Motor Chapters Multiple Choice

Practice Organization 4 The elaboration hypothesis and the forgetting hypothesis are complementary rather than competing explanations for the blocked-random practice effect.

*a. True b. False

Proprioceptive sensory information provides information to the processing system about the state of the body.

*a. True b. False

Short-term memory and working memory are the same thing.

*a. True b. False

Shortening the movement time of the bat swing in baseball should allow for more accurate anticipation of where and when

*a. True b. False

Skills with purely temporal goals seem to follow different principles than those with purely spatial goals.

*a. True b. False

Stimulus identification is primarily a sensory stage.

*a. True b. False

Task analysis may be performed by identifying key components of a motor task and then determining underlying abilities.

*a. True b. False

The RT interval is a measure of accumulated durations of the three stages of information processing.

*a. True b. False

The blindsight phenomenon demonstrates that we can respond to objects in the environment unconsciously.

*a. True b. False

The psychological refractory period is the delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli.

*a. True b. False

The reasons for a choke under pressure occur as much because of information-processing errors as they do for motor-performance errors.

*a. True b. False

The specificity hypothesis suggests that many specific and independent motor abilities are the basis for every type of motor performance.

*a. True b. False

Motor learning can be defined as __________.

*a. a set of processes associated with practice b. a set of abilities underlying skilled performance c. a set of abilities associated with practice d. a set of processes defined by innate characteristics of the learner

Sensory information that primarily comes from sources outside of a person's body is called

*a. exteroception b. proprioception c. kinesthetics d. interoception

A statistical technique called __________, which uses as a starting point the correlations among skills, was used by Fleishman for many years.

*a. factor analysis b. general motor ability analysis c. motor task analysis d. generalized motor program analysis

Which of the following is not necessary for an open-loop controlled motor program to run?

*a. identification of largest motor unit producing the action b. force of various muscle contractions c. timing and sequencing d. duration of contractions

When discussing information processing, ____________ is the information a person receives for processing.

*a. input b. stimulus identification c. response d. output

If a movement is __________, instructions to decrease movement time have a detrimental effect on spatial accuracy.

*a. relatively slow b. relatively fast c. well learned d. without vision

Correlations All of the following are true about skill correlations except

*a. there is an underlying general ability for balance skills b. the lack of correlation among skills argues against the concept of a general motor ability c. the correlation data tell us that there are many abilities d. skills that appear to be similar usually correlate poorly

This visual system is used to identify an object in the center of the visual field, is conscious, leads to identification, and is affected by lighting.

*a. ventral vision b. dorsal vision c. perceptual vision d. optical flow

Instructions For most performers, instructing them to pay attention to aspects of the movement itself, rather than the intended result of an action, produces a more-skilled performance.

a. True *b. False

Instructions 2 Mental practice is beneficial for learning only the cognitive aspects of a motor task.

a. True *b. False

Motor Transfer Principles 4 The more components of a task interact with each other, the more effective part practice is.

a. True *b. False

Motor educability tests are used today to determine a general ability to acquire new skills.

a. True *b. False

Practice Characteristics and Goals 3 One benefit of practice is that increased attention is demanded by tasks that have been well learned.

a. True *b. False

Practice Characteristics and Goals 4 Repetition can be used to create a more durable stamp of the memory for a specific movement.

a. True *b. False

Practice Distribution 2 For discrete tasks, reducing rest time by following a massed practice schedule degrades learning.

a. True *b. False

Practice Organization 5 The blocked-versus-random effect, while strong in laboratory tasks, does not transfer well to everyday tasks.

a. True *b. False

Research Evidence for Motor Programs 2 When experimenters used startle trials to examine RT, participants had a shortened RT on startle trials, but the motor program was altered.

a. True *b. False

Short-term memory is the briefest of all memory.

a. True *b. False

Temporal Accuracy Because the velocity of a movement is larger when a movement is sped up, decreasing the movement time for a task increases timing error.

a. True *b. False

The open-loop control system returns feedback to the system after instructions have been sent to the effector level.

a. True *b. False

The prediction of success in motor skills is very effective in motor behavior.

a. True *b. False

There is evidence that movement time and kinematics for two limbs completing different, incongruent tasks are determined independently and not by a joint command.

a. True *b. False

Transfer of Learning and Similarity If practice is given at one variant of a class of movements, sharing the same general pattern, then the learner should be able to transfer learning to any other variant using a different pattern.

a. True *b. False

Understanding and predicting abilities are easy tasks for movement practitioners.

a. True *b. False

Visual acuity, color vision, height, and build are considered skills more than abilities.

a. True *b. False

Forgetting 2 __________ is the term for when a learner suffers a large performance decrement and is temporarily prevented from performing at his or her maximum potential at the beginning of performance.

a. Warm-up decrement

If the SOA is 30 ms, how will the motor system respond to the second stimulus?

a. a bottleneck b. more slowly *c. grouping d. more quickly

Chopping cucumbers and tomatoes for a salad would best be described as

a. a discrete skill *b. a serial skill c. a continuous skill

Mixing the batter for baking a cake would be best described as

a. a discrete skill b. a serial skill *c. a continuous skill

Transfer of Learning Tests for specific transfer are most appropriate for which type of motor skill?

a. a skill that can be used in many situations such a throwing a ball in softball and cricket *b. a closed skill, such as bowling c. an open skill such a throwing in a rugby game d. a skill that can use more than one effector, such as writing your name with both hands

The small body size of the coxswain is a(n) __________ that helps him to succeed in his role on the rowing team.

a. ability b. physical ability

Perceptual narrowing does not result in which of the following?

a. ability to detect fewer stimuli b. focus on the most pertinent information c. shifts in attention *d. ability to use more of the information in the environment

Performance Curves 2 The shape of a performance curve is often __________ defined by the choices experimenters have made before the study is conducted.

a. arbitrarily

Feedback Classification and Properties 3 All of the following statements about augmented feedback are true except

a. augmented feedback energizes the learner to increase effort b. augmented feedback provides information about errors c. augmented feedback directs the learner's attention toward the movement or movement goal *d. augmented feedback does not affect performance when the feedback is withdrawn

Being faked out in basketball is one drawback to the development of __________.

a. automaticity

Stages of Learning 3 During Fitts' __________stage of learning, movements involving open skills become more automatic with practice.

a. autonomous

Motivation Which of the following is not a basic need that determines intrinsic motivation?

a. autonomy b. relatedness c. competence *d. challenge

Feedback Schedules 2 In comparison to summary feedback, __________ filters out within-subject variation and provides more reliable information.

a. average feedback

Feedback During the Movement 2 Persistent guidance is __________ for performance during practice and it is __________ to learning.

a. beneficial; detrimental

Practice Organization A practice schedule in which the learner performs a number of different skills in no particular order, while avoiding or minimizing consecutive repetition

a. blocked practice *b. random practice c. varied practice d. constant practice

Concept of Motor Learning 5 Learning produces an acquired __________ for skilled performance.

a. capability

In a situation where for a given number of SR alternatives the SR compatibility has been increased, the __________ can be expected to decrease.

a. choice RT b. choice reaction time

Anticipatory and Feedback Information 2 If a movement is slow or long in duration, control is dominated by __________ processes. If a movement is brief, control is dominated by __________ processes.

a. closed-loop; open-loop b. feedback; open-loop

Practice Organization 6 A __________ is a type of practice schedule that is sensitive to individual differences.

a. contingency schedule b. self-regulated schedule

Practice Organization 2 The __________ hypothesis explain(s) the contextual-interference effect by suggesting that the learner forgets task A to do task B and then has to relearn or re-plan task A the next time it is needed.

a. elaboration *b. forgetting c. short-term memory d. desirable difficulties

Controlling two limbs as a single unit reduces the role of the _________ in command issuing.

a. executive

Motor Program Theory 5 The two essential parts to an open-loop system are the __________ and __________.

a. executive; effector

A closed-loop control system is made up of four distinct parts: a(n) __________ for decision making about errors, a(n) __________ for making decisions, a(n) __________ to compare feedback to, and a(n) __________, which is the information acted on by the executive.

a. executive; effector system; reference of correctness; error signal

Transfer of Learning 3 When instructors wish to train learners to develop general capabilities for a wide variety of skills, where the eventual goal is quite different from the original practice setting, this is called __________ transfer.

a. far

Transfer Design A __________ can separate the relatively permanent and temporary effects of a variable.

a. performance curve b. performance average plot *c. transfer design d. percentage change in ability plot

__________ is the level of excitement of a person's central nervous system.

*a. Arousal b. Stress c. Anxiety d. Excitability

describes processing that is quick, done in parallel, and is involuntary. It does not demand attention, is more prominent during the later stages of learning, and takes lots of practice.

*a. Automatic processing b. Parallel processing c. Controlled processing d. Stroop effect

Feedback Schedules __________ is feedback provided after a series of practice attempts that informs learners about their average performance.

*a. Average feedback b. Summary feedback c. Bandwidth feedback d. Intermittent feedback

_____________ is a device for recording the electrical activity in the muscles; it has been used in some studies to provide evidence that motor programs exist.

*a. Electromyography (EMG) b. Central pattern generator c. Reaction time (RT) d. Deafferentation

__________ skills are performed in an environment that is varied and unpredictable.

*a. Open b. Discrete c. Serial d. Closed

_____________ is the type of accuracy required of aiming movements for which the position of the movement's end point is important to the performance.

*a. Spatial accuracy b. Temporal accuracy c. Timing accuracy d. Velocity accuracy

_____________is the stage of information processing in which a person recognizes and distinguishes the input.

*a. Stimulus identification b. Response selection c. Response interpretation d. Movement programming

A theory cannot survive if something predicted from it does not hold true.

*a. True b. False

A theory is a human-made structure used to explain how various phenomena occur.

*a. True b. False

Abilities, attitudes, body type, maturation, and motivation are all individual differences that contribute to a person's movement performance.

*a. True b. False

Actions can be modified quickly and automatically, leading toward goal achievement, through reflexive mechanisms.

*a. True b. False

An inverted-U relationship exists between spatial accuracy and force requirements with the least accuracy produced at moderate force levels.

*a. True b. False

Anticipatory and Feedback Information Motor behavior is a complex blend of open- and closed-loop processes.

*a. True b. False

Attention is a resource or pool of resources available that can be used for various tasks.

*a. True b. False

Concept of Motor Learning 4 Improvements in the way actions are selected during response selection are thought to be influenced by practice.

*a. True b. False

Even with extensive practice, a person lacking a sufficient level of the fundamental abilities required for a particular task will not achieve high levels of performance.

*a. True b. False

Feedback During the Movement Physical guidance is a type of concurrent feedback.

*a. True b. False

Fitts' Law describes the tendency for performers to trade speed for accuracy.

*a. True b. False

Forgetting In general, continuous tasks are retained for longer periods than discrete tasks.

*a. True b. False

General Motor Program Theory In a learned movement pattern, relative timing is typically invariant.

*a. True b. False

Guidance techniques such as spotting in gymnastics can be useful at the beginning of practice but can easily be overused.

*a. True b. False

Motivation 2 A specific, challenging goal is strongly motivating.

*a. True b. False

Motivation 3 Positive feedback can produce better performance than no feedback, even if it is false.

*a. True b. False

Motor Program Theory 4 An open-loop system is not sensitive to whether or not actions were successful in meeting the goal.

*a. True b. False

Motor Transfer Principles 3 Specificity of learning suggests that what you learn depends on what you practice.

*a. True b. False

Permanent and Temporary Effects of Practice 2 Relatively permanent and temporary effects can occur simultaneously in practice.

*a. True b. False

Practice Characteristics and Goals Instructing learners to try different styles of movement control during practice can enhance learning.

*a. True b. False

Practice Characteristics and Goals 2 Experts tend to seek out narrowly focused information in a perceptual display and pick up that information earlier in the action.

*a. True b. False

Practice Distribution For continuous tasks, distributed practice is beneficial for both performance and learning.

*a. True b. False

How we use attention is not defined by how the attentional resources are allocated.

a. True *b. False

Feedback After the Movement The longer a feedback delay interval that does not include other attention-demanding activities is, the less effective it becomes for learning.

a. True *b. False

Feedback After the Movement 2 Giving feedback instantaneously is beneficial to learning because there is no time for other attention-demanding activities to interfere.

a. True *b. False

Feedback Classification and Properties 6 Knowledge of performance lets the learner know about movement success regarding the environmental goal.

a. True *b. False

Frequency and Precision of Feedback There is no such thing as too much information when it comes to receiving feedback.

a. True *b. False

Studies of tracking suggest that the system of closed-loop control can produce corrections at a maximum rate of about __________ per second.

a. 1 b. 5 *c. 3 d. 8

In an experiment that examines Fitts' Law, both __________ and __________ can vary in different combinations in the task.

a. A; W b. amplitude; width c. movement amplitude; target width

Feedback Classification and Properties 2 __________ is extrinsic information provided after the action is completed that tells the learner about the degree to which the goal was achieved.

a. Augmented (or extrinsic) feedback *b. Knowledge of results c. Inherent (or intrinsic) feedback d. Knowledge of performance

Feedback Classification and Properties __________ is sensory information that comes from producing movements; the information may come from outside of the body (exteroception) or within the body (proprioception).

a. Augmented (or extrinsic) feedback b. Knowledge of results *c. Inherent (or intrinsic) feedback d. Knowledge of performance

Feedback Classification and Properties 8 __________ is information from the measured performance outcome fed back to the learner through artificial means.

a. Augmented feedback b. Extrinsic feedback

__________ occurs when two or more stimuli are processed at the same time without interference.

a. Automatic processing *b. Parallel processing c. Controlled processing d. Stroop effect

__________ is a type of information processing that is deliberate and requires consciousness. It is slow, sequential, demanding of attention, voluntary, and more prominent during the early stages of learning.

a. Automatic processing b. Parallel processing *c. Controlled processing d. Stroop effect

__________ skills unfold without a recognizable beginning and end in an ongoing fashion.

a. Discrete *b. Continuous c. Closed d. Serial

____________ is the interval between the presentation of one of several stimuli to the beginning of one of several possible responses.

a. Foreperiod *b. Choice reaction time c. Anticipation d. Response selection

Feedback Classification and Properties 7 __________ is information provided as a natural consequence of making an action.

a. Inherent feedback b. Intrinsic feedback

Feedback Classification and Properties 4 __________ is augmented information about the movement pattern the learner has just made.

a. Knowledge of results *b. Knowledge of performance c. Summary feedback d. Bandwidth feedback

The __________ reflects bias tendency and variability of performance for a tracking task.

a. RMSE b. root mean square error<b>

The interval of elapsed time after a suddenly presented stimulus until the beginning of the response is called the __________.

a. RT interval b. reaction time interval

Practice Organization 3 __________ refers to giving learners ownership over some of the components of practice, such as how to organize the practice schedule.

a. Random practice b. Intrinsically motivated practice *c. Self-regulated practice d. Yoked practice

Frequency and Precision of Feedback 2 __________ of feedback is the percentage of trials receiving feedback during a practice session.

a. Relative frequency

____________ is the period of time that passes from the presentation of a stimulus to the beginning of a person's response. It begins when the stimulus is presented and ends when the movement is initiated.

a. Response selection b. Movement time *c. Reaction time d. Response latency

.__________ skills have a definite beginning and end. They usually start and end quickly.

a. Serial b. Closed c. Continuous *d. Discrete

__________ refer(s) to stable and enduring traits that are genetically determined and underlie a person's skilled performance.

a. Skills *b. Abilities c. Individual differences d. Movement continuity

____________ is the stage of information processing in which the person organizes the motor system to produce the desired output.

a. Stimulus identification b. Response selection c. Response interpretation *d. Movement programming

Feedback After the Movement 3 __________ is when other trials of the same action intervene between a movement and its augmented feedback.

a. Trials delay of feedback

A feedback-based view of movement control accounts for movement production in spiking a volleyball.

a. True *b. False

A stage analysis of performance assumes that processing in two different stages can occur at the same time.

a. True *b. False

As the SOA lengthens, the delay in RT for a second stimulus in a double-stimulation paradigm also increases.

a. True *b. False

Auditory delays in PA systems decrease timing errors by slowing rates of speaking.

a. True *b. False

Choosing which card to play first in a game of cribbage is an example of a motor skill.

a. True *b. False

Concept of Motor Learning 3 Learning is another word for improved performance.

a. True *b. False

Decreases in accuracy when movement times are very short are simply due to less time for feedback utilization.

a. True *b. False

Proprioception includes all of the following except

a. feedback regarding position of joints b. sensory feedback regarding the position of body and limbs *c. sensory information from outside of the body d. feedback regarding orientation of the body in various positions

Stages of Learning 2 In Fitts' __________ stage of learning, learners begin to monitor their own feedback and detect their errors.

a. fixation b. associative

Storage and Novelty Problems The __________ theory addresses the storage problem because the theory holds that an infinite number of movement variations can be produced by a single basic program, so only one program needs to be stored.

a. general motor program

Schema Theory Throwing a softball from second base to first base and from left field to first base would require the same __________, but different __________.

a. general motor program; parameters b. GMP; parameters

Motor Transfer Principles 2 Practicing in a particular environment often leads to better performance __________.

a. in new environments b. in later practice in new environments *c. in that specific environment d. under pressure

Bimanual Tasks When a movement such as bimanual finger wagging is sped up, at some point a(n) __________ coordination pattern will switch to a(n) __________ coordination pattern.

a. in-phase; anti-phase *b. anti-phase; in-phase c. bimanual; unimanual d. unimanual; bimanual

"Looked-but-failed-to-see" car accidents seem to be linked to the phenomenon of __________.

a. inattention blindness

Concept of Motor Learning 2 Which of the following processes is influenced by practice?

a. increased cardiorespiratory endurance *b. increased automaticity c. elimination of action selection d. the building of a single, generalized motor program

Stimulus identification, response selection, and movement programming are separable ___________ stages through which information passes.

a. information-processing

General Motor Program Theory 2 According to GMP theory, __________ make a pattern consistently appear the same.

a. invariant features

The general form of performance curves, with rapid improvements at first and slower ones later, reflects a principle called the __________.

a. law of practice

Permanent and Temporary Effects of Practice All of the following are true about learning except

a. learning results from practice or experience b. learning changes are inferred from certain performance changes *c. performance changes are sometimes transitory d. learning is not directly observable

All of the following are important distinctions of skills except

a. many in number b. modified with practice *c. inherited traits d. developed with practice

Which of the following is NOT generally involved in the execution of a motor skill?

a. maximizing the certainty of goal achievement b. minimizing the physical energy costs of performance *c. maximizing the mental energy costs of performance d. minimizing the time used to execute the skill

Skills involve achieving a defined environmental goal by __________ the certainty of goal achievement, __________ physical and mental energy costs, and __________ the amount of time used.

a. maximizing; minimizing; minimizing b. increasing; decreasing; decreasing

Stages of Learning 4 Bernstein's stages of learning were identified from a combination of __________ and __________ perspectives.

a. motor control; biomechanical

A field of study concerned with the interaction of human characteristics and the design of machines or instruments used by people is

a. motor learning b. ecological viewpoint c. motor behavior *d. human factors

Motor Program Theory 6 A __________ is a prestructured set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement.

a. motor program

Reaction time and decision making are not influenced by which of the following?

a. number of possible stimuli b. response compatibility c. number of choices *d. the color of stimuli

Instructions 3 In __________, the learner gains information by watching another's performance.

a. observational learning

The "cocktail-party effect" is an example of __________ processing.

a. parallel

General Motor Program Theory 3 According to GMP theory, __________ determine how a movement is executed.

a. parameters

Stages of Learning Fitts' stages of learning were designed to consider both __________ and __________ components involved in skill acquisition.

a. perceptual; motor

If the relevant environmental features are perceived correctly and the correct decisions about what to do and where and when to do it have been made, __________ can still result in the goal of an action not being met.

a. poor execution of movement b. wrong movement c. poorly coordinated movement

Characteristics of an open-loop control system include all of the following except

a. preplanned instructions that specify the functions to be performed *b. feedback to provide information that arises from various sensory systems c. a system that carries out the instructions with little or no modifications d. it is used to explain rapid and discrete movements

Motor Transfer Principles 5 __________ is a method where the parts of a complex skill are presented separately, but the parts are integrated into larger and larger parts and finally the whole.

a. progressive part practice

The process of __________ information keeps it available in the short-term memory.

a. rehearsing b. repetition c. repeating

General Motor Program Theory 4 Research by Shapiro and colleagues suggests that there are two separate GMPs for gait: walking and running, each with unique __________.

a. relative timing

Stages of Learning 5 In Bernstein's second stage of learning, the typical learner attempts to improve performance by __________.

a. releasing degrees of freedom

The total of reaction time plus movement time is called __________.

a. response time

Investigators from the __________ perspective hold that the consistencies of movement patterns are not represented in programs but rather emerge naturally out of the complex interactions among many degrees of freedom.

a. self-organization

In relation to memory, the __________ is a "holding cell" for sensory information and is not sustained by attention.

a. short-term sensory store

Controlled processing is thought to be __________, attention demanding, __________ organized, and volitional.

a. slow; serially

Which information-processing stage is responsible for a transition process between sensory input and movement output?

a. stimulus identification b. movement execution *c. response selection d. movement programming

The three stages of information processing between input and output include all of the following except

a. stimulus identification b. response selection *c. response interpretation d. movement programming

Feedback Classification and Properties 5 Which of the following is an example of knowledge of results that is not redundant?

a. telling a basketball player that she missed the basket *b. telling a figure skater his score after a performance in competition c. telling a diver that he belly flopped d. telling a roofer that she missed hitting a nail

Transfer Design 2 In a transfer design the __________ of the variable must be allowed to dissipate, and both groups are tested under __________ in a transfer or retention test.

a. temporary effects; common conditions

In the study of anticipation, one research method involves showing a video clip where the view of an opponent's body part is blocked. If the blocked view interferes with the athlete's anticipation, this indicates that __________.

a. the athlete is right-handed b. the athlete is a visual learner *c. the athlete uses that perceptual information d. the athlete does not need that perceptual information

Exteroception provides information to the processing system about __________.

a. the state of the environment

Speed- Accuracy Trade-off Fitts' Law states that movement time is linearly related to __________.

a. the width of the target b. amplitude of the movement c. reaction time *d. index of difficulty

The major roles of a motor program include all of the following except

a. to define and issue commands to determine muscles to contract *b. to organize the degrees of freedom into multiple units to produce different kinds of movement c. to make postural adjustments to support action d. to adapt reflexes to ensure the goal is achieved

Experiments suggest that practicing parts of a discrete task in isolation__________.

a. transfers a great deal to the whole task *b. transfers very little to the whole task c. improves performance on a transfer test of the whole task d. improves performance on a retention test of the whole task

Schema Theory 2 A schema increases in strength with an increase in __________.

a. variability in practice b. attempts c. experience

The different placements of windshield washer switches in different cars is an example of __________ mapping conditions.

a. varied

This visual system is used to detect the orientation of the body in the environment, is nonconscious, and takes in all of the visual field.

a. ventral stream vision *b. dorsal stream vision c. perceptual vision d. optical flow

This form of visual control detects movement of patterns of light rays from the environment and allows a person to perceive motion, position, and timing.

a. ventral vision b. dorsal vision c. perceptual vision *d. optical flow

The major function of the __________ stream is to answer "What is it?" while the major function of the __________ stream is to answer "Where is it(relative to me)?"

a. ventral; dorsal

The McGurk effect reveals an interaction where __________ distorts the information provided by

a. vision; audition

The tendency for visual information to supersede information coming from the other senses during perception is termed

a. visual capture b. perceptual vision *c. visual dominance d. all of these

Perceptual events such a discerning the combined movements of a rugby team lead to decisions about __________ to do, __________ to do it and __________ to do it.

a. what; when; where b. what; where; when