Modules 13-24 Study Guide

Who of the following completed Nobel Prize-winning research on how people think and make decisions? Select one: a. Daniel Kahneman b. Alfred Adler c. Max Bazerman d. Martin Seligman

a. Daniel Kahneman

"Feelings" is a general term used to describe a wide range of states that include emotions, moods, and traits. These states are similar in the fact that they involve changes in subjective experience, physiological responding, and behavior in response to a meaningful event. What are the differences between these states of emotions, moods, and traits? Select one: a. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas moods may last for days, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations. b. Emotions are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations, and moods typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas traits may last for days. c. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, moods are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations, and traits may last for days. d. Emotions may last for days, whereas moods typically occur on the order of seconds, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations.

a. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas moods may last for days, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations.

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what? Select one: a. Reinforcer devaluation effect b. Preparedness c. Renewal effect d. Law of effect

a. Reinforcer devaluation effect

In today's society, people are often very busy-- especially executives-- causing them to trust certain ways of thinking over others. However, this can lead to many biases and make poor decisions. Which of the following is the best way to reduce bias and improve decisions? Select one: a. Stop trusting System 1 and instead engage System 2 more. b. Stop distinguishing between systems of thought and use them both. c. Stop trusting System 2 and instead engage System 1 more. d. Reprogram both systems to work together to make decisions.

a. Stop trusting System 1 and instead engage System 2 more.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? Select one: a. a glass of water b. a promotion at work c. praise from parents d. a good grade on a test

a. a glass of water

Intelligence is: Select one: a. an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information b. how smart someone is c. a trait that cannot be measured d. the ability to navigate many different social and academic settings

a. an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans. Select one: a. anxiety disorders b. depressive disorders c. personality disorders d. learning disabilities

a. anxiety disorders

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura? Select one: a. attention, retention, initiation, motivation b. initiation, motivation, attention, retention c. motivation, attention, retention, initiation d. attention, initiation, motivation, retention

a. attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Personality refers to ______. Select one: a. characteristic ways that people differ from one another. b. a person's feelings, thoughts, and attitudes c. the unique ways people learn behaviors. d. people's unconscious processes.

a. characteristic ways that people differ from one another.

In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that: a. children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable b. that observation had no impact on behavior c. the aggressive models instructed the children how to hit and kick d. children who observed the aggressive models were more aggressive than the other children.

a. children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

Andre grew up in New Orleans and was present when Hurricane Katrina occurred. His family, his community, and Andre share a ________ memory of this event. Select one: a. collective b. working c. semantic d. short-term

a. collective

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives an pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is: Select one: a. encoding failure b. state dependent memory c. encoding elaboration d. context dependent memory

a. encoding failure

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can: Select one: a. enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness b. result in less trauma for the witness c. enhance quality but not quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness d. result in a much shorter interview for the witness

a. enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness

Howie hates his job at Fikshunal Co. He works long hours, is underappreciated, and has a rude boss. The only reason he continues to work at Fikshunal is because he needs the money and benefits he receives. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. extrinsic motivation b. performance motivation c. intrinsic motivation d. self-regulation

a. extrinsic motivation

A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means. Select one: a. false b. repressed c. iconic d. eidetic

a. false

When a goal-directed action becomes automated and routine it is called a: Select one: a. habit b. learned behavior c. association d. conditioned response

a. habit

Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as "rules of thumb." Select one: a. heuristics b. mental sets c. algorithms d. intuitives

a. heuristics

Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate? Select one: a. interpersonal. b. bodily-kinesthetic. c. naturalistic. d. intrapersonal.

a. interpersonal.

Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people Select one: a. lexical hypothesis b. common-adjective-use approach c. Allport Postulate d. vocabulary premise

a. lexical hypothesis

Dr. Reichl is a psychoanalyst who believes that analyzing his patients' dreams is one of the best ways to access this part of their mind. Select one: a. nonconscious b. subconscious c. conscious d. preconscious

a. nonconscious

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a: Select one: a. positive reinforcement b. negative punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive punishment

a. positive reinforcement

Even though you already ate a huge dinner, you can't say no to a nice big bowl of ice cream. The ice-cream has a high: Select one: a. reward value b. set point c. narrowing of attention d. homeostatic level

a. reward value

Self-report questionnaires are subject to which of the following biases? Select one: a. social desirability b. self-verification c. sibling contrast effect d. letter of recommendation effect

a. social desirability

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning? Select one: a. spontaneous recovery b. elimination c. renewal effect d. obedience

a. spontaneous recovery

A benefit of using behavioral measures includes the fact that they are: Select one: a. subject to less biased responses b. able to provide insight into participants' motives c. easier to score than other methods d. the easiest form to collect

a. subject to less biased responses

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates: Select one: a. taste aversion b. stimulus generalization c. incremental learning d. operant conditioning

a. taste aversion

When people reflect on the ways in which their past experiences have informed their sense of identity and wonder about how they might change in the future they are considering _________. Select one: a. temporal continuity b. mortality salience c. self-esteem d. self-actualization

a. temporal continuity

When you feel that you know the name of a famous actor-you can even imagine her face and think of movies she has starred in-but you cannot quite remember her name this is an example of the _____________ effect. Select one: a. tip-of-the-tongue b. slippage c. celebrity d. forgetting

a. tip-of-the-tongue

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called? Select one: a. vicarious reinforcement b. operant conditioning c. vicarious conditioning d. vicarious punishment

a. vicarious reinforcement

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number? Select one: a. working memory b. episodic memory c. semantic memory d. collective memory

a. working memory

The "law of effect" states: Select one: a. Behaviors that lead to positive states will not occur in an artificial cage environment. b. Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated. c. The effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself. d. Any behavior that leads to a negative state is likely to be repeated.

b. Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.

The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by: Select one: a. including questions that should tap the abilities of adults as well as children b. Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection c. teachers who were asked to submit questions they thought children of particular ages should be able to successfully answer d. psychologists who derived questions from their education experiences with children

b. Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection

"________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties. Select one: a. Borrowed b. Common c. Blended d. Associative

b. Common

A man named Ronald Cotton was imprisoned after being identified as the person who committed a rape. After more than 10 years, he was exonerated of the crime and released. What led to this reversal of his conviction? Select one: a. there was new video evidence that he was elsewhere when the crime occurred b. DNA evidence c. a deathbed confession by the true rapist d. the victim recanted her testimony

b. DNA evidence

Howard Gardner proposed that: Select one: a. Intelligence tests measure one overarching ability. b. Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other. c. Intelligence is inherited. d. Analytical, Practical and Creative intelligences are related to each other.

b. Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other.

According to Lofts' research on eyewitness testimony which of the following would you most likely expect to happen when a person witnesses a car accident? Select one: a. People will be able to accurately report about the details of the accident but after about an hour their memories will decay and become less accurate. b. People will often offer biased reports of the event because they are susceptible to misinformation and other recall problems c. Witnesses will be able to accurately report about details of the accident such as the speed of the cars and descriptions of the people driving them. d. People are never able to report accurately because their own attitudes and biases will prejudice their testimony.

b. People will often offer biased reports of the event because they are susceptible to misinformation and other recall problems

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce: Select one: a. craving for alcohol b. a drive c. the amount of blood sugar in the blood d. the body weight

b. a drive

While humans try to make rational and logical decisions, we are prevented from doing so by our cognitive limitations that limit the quality and quantity of information available to us. This limitation is called: Select one: a. cognitive load b. bounded rationality c. heuristics d. overconfidence

b. bounded rationality

When one has the sense that a desired goal is both valuable and attainable, ________ may be the result Select one: a. self-regulation b. commitment c. goal priming d. vacillation

b. commitment

What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits? Select one: a. consistency, flexibility, and individual differences b. consistency, stability, and individual differences c. continuity, flexibility, and interpersonal parallels d. continuity, stability, and interpersonal parallels

b. consistency, stability, and individual differences

The tendency of parents to over-exaggerate the differences between their children is called the sibling ________ effect. Select one: a. comparison b. contrast c. dichotomy d. division

b. contrast

Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods. Select one: a. street smarts b. emotional Intelligence c. practical Intelligence d. interpersonal intelligence

b. emotional Intelligence

According to research evidence, __________ is the most persuasive form of evidence presented in court. Select one: a. DNA evidence confirming innocence b. eyewitness testimony c. DNA evidence confirming guilt d. police records of a criminal history

b. eyewitness testimony

In order to get a coworker to start contributing to a group project, you express feelings of annoyance, anger, and dislike. You hope that by expressing such emotions, your coworker will change their behavior. Using your emotions to impact the behavior of your worker is an example of: Select one: a. sociocultural awareness b. independent self c. social constructivism d. interdependent self

b. independent self

Autobiographical memory forms the core of an individual's: Select one: a. personality b. personal identity c. coping style d. intelligence

b. personal identity

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________. Select one: a. organism biology b. preparedness c. adaptation d. neuro-conditioning

b. preparedness

The Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test are two prominent examples of __________ tests. Select one: a. objective b. projective c. interview-based d. behavioral

b. projective

Personality traits are defined as: Select one: a. sets of characteristics that influence behavior and are controlled by genetic factors b. relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations c. valid and reliable descriptions and statements of a person's personality characteristics d. sets of behaviors that are not influenced by being in different situations

b. relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations

Emotions exist in __________ while feelings and moods occur in __________. Select one: a. hours; minutes b. seconds; days c. minutes; hours d. days; seconds

b. seconds; days

Bazerman and Moore outlined ______ steps that you should take in order to make a rational decision. Select one: a. four b. six c. ten d. eight

b. six

Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place. a. a complex game b. social models c. reinforcements d. a set of rules

b. social models

What does information travel and spread through when people exchange their gossip? Select one: a. unrestrained contacts b. social networks c. information systems d. relationship linkages

b. social networks

When considering the ways that people develop and communicate their senses of identity which of the following activities may be the most powerful form of self-transformation that human beings have ever invented. Select one: a. painting pictures b. storytelling c. songwriting d. sculpture

b. storytelling

Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I? Select one: a. broad retrieval b. verbal comprehension c. auditory perception d. processing speed

b. verbal comprehension

According to the social brain hypothesis, the human brain has evolved over many generations so that people can: Select one: a. communicate in multiple languages. b. engage in seamless, unconscious code-switching. c. maintain larger ingroups. d. be more fully capable of living in isolation without being dependent on others.

c. . maintain larger ingroups.

Faulty eyewitness testimony has been implicated in at least ______ of DNA exoneration cases. Select one: a. 100% b. 25% c. 75% d. 50%

c. 75%

__________ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making. Select one: a. Rationalities b. Exactitudes c. Biases d. Intelligences

c. Biases

In which of these scenarios has extinction occurred? Select one: a. Connor finds that smoking cigarettes is no longer as rewarding as when he first started. b. Connor finds that he needs to smoke more cigarettes to get the same nicotine buzz as he used to. c. Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette. d. Connor has quit smoking, but still craves the nicotine buzz that he used to get in the past.

c. Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette.

What is one way to help you increase the likelihood that you demonstrate self-control when it comes to goal oriented behaviors? Select one: a. Don't worry about setbacks, they don't have much influence on your goal attainment. b. Don't think about negative behaviors, focus only on your goal. c. Identify potential self-control conflicts (i.e., temptations). d. Allow yourself one cheat day every week so that you don't burnout.

c. Identify potential self-control conflicts (i.e., temptations).

___________ is the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards a. Sensation seeking b. Self-consciousness c. Need for achievement d. Need for cognition

c. Need for achievement

Studies of emotional responding tend to focus on three facets of emotional response. Which of the following includes one example of each of those three facets? Select one: a. Physiological (nervous system): how much a person is sweating; Physiological (neural): the brain activity of the frontal lobe; Physiological (circulatory)how fast one's heart beats b. Physiological: the brain activity of the frontal lobe; Emotion display: whether one is smiling; Behavioral: whether one is sitting close to a happy object c. Physiological: how fast one's heart beats; Experiential: whether one reports feeling happy; Behavioral emotion display: whether one is smiling d. Physiological: how fast one's heart beats; Experiential: whether one reports feeling happy; Social perception: whether one's friend reports the person is happy

c. Physiological: how fast one's heart beats; Experiential: whether one reports feeling happy; Behavioral emotion display: whether one is smiling

According to __________, the ego is the part of personality that observes outside reality, engages in rational thought, and copes with the competing demands of inner desires and moral standards. Select one: a. Erik Erikson b. James Marcia c. Sigmund Freud d. Margaret Mead

c. Sigmund Freud

Psychologists best define motivation as: Select one: a. inflexibly defined patterns of behavior common to all people b. the cause of all our thoughts, feelings, and actions c. a need or desire that directs and energizes human behavior d. the desire to be accomplished in one's field of study

c. a need or desire that directs and energizes human behavior

Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation? Select one: a. the people who experience events b. the people who witness events c. children and older adults d. young adults

c. children and older adults

When Carla was discussing the party with one of her friends, she was trying to remember a conversation she'd had. Carla was trying to access her: Select one: a. semantic memory b. implicit memory c. episodic memory d. information processing memory

c. episodic memory

According to cultural psychologists Markus and Kitayama (1991), the dominant model of the self in North American contexts is a(n) __________ one. In such a model being a person means being distinct from others and behaving similarly across situations. Select one: a. dependent b. idiosyncratic c. independent d. interdependent

c. independent

Psychological tests are often used to measure characteristics (e.g., IQ) across people of different ages, who live in different places, and so on. In order that people can be properly ordered on the dimension of measurement (e.g., compare their IQs), it's important that these tests are: Select one: a. ranked b. thought by psychologists to be adequate tests c. normed d. studied to see if the questions are factual

c. normed

Mary Claire was witness to a robbery. The police would like her to identify the robber. Instead of bringing suspects in and having Mary Claire look at them through a one-way mirror, the police have her flip through a selection of photographs of faces, also known as a ___________. Select one: a. mock witness profile b. foil c. photo spread d. schema

c. photo spread

When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to: Select one: a. rate themselves lower on the trait compared to others b. rate themselves inconsistently on the trait compared to others c. rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others d. rate themselves consistently on the trait compared to others Topic: Mischel and Limitations of Personality Tests as Predictors (Conceptual)

c. rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others

Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________. a. positive; negative b. right; wrong c. reinforcers; punishers d. rewards; consequences

c. reinforcers; punishers Correct

The testing effect refers to: Select one: a. writing a test in the same state that you studied the material should enhance retention b. losing the majority of the information you learned for the test immediately after the test c. repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information d. the emotional letdown people often experience after writing a test.

c. repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information

Gossip travels fast but emotive gossip travels even faster through social networks. In fact, researchers have estimated that everyone in society is connected with one another by ____ degrees of separation. Select one: a. four b. eight c. six d. three

c. six

_________ is a process that occurs after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces. Select one: a. Inferences b. Retrieval c. Recoding d. Consolidation

d. Consolidation

__________ rules refer to culturally sanctioned regulations about what emotions are appropriate to show in a given situation. Select one: a. Affective b. Contextual c. Hedonic d. Display

d. Display

Today in class, your professor handed back your tests and to your excitement, you earned a perfect score! Unfortunately, your best friend, who is also in the class, failed the exam. If you are from ______, you are more likely to also feel a degree of worry over your best friend's failed test. Select one: a. Europe b. South America c. North America d. East Asia

d. East Asia

Ilene is at the grocery store when she sees a gentleman she is very attracted to. As Ilene approaches him and starts talking, she is leaning in, pushing out her breasts slightly, and making a great deal of eye contact. A store clerk notices this and believes that Ilene is sexually interested in the gentleman. What has the store clerk noticed that he came to this conclusion? Select one: a. He detected Ilene's estrogen level. b. He saw Ilene's disorganized posture. c. He perceived Ilene's defensive responses. d. He observed Ilene's lordosis behavior.

d. He observed Ilene's lordosis behavior.

What is the definition of self-esteem? Select one: a. a person's sense of positive social reputation. b. a person's sense of self as a motivated agent. c. a person's sense of social identity. d. a person's sense of feeling worthy or good.

d. a person's sense of feeling worthy or good.

Psychologists best define drive states as: Select one: a. inflexibly defined patterns of behavior common to all organisms b. the desire to be accomplished in one's field of study c. the cause of all human thoughts, feelings, and actions d. affective experiences that motivate organisms to fulfill survival or reproductive goals

d. affective experiences that motivate organisms to fulfill survival or reproductive goals

At which stage does memory failure typically occur? Select one: a. encoding b. retrieval c. storage d. any stage

d. any stage

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information? Select one: a. knowledge necessary for abstract problem solving b. knowledge required for reading c. generalized knowledge d. autobiographical knowledge

d. autobiographical knowledge

Sidney Crosby, a famous hockey player, is paid $10 million to wear Reebok ice-skates. Reebok hopes this will increase sales of their skates due to: Select one: a. observational learning b. positive reinforcement c. avoidance conditioning d. classical conditioning

d. classical conditioning

Marcela can clearly remember the moment she learned about the events of Sept. 11, 2001. She vividly recalls when her teacher walked in and turned on the news - the face of the firefighter she saw is permanently etched in her brain. She remembers who was sitting next to her and what she was wearing. This scenario describes what phenomenon? Select one: a. retroactive interference b. proactive interference c. misinformation effect d. flashbulb memory

d. flashbulb memory

Which of the following refers to the cognitive representation of a desired state? Select one: a. prime b. motivation c. self-regulation d. goal

d. goal

One challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. An explanation for this instability is that personality: Select one: a. is not determined by genetics b. cannot be determined from the behaviors that people display c. is not a stable characteristic of persons d. is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to

d. is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to

Activities or resources that contribute to the attainment of a specific goal are called ________. Select one: a. norms b. scripts c. schemas d. means

d. means

In order to achieve a goal, a certain level of psychological driving force is need to enable action. What is this psychological driving force called? Select one: a. self-regulation b. goals c. priming d. motivation

d. motivation

The most familiar and widely-used approach to assessing personality is the __________,in which standard items are presented and these items use a limited response format such as an agree-disagree scale. Select one: a. behavioral observation b. projective test c. behavioral interview d. objective test

d. objective test

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in: Select one: a. classical conditioning b. occasion setting c. operant conditioning d. observational learning

d. observational learning

The tendency to inflate your own sense of competence or to be more certain than you should be is called __________. Select one: a. anchoring b. intuition c. a type II error d. overconfidence

d. overconfidence

Perception plays a large role in successful self-regulation. When individuals perceive the discrepancy between their current state and their desired end state, they are calculating their ______________. In comparison, ______________ involves the perception of the value and attainability of a goal. Select one: a. balance; highlights b. commitment; progress c. highlights; balance d. progress; commitment

d. progress; commitment

When Chloe was trying to learn about the stages of memory, she used a personal example to help her transform the information as it was given into something that made sense to her. This process is known as what? Select one: a. distinctiveness b. mnemonics c. retrieval d. recoding

d. recoding

Dr. Peters gives the same personality test to a client three times over the course of 6 months, and finds that the results are very similar. This test would be described as having high ________ due to the consistency of its findings. a. standardization b. norms c. validity d. reliability

d. reliability

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to: Select one: a. say the same things but do the opposite of what the adults did b. behave with no predictability as to what they say or do c. neither say nor do what they heard or observed the adults did d. say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

d. say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

The ___________hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups. Select one: a. social development b. psychosocial biology c. social categorization d. social brain

d. social brain

A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are: Select one: a. unitized b. agreed to by all psychologists c. ranked d. standardized

d. standardized

When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what? Select one: a. the extinction of a stimuli b. the adaptation of learning c. the strength of association d. the change in context

d. the change in context

Homeostasis refers to: Select one: a. the tendency to achieve personal potential b. the desire to obtain a level of arousal that is optimal c. a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior d. the tendency to return to a balanced or stable internal state

d. the tendency to return to a balanced or stable internal state

The HEXACO model proposes: Select one: a. the Five-Factor model is invalid predicting specific behavior b. several facets, or subtraits, that should be distinguished from the Five-Factor model c. trait descriptions in terms of approach-avoidance tendencies d. there is a sixth dimension to the Five-Factor model

d. there is a sixth dimension to the Five-Factor model

Jessie is interested in the cultural differences in respectfulness. To measure this she records how far away a person sits down when invited for an interview. The ability of Jessie's measure to predict her interest in respectfulness is known as the study's: Select one: a. objectivity b. reliability c. directness d. validity

d. validity

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn: Select one: a. to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet b. rats were unable to learn new behaviors. c. rat's behavior varied over several days. d. to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet