MORT 203 Methods of Disposition Sections 4 & 5 Exam

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H&SC 7006.5

"Cremation container" means a combustible, closed container resistant to leakage of bodily fluids into which the body of a deceased person is placed prior to insertion in a cremation chamber for cremation.

Other methods of disposition for cremated remains

(1) Casting-scattering remains into the wind (CA law) (2) Raking-pouring and scattering into loose soil; scattering gardens at cemeteries (Cemetery) (3) Water scattering-directly into water or placed in biodegradable urn (CA H&S 7117 and 7117.1) (4) Aerial scattering-performed by pilots; family and friends may witness scattering from below (CA B&P Code 7672.3)

Use of third-party crematories

(1) Crematory records request (a) State crematory license or permit (b) Policy and procedure manual (2) Interview of crematory management (a) Owner (b) Experience and training required of operators (3) Crematory Inspection (a) Scheduled (b) Unannounced (4) Facilities and Equipment (a) Crematory (b) Cremator (c) Processing and refrigeration equipment

H&SC 7054.1

(a) No cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains shall be removed from the place of cremation or hydrolysis, nor shall there be any charge for the cremation or hydrolysis, unless the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains have been processed so that they are suitable for inurnment within a cremated remains container, hydrolyzed human remains container, or an urn. Every contract for cremation or hydrolysis services shall include specific written notification of the processing to the person having the right to control the disposition of the remains under Section 7100.

H&SC 7117.1

(a) Notwithstanding subdivision (a) of Section 7117, cremated remains may be transferred from a durable container into a scattering urn no more than seven days before scattering the cremated remains at sea from a boat. For purposes of this section, "scattering urn" means a closed container containing cremated remains that will dissolve and release its contents within four hours of being placed at sea. (b) This section shall not be construed to allow the use of a scattering urn when the cremated remains are to be scattered by a plane over land or at sea.

H&SC 8374

H&SC 8347

(a) The crematory licensee, or his or her authorized representative shall provide instruction to all crematory personnel involved in the cremation process. This instruction shall lead to a demonstrated knowledge on the part of an employee regarding identification procedures used during cremation, operation of the cremation chamber and processing equipment and all laws relevant to the handling of a body and cremated remains. This instruction shall be outlined in a written plan maintained by the crematory licensee for inspection and comment by an inspector of the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau. (b) No employee shall be allowed to operate any cremation equipment until he or she has demonstrated to the licensee or authorized representative that he or she understands procedures required to ensure that health and safety conditions are maintained at the crematory and that cremated remains are not commingled other than for acceptable residue, as defined. The crematory licensee shall maintain a record to document that an employee has received the training specified in this section. (c) On or after March 1, 1994, any crematory that fails, when requested by an official of the bureau, to produce a written employee instruction plan, or record of employee training for inspection, shall have 15 working days from the time of the request to produce a plan or training record for review by the chief of the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau. The license of the crematory shall be suspended, pursuant to Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 11500) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code, if no plan or training record is produced for review after 15 working days have elapsed.

Procedure for removal of pacemaker

(a) incision at superior margin of pacemaker/incision scar (b) use of aneurysm hook; scalpel (c) remove pacemaker (d) cut lead lines of pacemaker (e) closure of incision - Metal detector wand - Manual check Return to manufacturer

Carrying cremated remains on an airplane

1) Hand carry- TSA requires urn/temporary container made of a lightweight material, such as wood or plastic 2) Carry disposition permit with remains 3) Checked bags- if image generates an opaque image during screening, TSA agents will not be able to determine contents and container will not be allowed. 4) Always check with airlines regarding policies regarding cremated remains

Preparing cremated remains for shipment

1) Strong durable container- protecting remains from sifting or loosening during shipment 2) Protection-padding or foam peanuts 3) Outer container- strong, durable, sift proof. Use container supplied by U.S.P.S. 4) Affix with U.S.P.S. "Cremated Remains" label-clearly marked contents of outer container

Memorial Parks

1. A cemetery or section of section of a cemetery with only flush to the ground markers 2. A cemetery, which has adopted a park like style and abolished the use of upright memorials. (Llewellyn, 1998) 3. Sweeping lawns, uplifts and educates the community (Llewellyn, 1998)

Impact of sanitation movement

1. Cholera outbreak 2. Impact of immigrants 3. Sanitation movement in England and America was responsible for the increase of cremations 4. Miasma versus Germ Theory

Continental Europe burial from 7th Century

1. Constantine's Edict of Toleration: altars and tombs used for worship in cemeteries 2. Edict allowed for dignitaries and others to be in the church 3. Influenced the custom of burial in the walls and development of churchyard cemeteries for receive overflow from the church

Pioneers

1. Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne- constructed the first New World crematory in Washington, Pennsylvania, December 6, 1876 2. Baron dePalm-first cremation in modern America; scientific progress and rural simplicity; opponents denounced it as Satan's errand 3. John L. Dye- built Dr. LeMoyne's crematory; built second crematory in the U.S. at Rosedale Cemetery (first on West Coast) in Los Angeles;

Growth in, and acceptance of, cremation

1. German ethnic groups a. tradition of "fire burial" in Germany b. German Americans heavily involved in cremation societies 2. Medical professionals a. American Medical Association-mixed support b. cremationist's overestimation of burial of bodies c. bury remains 4-6 feet underground 3. New England Protestant clergy a. "Free Thinkers" b. genteel practice

Recommendations for crematory operators

1. Persons of size should be the first cremation performed for the day 2. Identify and eliminate potentially hazardous objects 3. Wood containers/wood caskets 4. Metal containers a. Items to be removed (zinc) see cremation authorization 5. Alternative containers 6. Plastics and fiberglass (unsuitable) 7. Proper temperature range, 1400-1800 degrees Fahrenheit 8. Shipping containers are suitable for persons of size 9. Biohazard signs on cremator and/or refrigerator* Disclosure* no longer required in CA as of January 2016

Opponents of cremation

1. Roman Catholics (prior to 1970) a. Anti-Christian-cremation is performed by heathens and pagans b. 1886-the Vatican denounced practice of cremation 2. Some Protestant clergy a. denial of sacred ground burial b. Violent, vulgar practice 3. Some funeral directors a. cemetery operators, coffin makers, undertakers b. consumer culture gave rise to death experts for a profit c. embalming undertakers argued for the sanitary movement

History and Background of Cremation

1. Scholars estimate cremation began as early as the Stone Age, 3000 B.C. 2. Athenians cremated dead on the battlefield, returning the bones to be interred at home 3. Greeks during the time of Homer practiced cremation as a means to set the soul free 4. Romans from 27 B.C. to 395 A.D. widely practiced with cremated remains stored in elaborate urns in columbarium like structures 5. Although difficult to determine the first cremation in the U.S. (thought to be dated back to 1874), the first modern American cremation on December 6,1876 by Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne 6. New York Cremation Society est. 1881 7. United States Cremation Company, 1885

Services offered in conjunction with cremation

1. Traditional service a. visitation, services b. use of cremation caskets or rental caskets 2. Memorial service* a. with urn present b. options for personalization 3. Memorial gathering * a. with urn present b. alternative location 4. Graveside a. burial of urn b. cemetery guidelines c. urn ark 5. Committal at crematory a. regulations for witness cremation b. ceremonies allowed c. time allowed for witnessing

Pet cremation

1. Veterinary- primarily disposed of pet remains 2. Pet crematories- Hartsdale Pet Cemetery and Crematory, 1896, Hartsdale, NY 3. Alkaline Hydrolysis--developed and patented in 1888 by Amos Herbert Hanson to make fertilizer from animal carcasses (CANA, 2019) 4. Pet cemeteries- 700 pet cemeteries in the United States as of 2017 (International Association of Pet Cemeteries, 2017) 5. Pet funerals- Revenues at $100 million dollars a year, estimated* (The Hustle, 2016)

H&SC 8342

No crematory shall make or enforce any rules requiring that human remains be placed in a casket before cremation or that human remains be cremated in a casket, nor shall a crematory refuse to accept human remains for cremation for the reason that they are not in a casket. Every director, officer, agent or representative of a crematory who violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the requiring of some type of container or disposal unit

H&SC 8346

Within two hours after a crematory licensed by the State of California takes custody of a body that has not been embalmed, it shall refrigerate the body at a temperature not greater than 50 degrees Fahrenheit unless the cremation process will begin within 24 hours of the time that crematory took custody

Environmental consideration

a Particulates i. solid matter, dust, soot, ash ii. some small amounts may travel out of stacks into atmosphere b. Carbon Monoxide i. CO emitted from cremation equipment is same as from automobile exhaust ii. result of incomplete combustion of fuels used c. Hydrogen Chloride i. Gaseous pollutant produced by incineration of plastic containing chlorine ii. use chlorine free body bags and plastic sheeting

Any of the following that is used or intended to be used and dedicated for cemetery purposes

a. A burial park, for earth interments. b. A mausoleum, for crypt or vault interments. c. A crematory and columbarium, for interment of cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains. d. A place where six or more human bodies are buried (CA Health and Safety Code 7003)

Legislation and opposition to cremation

a. California Funeral Director's Association b. Societies and cremation clubs classified as funeral homes c. Subject to regulation by the Board of Funeral Directors and Embalmers

Garden Cemeteries

a. Development based on sanitation (miasma) b. Overcrowding of urban cemeteries c. Designed to resemble gardens of English estates d. Provide a meaningful and beautiful memorialization

Cremation Association of North America-1913

a. Dr. Hugo Erichson founded Cremation Society of America b. founded to promote cremation as the "safe and hygienic" way of disposing of a human remains c. became a concern with the proper treatment and respect for those who chose cremation d. members sign a Code of Cremation Practice to uphold high standards of ethics, education, and consumer information

FTC compliance

a. If direct cremation is offered, must be listed on the GPL b. Alternative container-you must make alternative containers available c. The Funeral Rule allows crematories to set a standard for types of alternative containers allowed. d. Purchaser provides container- CA BPC 7006.5

Scattering

a. Legal Considerations California Health and Safety Code 7117 (1) Ocean Scattering (a) CA Law at a minimum distance of 500 yards from the shoreline (b) Reports of scattering must be filed with the local (2) exclusive of lakes and streams, provided that no such scattering may take place within 500 yards of the shoreline. This section does not allow the scattering of cremated human remains from a bridge or pier. (3) For private property with permission of property owner, (subject to statutes and ordinances) (4) cremated remains disposer

Impact on health moved burial outside of city walls

a. Plagues overloaded cemeteries b. Consecrated ground quickly filled; bodies placed on top of each other; sprinkled with dirt until trenched where filled. c. The Act of 1547 forbid burial between six in the evening and six in the morning; people were less susceptible to foul vapors of contagion in the day. d. Beginning to see coffined burial in England in the 1600's.

urn materials

(a) Metal (b) Wood (c) Marble (d) Ceramic (e) Plastic (f) Other

Alkaline hydrolysis

reduction of human remains to essential elements through a water-based dissolution process using alkaline chemicals, heat, agitation and pressure

Afterburner

secondary chamber; smaller chamber; used to burn gases, smoke and particulates

Cemetery derives from the word

sleeping place, Greek word Koimeterion

Opacity monitors

smoke alarm; reads opacity (color or density) of exhaust gases; installed in the exhaust stack and sends warning that color or density has exceeded what is allowed

Wet Scrubber

water is sprayed into exhaust emissions; water droplets catch pollutants before entering atmosphere

what is hydrolysate or effluent made of?

water, salt, sugars, amino acids, peptides

can crematories set any standard for alternative containers they're willing to accept?

yes, as long as they're ridgid

CCR § 1258.2. Rental Caskets

• (a) If a funeral establishment offers a specially designed device used to conceal an insert containing human remains, for purposes of viewing and/or funeral or other ceremony, which gives the outward appearance of being a casket, it shall be referred to as a "rental" casket. No part of a rental casket, including its lining, shall come into contact with any human remains placed therein or placed within a rental casket insert placed therein, unless that part or lining is disposed of with the insert and human remains. • (b) A rental casket insert is an enclosure without ornamentation which has an interior lining and which is designed for the encasement of human remains for burial, cremation, or transit. • (c) A new rental casket insert shall be used for each human remains displayed in a rental casket. • (d) No rental casket shall be used or reused after it has been soiled, stained or otherwise contaminated by or from any human remains placed therein or placed within a rental casket insert placed therein. • (e) The provisions of Business and Professions Code section 7702 shall not be applicable to rental caskets, as described and defined in subsection (a) of this section. • (f) All rental caskets shall be included on the casket price list required by Business and Professions Code section 7685 and shall be displayed in the funeral establishment casket selection room or displayed photographically. When a rental casket is used, it shall appear on the contract for funeral goods or services.

Pet Loss Professional Alliance

• -affiliated with the International Cemetery, Cremation and Funeral Association (ICCFA) - fostering positive consumer relationships, providing high ethical standards -encourage and promote dignified and respectful care of pet remains • -an educational resource and guide in standards relating to final pet death care options for our client families as well as our process partners

Principles of Combustion-3 elements

• Heat - in cremation, heat initiate from a gas burner. Burner is used to raise the temp of the cremation unit; there combustion of human remains is possible • Fuel - human remains; size of remains is a factor in cremation. i. cardboard or softwoods have high fuel values • Oxygen - comes from atmosphere and is introduced to unit by air jets

Other medically implanted devices

• Subcutaneous Implantable defibrillator • spinal cord stimulator • dorsal column stimulator • micro pacemaker

Identification viewing

• a. Visitation room • b. decline to identify(signature) • c. Identification in the container selected for cremation is recommended

H&SC 8344.6

(a) A crematory that incinerates an American flag or flags pursuant to Section 8344.5 shall maintain on its premises an accurate record of all American flags incinerated as specified in Section 8344.5, including all of the following information: (1) Name of the organization or person requesting incineration of the flag or flags. (2) Date of incineration of the flag or flags. (3) Name of the cremation chamber operator. (4) Time and date that the flag or flags were inserted in the cremation chamber. (5) Time and date that the flag or flags were removed from the cremation chamber. (6)Weight of the ashes of the flag or flags after being removed from the cremation chamber. (7) Disposition of the ashes of the incinerated flag or flags. (b) This information shall be maintained in the crematory log for at least 10 years after the incineration of an American flag or flags and shall be subject to inspection by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau.

CA Business and Professions Code 7672

(a) A person shall not dispose of or offer to dispose of any cremated human remains or hydrolyzed human remains unless registered as a cremated remains disposer by the bureau. This article shall not apply to any person, partnership, or corporation holding a certificate of authority as a cemetery, crematory license, hydrolysis facility license, cemetery broker's license, cemetery salesperson's license, or funeral director's license, nor shall this article apply to any person having the right to control the disposition of the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains of any person or that person's designee if the person does not dispose of or offer to dispose of more than 10 cremated human remains or hydrolyzed human remains within any calendar year.

CA B&P Code 7672.3

(a) All aircraft used for the scattering of cremated human remains or hydrolyzed human remains shall be validly certified by the Federal Aviation Administration. All boats or vessels used for the scattering of cremated human remains or hydrolyzed human remains shall be registered with the Department of Motor Vehicles or documented by a federal agency, as appropriate. The certification or registration shall be available for inspection by the bureau.

H&SC 7117

(a) Cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains may be taken by boat from any harbor in this state, or by air, and scattered at sea. Cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains shall be removed from their container before the remains are scattered at sea. (b) Any person who scatters at sea, either from a boat or from the air, any cremated human remains or hydrolyzed human remains shall file with the local registrar of births and deaths in the county nearest the point where the remains were scattered, a verified statement containing the name of the deceased person, the time and place of death, the place at which the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains were scattered, and any other information that the local registrar of births and deaths may require. The first copy of the endorsed permit shall be filed with the local registrar of births and deaths within 10 days of disposition. The third copy shall be returned to the office of issuance. (c) For purposes of this section, the phrase "at sea" includes the inland navigable waters of this state, exclusive of lakes and streams, provided that no such scattering may take place within 500 yards of the shoreline. This section does not allow the scattering of cremated human remains or hydrolyzed human remains from a bridge or pier. (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this code, the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains of a deceased person may be scattered at sea as provided in this section and Section 103060.

H&SC 7712.10

(a) Each crematory for which a crematory license is required shall be operated under the supervision of a manager qualified in accordance with rules adopted by the bureau. Each manager shall be required to successfully pass a written examination evidencing an understanding of the applicable provisions of this code and of the Health and Safety Code. (b) A person shall not engage in the business of, act in the capacity of, or advertise or assume to act as, a crematory manager without first obtaining a license from the bureau

B&P code 7712.11

(a) Each hydrolysis facility for which a hydrolysis facility license is required shall be operated under the supervision of a manager qualified in accordance with rules adopted by the bureau. A licensed crematory manager may be designated as a hydrolysis facility manager with appropriate certification upon demonstrating an understanding of the applicable provisions of this code and of the Health and Safety Code, as determined by the bureau. (b) A person shall not engage in the business of, act in the capacity of, or advertise or assume to act as, a hydrolysis facility manager without a valid crematory manager license and obtaining a certification from the bureau.

Disposition of cremated remains

(a) Earth burial (b) Placement in a niche, mausoleum, or columbarium (inurnment) (c) Scattering garden (d) Retention by family (e) Ossuary

H&SC 8344.5

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b), a crematory regulated by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau shall knowingly cremate only human remains in cremation chambers, along with the cremation container, personal effects of the deceased, and no more than a negligible amount of chlorinated plastic pouches utilized for disease control when necessary. (b) (1) Notwithstanding any other law, a crematory regulated by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau also may incinerate one or more American flags, under the following conditions: (A) Incineration of the flag or flags is performed separately from the cremation of human remains, as provided in subdivision (a). (B) Incineration of the flag or flags is in accordance with Section 8(k) of Title 4 of the United States Code. (C) Incineration of the flag or flags occurs within one week before or after any of the following: (i) Presidents' Day. (ii) Memorial Day. (iii) Flag Day. (iv) Independence Day. (v)Veterans' Day. (2) Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to attempt to restrict or otherwise infringe upon any person's right to free expression under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution

H&SC 7054.6 section (a)

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b), cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains may be removed in a durable container from the place of cremation, hydrolysis, or interment and kept in or on the real property owned or occupied by a person described in Section 7100 or any other person, with the permission of the person with the right to disposition, or the durable container holding the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains may be kept in a church or religious shrine, if written permission of the church or religious shrine is obtained and there is no conflict with local use permit requirements or zoning laws, if the removal is under the authority of a permit for disposition granted under Section 103060. The placement, in any place, of six or more cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains under this section does not constitute the place a cemetery, as defined in Section 7003.

H&SC 7054.6 section (b)

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains may be placed in one or more keepsake urns. Keepsake urns shall be kept as authorized by the person or persons with the right to control disposition pursuant to Section 7100, provided that a permit for disposition of human remains pursuant to Section 103060 is issued by the local registrar for each keepsake urn designating the home address of each person receiving a keepsake urn and a permit fee pursuant to Section 103065 is paid. No keepsake urn shall be subject to Section 8345. For purposes of this section, a keepsake urn shall mean a closed durable container that will accommodate an amount of cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains not to exceed one cubic centimeter.

H&SC 7054.6 section (c)

(c) Prior to disposition of cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains, every licensee or registrant pursuant to Chapter 12 (commencing with Section 7600) of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code, and the agents and employees of the licensee or registrant shall do all of the following: • (1) Remove the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains from the place of cremation or hydrolysis in a durable container. • (2) Keep the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains in a durable container. • (3) Store the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains in a place free from exposure to the elements. • (4) Responsibly maintain the cremated remains or hydrolyzed human remains.

Areas to check

- Chest/abdomen/axilla - Inner/outer thigh - Buttocks - Posterior of remains

Common Law of Right of Sepulcher

- The Right of Sepulcher may be created by expressed agreement of parties, or in absence of such agreement, by the operation of law upon interment of human remains; - The Right of Sepulcher initially belongs to the next of kin; follow applicable state laws; - The Right of Sepulcher passes via interstate succession; follow applicable state laws; - The Right of Access permits the descendants of a decedent to cross private property to access a grave - Human Remains are not property; after interment they become a part of the real estate in which they are interred; - Human Remains shall not be disinterred except with the consent of the holder of the Right of Sepulcher and the courts; - The holder of the Right of Sepulcher has the right to protect the grave from desecration or interference; - Interference with interred human remains shall be remedied by the courts the grave owner, holder of the right to disposition and the cemetery owner must remedy disputes among them and consider the wishes of the decedent.

Principles of U.S. Cemetery Law

- The dedication of real property for cemetery purposes; parcel of real estate set apart for the burial of the dead; - Common law right of burial; once land has been dedicated for use as a cemetery, it may not be use for any other purposes, except as expressly permitted by law; - Public cemeteries are used by the general community, neighborhood or church; - Private cemeteries that are privately owned may freely discriminate based on other criteria other than the race of the decedent; - Cemeteries are not a "per se" nuisance.

Unclaimed cremated remains: reasons

- arranger passivity - indecision regarding what to do with the cremated remains - psychological and emotional issues - family separation - People move away from place of birth; making arrangements from a distance - Waiting for someone else to die to (disposition together) - Families in disagreement over what to do with the remains - Indecision after all options are presented - Anger at deceased

required parameters for alkaline hydrolysis

- at least 1.5 times the body weight - KOH: 11% dry and NaOH 8% dry - 3-6 hours at 302 F and 12-16 hours at 206 F - agitation

Alkaline Hydrolysis history

- developed and patented in 1888 by Amos Herbert Hanson to make fertilizer from animal carcasses (CANA, 2019) -Medical schools use: University of Florida, 1995; Mayo Clinic, 2006; UCLA, 2012

Trends that affect the cremation rate

1. rising costs a) traditional funeral services b) cremation services 2. environmental concerns and considerations a) cemetery/land b) embalmed remains c) eco-friendly choices 3. changing religious restrictions a) Catholic b) Protestants 4. Rapidly changing consumer preferences a) Price b) Environment c) Decision making d) Mobility 5. Increasing education levels a) Consumer more educated on options b) Higher socio-economic status and education level 6. People living longer a) more exposure to cremation b) less emphasis on "traditional" services 7. Expanded options offered by funeral homes a) Cremation services b) Merchandise c) Memorial services 8. Increased migration a) More mobile society b) Ease and convenience of transport 9. More socially acceptable than in the past a) Historically a heathen practices b) Merchandise options c) Change in religious opposition

H&SC 8344

A crematory shall maintain an identification system allowing identification of each decedent beginning from the time the crematory accepts delivery of human remains until the point at which it releases the cremated remains to a third party. After cremation, an identifying disk, tab, or other permanent label shall be placed within the urn or cremated remains container before the cremated remains are released from the crematory. Each identification disk, tab, or label shall contain the license number of the crematory and shall have a unique number that shall be recorded on all paperwork regarding the decedent's case and in the crematory log. Each crematory shall maintain a written procedure for identification of remains. The identification requirements pertaining to an identifying disk, tab, or other label to be placed within the urn or cremated remains container shall not apply to cremated remains placed in a keepsake urn pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 7054.6 if space does not permit.

H&SC 8343

A crematory shall maintain on its premises, or other business location within the State of California, an accurate record of all cremations performed, including all of the following information: (a) Name of referring funeral director, if any. (b) Name of deceased. (c) Date of cremation. (d) Name of cremation chamber operator. (e) Time and date that body was inserted in cremation chamber. (f) Time and date that body was removed from cremation chamber. (g) Time and date that final processing of cremated remains was completed. (h) Disposition of cremated remains. (i) Name and address of authorizing agent. (j) The identification number assigned to the deceased pursuant to Section 8344. (k) A photocopy of the disposition permit filed in connection with the disposition. (l) Instructions for final disposition This information shall be maintained for at least 10 years after the cremation is performed and shall be subject to inspection by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau.

H&SC 8345.5

A crematory shall not accept human remains for cremation unless the remains meet all of the following requirements: (a) The remains shall be in a cremation container, as defined. (b) The cremation container shall be labeled with the identity of the decedent.

H&SC 8341

All cremated remains not disposed of in accordance with this chapter, within one year, shall be interred

Alternative Container

An unfinished wood box or other non-metal receptacle or enclosure, without ornamentation or a fixed interior lining, which is designed for the encasement of human remains. It is make of fiberboard, pressed-wood, composition materials or like materials, with out without an outside covering. a. Corrugated container b. Wood box c. Particle board/plywood d. Rental casket insert e. Pouch (CA law does not allow only) f. Green or environmentally friendly containers g. Cardboard

Number of cremations over time

Between 1876-1884, there were 41 cremation in America By 1894, 2898 cremations By 1899, 7197 cremations By 1900, 13,281 cremations 24 crematories operating in 15 states, including California

Biodegradable urns

CA law governing bio urns - remove from temp container - urn must dissolve w/in 4 hours - permit to accompany urn

Scattering urns

CA law governing scattering urns *Health and Safety Code 7117 - remove from temp container -urn must dissolve w/in 4 hours - permit to accompany urn - 500 yds off shore - must not be scattered from a bridge or pier

H&SC 8346.5

Every crematory operator, or duly authorized representative shall provide to any person who inquires in person, a written, or printed list of prices for cremation and storage, cremation containers, cremated remains containers and urns, and requirements for cremation containers. This information shall be provided over the telephone when requested. Commencing July 1, 1994, any written or printed list shall identify the crematorium and shall contain, at a minimum, the current address and phone number of the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau in 8-point boldface type, or larger.

H&SC 8345

If a cremated remains container is of insufficient capacity to accommodate all cremated remains of a given deceased, the crematory shall provide a larger cremated remains container at no additional cost, or place the excess remains in a secondary cremated remains container and attach the second container, in a manner so as not to be easily detached through incidental contact, to the primary cremated remains container for interment, scattering, or other disposition by the person entitled to control the disposition.

Operating the Crematory

a. Starting blower-purges primary chamber of residual flammable gas b. Start the afterburner-preheat afterburner to 1500 degrees c. Open loading door-set safety stops; load remains into chamber; using hydraulic lift or church/casket truck; d. Start main burner- usually cold if first cremation of the day; combustion may happen instantaneously if heat is retained in chamber or size of remains or construction of container e. Turn on throat air- induces a draft up into the stack f. Repositioning-visually examine progress; utilize repositioning tool g. generally after 1 hour h. Turn on hearth air i. after one hour; need more air ii. Body (fuel) has been combusted; running out of fuel i. Cool down - after 2-3 hours, cremation should be complete - Turn off cremator - Retrieve cremated remains - chamber cools to 300 degrees - Strip, block wire brush - Make a reasonable effort to remove as much residue as possible *use of a hot vacuum to aid in retrieval j. Process remains i. cool down remains ii. remove foreign objects iii. processor iv. recycle products

Containers for cremated remains

a. Suggested minimum volume for container is 200 cubic inches b. Temporary container (1) Purchaser provides container (2) Plastic c. Permanent container(urn) (1) Capacity (a) Single (b) Double/Companion urns (c) Oversized urns* (c) Infant (d) Keepsake (e) Portion

Shipping cremated remains- domestic

a. United States Postal Service: the only legal method of shipping cremated remains domestically or internationally b. Forwarding remains: pricing varies depending in weight of package. Follow guidelines from U.S.P.S. c. Receiving remains: Follow guidelines from U.S.P.S.

Shipping cremated remains- international

a. Unless otherwise not prohibited by receiving country *Contact country embassy b. Priority Mail Express International service c. The Universal Postal Union requires cremated remains to be packaged and mailed in a funeral urn per the IMM. d. This varies country to country; little uniformity; seek information from country consulate/embassy

Where to find pacemakers

a. Upper torso b. Abdomen c. Left ventricle* d. Posterior of remains e. Axilla

Cold Hearth- In-line design

a. gases flow "in-line", vertically, prior to entering the stack b. Hearth/floor is the primary chamber; products of combustion travel through chamber before entering stack

Hot Hearth- Retort design

a. gases flow in various directions b. move from one chamber to another c. Hearth/floor is the primary chamber; products of combustion travel under hearth, heating the bottom

Cremation containers

a. minimum cardboard container i. average weight 11-15 lbs. ii. 250-300 lb test rating

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