Molecular Biology Study Guide
A friend tells you he read somewhere that rotting garbage can turn into maggots, which are fly larvae, and the maggots then can grow into adult flies. What part of the cell theory could you use to refute his claim?
"Cells come only from the replication of existing cells" To replicate a cell you must have a cell. Garbage is not alive and therefore does not contain cells to replicate.
How many cups from the fruit group should you have each day?
1 cup
How many cups from the milk group should you have each day?
1 cup
How many cups from the vegetable group should you have each day?
1 cup
How many ounces from the grain group should you have each day?
1 ounce
How many ounces from the protein group should you have each day?
1 ounce
How many people die in the United States each year due to heart disease?
500,000
Children and teenagers should be physically active for ___ minutes every day or most days.
60
About what percent of American adults are considered overweight or obese?
65.2
Diabetes can be linked to poor nutrition. About what percent of the American population has diabetes?
8%
Name a source of vitamin D. What is one thing it does for your body?
A source of vitamin D is fatty fish. Vitamin D helps your body to grow and function in the proper way.
Allows certain materials in and out of the cell, passive transport.
Cell Membrane
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
Cell Membrane
Tough, rigid outer wall found only in plant cells.
Cell Wall
Small apparatus used when cells divide.
Centriole
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color.
Chloroplast
Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Chromatin
Keeps organelles from being slammed around the cell, supports cell.
Cytoplasm
Transports materials within the cell, moving materials like proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which nutrient should supply most of your calories? How much?
Fats should provide your body with most of your calories, and you should get 9 grams.
List one purpose for fat.
Give you energy and help you feel satisfied after eating.
What is the scientific word for sugar?
Glucose
Packages proteins for transport out of the cell.
Golgi Body
Hypertension is a possible outcome of poor nutrition. What is hypertension also known as?
High blood pressure or the silent killer due to it not being detected or treated until damage has already been done to the body.
What is the relationship between the two equations? Explain similarities. Which equation do you think takes place in a plant cell? Which equation do you think takes place in an animal cell? *refer back to get the grub document for equations*
In both equations you have carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, glucose, and oxygen. The equation that labeled photosynthesis (equation 2) represents a plant cell, and the other equation (equation 1) is an animal cell. (in the second equation you can tell that there is light energy and there is taking in of carbon and producing oxygen letting you know it is a plant cell) (in the first equation you can tell that there is taking in of oxygen and producing carbon dioxide, this is cellular respiration letting you know it is an animal cell)
Knowing how food choices impact the function and productivity of cells, why do you think it is important to maintain a healthy diet? What can happen if someone continually eats junk food? Be sure to mention at least 4 foods that promote a healthy diet.
It is important to maintain a healthy diet so that your cells and organs will perform their jobs properly and function properly. Fat will start to line your organs is you constantly eat junk food. This could turn to an unsafe lining of fat around of your organs if you continue to eat junk food. This can cause your organs to not function properly and can keep you from doing physical activity. TO make sure that this does not happen to you, you can eat a diet that consists of lots of protein (meat, nuts, etc.), vegetables (carrots, cucumbers, broccoli) and fruits (apples, bananas, oranges).
List the types of foods that can cause hypertension:
Junk food, fried food, salt, sugar, dairy products, caffeine, and refined foods.
Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria.
Lysosome
Produces a usable form of energy for the cell.
Mitochondria
Do most people require about the same number of calories?
No
If you eat a cheeseburger, are the molecules useable in this original form? Explain.
No, if you eat a cheeseburger the molecules are not useable in that form. In an animal cell, the food has to be broken down into these useable forms of energy. Animal cells when then convert energy from glucose (sugar) to a useable form of energy.
Do ALL cells have the same structure and same function? Be sure to support your reasoning with at least 2 explanatory details.
No, not all cells have the same structure and same function. Cells can be very different in size, shape, and internal organization even within the same organism. There are different cells that have different functions or jobs within an organism. The job of that type of cell is very important, because without it the organism could fail to live. So not all cells have the same structure and function because different cells are needed to perform different jobs, to keep the organism living.
Covers and protects the nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane
Site where the ribosomes are made/produced.
Nucleolus
Organelle that manages/controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell.
Nucleus
Strokes are linked to poor nutrition. What causes a stroke?
Plaque that builds up in a blood vessel, then it breaks free as a clot that travels to your brain and creates a blockage.
Small bumps located on parts of the endoplasmic reticulum; makes proteins.
Ribosome
Who were the first scientists to discover cells?
Robert Hooke and Anton van Leuwenhoek
What is cholesterol?
Something that comes from high saturated fats.
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
The three parts are that all living things are composed/made of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism, and cells come only from the replication (mitosis/meiosis) of existing cells.
How is matter/energy transferred from one organism to the next?
Through an ecosystem where organisms eat, or eaten by others for food.
What is the purpose of cytoplasm?
To hold the organelles in place and protects them from being slammed around in the cell.
Large storage area for food, water, wastes, or enzymes.
Vacuole
Why are nutrients important to your body?
Without them we could not be healthy or even sustain life.
Why should you choose food and beverages low in added sugars?
You should choose food and beverages low in added sugars because you need to build up a healthy eating style and stay within your calories needs so your body will function properly. Added sugars are sugars and syrups that are often added into the food or beverages we take in when they are prepared or processed. Natural sugars that are found in milk and fruits are not added sugars.
What is the smallest, most basic unit of life?
a cell
Eukaryotic cells have .....
a nucleus that is defined by a membrane, DNA that is found in the nucleus, have organelles that are structures that perform jobs for a cell and most are surrounded by membranes, and multi-celled organisms
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have.....
both contain cytoplasm inside the cell, both types of cells contain DNA, and both make or obtain food
The process of food molecules reacting with oxygen is known as what process?
cellular respiration
A bad diet results in lower ____ strength, slower ______ ____ ability and _______ response time, and less ______.
core, problem solving, muscle, alertness
Gout is caused by uric acid buildup, which forms crystals in your joints. Painful swelling can lead to permanent joint damage as a result. Diets high in what can cause gout?
diets that are high in fat or cholesterol
The body system is responsible for breaking down food is the _____ _____.
digestive system
Where do you get cholesterol?
fats
What is the basic fuel source for all organisms?
food
What are the five groups in My Pryamid?
fruits, grains, vegetables, proteins, and dairy
Food contains _____, which is another word for sugar.
glucose
High cholesterol, which is caused by poor nutrition, is a primary contributor to what disease?
heart disease
Cellular respiration is/is not just for humans.
is not
What is the process called that cells use to grow and divide?
mitosis or meiosis
Prokaryotic cells have.....
no nucleus, DNA that is found in cytoplasm, have no organelles surrounded by membranes, and single-celled organisms
****study the venn-diagram in the homework folder*****
ok
We breathe in ____ and release ______ ______.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
What process do plants use to create food?
photosynthesis
Which of the 6 nutrients helps to build, maintain, and repair body tissue?
proteins
List the 6 nutrients.
proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
From what foods can you get from proteins? List 4.
seafood, lean meat and poultry, eggs, beans and pears, and unsalted nuts and seeds
Where does almost all energy for food come from?
sun or sunlight
True or False? Cancer can be linked to poor dieting. If true what types?
true...liver, colon, breast, and bladder cancer