognitive neuroscientists. D) behavior geneticists.
B
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n) A) endorphin. B) myelin sheath. C) glial cell. D) synaptic vesicle.
B
The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of A) muscular coordination. B) visual perception. C) speaking ability. D) pain sensations.
B
To identify which of Lucy's brain areas was most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and a(n) A) fMRI. B) PET scan. C) EEG. D) MRI scan.
B
Which early psychologist aimed to study the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings? A) Edward Bradford Titchener B) William James C) John Locke D) Wilhelm Wundt
B
Which of the following body parts is associated with the greatest amount of brain tissue in the motor cortex? A) arms B) face C) trunk D) knees
B
Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most closely adjacent to the ears? A) parietal lobes B) temporal lobes C) occipital lobes D) frontal lobes
B
Which portion of the cerebral cortex lies directly behind the forehead and is involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans? A) temporal lobes B) frontal lobes C) parietal lobes D) occipital lobes
B
The English theorist who first proposed evolutionary psychology was A) Ivan Pavlov. B) Charles Darwin. C) John B. Watson. D) Carl Rogers.
B) Charles Darwin
Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of A) animal intelligence. B) personality development. C) social influence. D) mental processes.
D
Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your A) somatosensory cortex. B) amygdala. C) motor cortex. D) cerebral cortex.
D
John B. Watson is to Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________. A) biology; environment B) observable behavior; inner sensations C) mental illness; psychiatry D) cognitive perspective; psychodynamic perspective
B
Simple reflexes are controlled by the A) cerebral cortex. B) spinal cord. C) amygdala D) pons.
B
The ________ is similar to the nervous system in that both produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere in the body. A) central nervous system B) endocrine system C) peripheral nervous system D)autonomic nervous system
B
The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the A) synaptic gap. B) spinal cord. C) sympathetic nervous system. D) parasympathetic nervous system.
B
The longest part of a motor neuron is likely to be the A) dendrite. B) axon. C) cell body. D) synapse.
B
Who developed the first psychological laboratory? A) Wundt B) Plato C) Freud D) James
A
Applying mild electrical stimulation to parts of an animal's cortex, Gustav Fritsch and Edward Hitzig discovered what is now called the A) motor cortex. B) visual cortex. C) auditory cortex. D)somatosensory cortex
A
Steven sees a group of teenagers walking down the street toward him. They are all wearing jeans with holes in them, black t-shirts with band logos on the front, and spiked, colorful hair. He thinks, "Birds of a feather flock together." This demonstrates A) hindsight bias. B) overconfidence. C) scientific inquiry. D) perceiving patterns in random events.
A
The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates correctly located the mind in the A) brain. B) heart. C) stomach. D) thyroid gland.
A
The function of dendrites is to A) receive incoming signals from other neurons. B) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons. C) coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain.
A
The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus is called the A) cell body. B) dendrite. C) axon. D) myelin sheath.
A
The release of cortisol into the bloodstream is most likely to A) increase blood sugar. B) lower blood pressure. C) stimulate digestion. D) decrease perspiration.
A
The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was A) behaviorism. B) psychoanalysis. C) humanistic psychology. D) evolutionary psychology.
A
Which early psychologist aimed to discover the mind's structure? A) Edward Bradford Titchener B) William James C) John Locke D) Wilhelm Wundt
A
Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back? A) parietal B) temporal C) occipital D) frontal
A
Which woman psychologist was the first to officially earn a doctorate degree? A) Margaret Floy Washburn B) Mary Whiton Calkins C) Anna Freud D) Marla Wundt
A
Who proposed that phrenology could reveal mental abilities and character traits? A) Franz Gall B) Plato C) Aristotle D) Daniel Kish
A
Who speculated that a meal makes us sleepy by causing gas and heat to collect around our heart? A) Aristotle B) Plato C) Descartes D) Locke
A
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as A) behaviorism. B) humanistic psychology. C) cognitive neuroscience. D)behavior genetics
B
A technique that allows neuroscientists to control the activity of individual neurons is called A) lesioning. B) optogenetics. C) an EEG. D)a MEG
B
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the surface of the brain is called a(n) A) fMRI. B) EEG. C) PET scan. D) MRI.
B
Attention to her long-term educational goals enables Alicia to avoid thoughtlessly skipping difficult class assignments. This best illustrates the adaptive value of A) change blindness. B) consciousness. C) the cocktail party effect. D) popout.
B
Auditory stimulation is processed in the ________ lobes. A) occipital B) temporal C) frontal D) parietal
B
A laboratory cat could be made to twitch its whiskers by direct stimulation of the ________ lobes of its cerebral cortex. A) temporal B) occipital C) frontal D) parietal
C
A myelin sheath is a A) nerve network within the spinal cord that controls physical arousal. B) large band of neural fibers connecting the two adrenal glands. C) layer of fatty tissue encasing the axons of some nerve cells. D) bushy extension of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body.
C
Aristotle suggested that the source of our personality is the A) brain. B) throat. C) heart. D) stomach.
C
Consciousness contributes to all of the following EXCEPT A) reflecting on past experiences. B) setting goals for the future. C) being shocked by the present situation. D) focusing our attention to learn complex tasks.
C
Dendrite is to ________ as axon is to _________. A) sensory neuron; motor neuron B) sodium ion; potassium ion C) signal reception; signal transmission D) central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
C
Dendrites are branching extensions of A) neurotransmitters. B) endorphins. C) neurons. D) glial cells.
C
Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the introspective study of self-esteem to be A) applied research. B) a positive psychology. C) an unscientific method. D)a biopsychosocial approach
C
Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite finding is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of A) the placebo effect. B) confounding variables. C) hindsight bias. D)the double-blind procedure.
C
Hormones are the chemical messengers of the A) autonomic nervous system. B) somatic nervous system. C) endocrine system. D) central nervous system.
C
In a clinical trial of brain-implanted microelectrodes, a paralyzed 25-year-old man constructed shapes on a computer screen by activating neurons in his A) somatosensory cortex. B) occipital lobes. C) motor cortex. D) hippocampus.
C
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron. A) dendrites to the axon to the cell body B) axon to the cell body to the dendrites C) dendrites to the cell body to the axon D) axon to the dendrites to the cell body
C
Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images. A) John B. Watson B) Charles Darwin C) Edward Titchener D) B. F. Skinner
C
Neurons are best described as A) positively charged sodium and potassium ions. B) chemical molecules that cross the synaptic gap. C) nerve cells that function as the building blocks of the nervous system. D) bundled axon cables that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
C
Oxytocin is secreted by the A) pancreas. B) thyroid gland. C) pituitary gland. D) adrenal glands.
C
Plato's assumption that we inherit character traits and intelligence is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding A) conscious and unconscious thoughts. B) observation and introspection. C) nature and nurture. D) basic and applied research.
C
Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n) A) EEG. B) diffusion spectrum. C) lesion. D)MRI.
C
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to A) dismiss the value of skepticism. B) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. C) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome. D) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.
C
The master gland of the endocrine system is the A) thyroid gland. B) adrenal gland. C) pituitary gland. D) pancreas.
C
The motor cortex is located in the ________ lobes. A) occipital B) temporal C) frontal D)parietal
C
The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________. A) hearing; sensing movement B) seeing; sensing touch C) seeing; hearing D) speaking; hearing
C
The part of the central nervous system that carries information from your senses to your brain and motor-control information to your body parts is the A) pituitary gland. B) pancreas. C) spinal cord. D) myelin sheath.
C
The psychology textbook that William James took 12 years to author was titled A) The New Science. B) Psychology. C) Principles of Psychology. D) The Abstract Mind.
C
The release of gamma waves from radioactive blood sugar in different regions of the brain is detected by A) an MRI scan. B) an EEG. C) a PET scan. D) fMRI.
C
Which of the following is NOT a way consciousness aids survival, according to evolutionary psychologists? A) Consciousness helps us cope with new situations. B) Consciousness helps us act in our long-term interests. C) Consciousness helps us seek short-term pleasures. D) Consciousness helps us anticipate how others view us.
C
Which portion of the cerebral cortex is located nearest the top of the head just behind the frontal lobes? A) occipital lobes B) hippocampus C) parietal lobes D) temporal lobes
C
Who suggested that the mind at birth is a blank sheet upon which experience writes? A) Charles Darwin B) René Descartes C) John Locke D)Plato
C) John Locke
The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of A)massed practice. B)introspection. C)retrieving information. D)role modeling.
C) Retrieving information
SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review. A) revise B) reason C) retrieve D)research
C) retrieve
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n) A) neural network. B) action potential. C) neurotransmitter. D) reflex.
D
An axon is A) a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system. B) a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons. C) a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites. D) the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
D
Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of A) genetic influences. B) self-esteem. C) conscious thoughts and feelings. D) observable behavior.
D
Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to A) behaviorism. B) humanistic psychology. C) cognitive neuroscience. D) functionalism.
D
Margaret had a stroke that damaged the right side of her brain. Yet, she has difficulty moving her left arm, not her right arm. This indicates that the A) somatosensory cortex is responsible for phantom limb movements. B) motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls movements of specific body parts on the right side of the body. C) association areas of the brain control movements of all body parts. D) motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls movements of specific body parts on the opposite side of the body.
D
Mark is reviewing recent applications for an opening at his company. The first few he reviews do not meet the minimum qualifications for the position, and Mark thinks to himself, "There is not one qualified applicant this time." Mark has demonstrated A) operational definitions. B) hypothesizing. C) hindsight bias. D) sampling bias.
D
Since 1960, psychology has regained an interest in consciousness as psychologists of all persuasions began affirming the importance of A) evolutionary psychology. B) choice blindness. C) neuroscience. D)cognition
D
Stimulating the right side of the brain will cause movement on the left side of the body. This indicates that the A) somatosensory cortex is responsible for phantom limb movements. B) motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls movements of specific body parts on the right side of the body. C) association areas of the brain control movements of all body parts. D) motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls movements of specific body parts on the opposite side of the body.
D
The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using A) a biopsychosocial perspective. B) an evolutionary perspective. C) positive psychology. D)scientific methods.
D
The brain's thin surface layer, which serves as your body's ultimate information-processing center, is the A) limbic system. B) cerebellum. C) corpus callosum. D)cerebral cortex
D
The cerebral cortex is the covering layer of the A) brainstem. B) corpus callosum. C) hippocampus. D)cerebrum
D
The endocrine system consists of the A) communication network that includes all the body's neurons. B) regions of the brain that regulate emotion. C) interneurons within the spinal cord. D) glands that secrete hormones.
D
Which technique measures fields from the brain's natural electrical activity? A) lesion B) optogenetics C) EEG D) MEG
D
Which theorist most clearly influenced William James' efforts to understand the adaptive functions of thinking and consciousness? A) John B. Watson B) Sigmund Freud C) Carl Rogers D)Charles Darwin
D
Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) John Locke D) Charles Darwin
D
Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? A) Jean Piaget B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Rosalie Rayner D) Mary Whiton Calkins
D
Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? A) Wilhelm Wundt B) John B. Watson C) Sigmund Freud D) William James
D
Which seventeenth-century European philosopher believed that some ideas are innate? A) John Locke B) Ivan Pavlov C) Edward Titchener D) René Descartes
D)Rene Descartes
