molds penicillin exam 2
current issues of penicillin
- 10% of population is penicillin allergic - resistance to antibiotics
who discovered penicillin
- 1928 - alexander fleming
what is cephalosporin
- 1953 - acremonium chrysogenum - isolated from sewage - widely used antibiotic
old world examples of using penicillin
- 3000 years ago chines used fermented soybean curd to fight infections - 3500 years ago egyptian papyrys shows rubbing moldy bread on wounds
chains experiment on penicillin
- 50 mice all inoculate with streptococcus - 25 received penicillin only 1 dies - 25 did not receive penicillin all died
penicillin like antibiotics examples
- cephalosporin - griseofulvin - ciliofungin
who got the nobel prize for discovering penicillin
- fleming: initial discovery - chain: establishing purification parameters - florey: supervising lab
griseofulvin
- fungistatic antibiotic - penicillium griseofulvum - inhibit microtubule dynamics
2 species of fungi used for eastern medicinal used
- ganoderma lucidum - lentinula edodes
why did fleming abandon his work on penicillin for a bit
- hard to make sufficient quantities to work with - produced ill effects on animals - no one cared - sulfa drugs were coming onto market
cyclosporin A
- immuno modulator - prevents rejection of organ transplants
other people who discovered penicillin but did not publish work
- lister - roberts - pasteur - duchesne
what was the first use of penicillin
- miner had stone in eye - penicillin saved eye and vision
what is the strain of penicillium that produces penicillin that is used today
- penicillium chrysogenum - from a cantaloupe growing penicillin at a grocery store in illinois
first human case of penicillin use
- policeman cuts self while shaving - has 105F temp - ulcers all over body
how does penicillin work
- prevents cross linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, main wall polymer of bacteria
ciliofungin
- semi synthetic antibiotic - inhibit beta 1,3 glucan synthesis - developed to stop thrush disease
why would fungi produce antibiotics
- wants access to food source so inhibits other growth of organisms that are competing for same resources
how did duchesne recognize penicillin
animals injected with co culture of typhoid bacillus and penicillium did not come down with typhoid
how did william roberts recognize penicillin
bacterial contamination was absent from cultures on penicillium glaucum
who was the first to use penicillin on a patient
cecil paine
how did pasteur recognize penicillin
cultures of anthrax bacillus became inhibited when contaminated with mold
what was chains extraction technique for penicillin
freeze dried to separate it from impurities
who contributed to germ theory
louis pasteur
germ theory
microbes are responsible for disease
did cecil paine ever get credit for discovering penicillin
no never published
most significant discoveries of biology and medicine
penicillin
why did fleming think he had something important
penicillin was 1000x more active than lysozyme was at killing bacteria
fungus name of penicillin
penicillium notatum
microtubule role in cell division
structure that pulls apart cell to create mitosis 2 cells
how did lister recognize penicillin
urine samples contaminated with mold wouldnt be contaminated with bacteria