Mrs. Adams and Napoleon!

What countries were included in Napoleon's Grand Empire?

France, Spain, Holland, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, the Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden were all included in the Grand Empire.

What were the consequences of Napoleon's invasion of Russia?

Less than 40,000 of the original army retreated alive, and other European states took advantage of France's vulnerability.

How did Napoleon win the support of the people and become the Emperor?

Napoleon overthrowing the terrifying Directory, coupled with his complete control of the government and his military charisma and bravo, had many people loving him.

In what ways did Napoleon preserve the gains of the revolution? In what ways did he destroy those gains?

Napoleon preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognising the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, the right of the individual to choose a profession, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism. He also replaced liberty with despotism, eliminated freedom of the press, shut down 60 out of 73 French newspapers, and those remained were subject to censorship.

What were the two main factors that led to the defeat of Napoleon?

The survival of Great Britain and the force of nationalism.

Napoleonic Code

also called the Civil Code, it was the most important of Napoleon's seven codes of laws; preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognising the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, the right of the individual to choose a profession, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism

Waterloo

battle where Napoleon invaded in Belgium, but was defeated by a British-Prussian army on 18 June, 1815

Trafalgar

battle where the British navy was defeated to the combined French-Spanish fleet in 1805

Napoleon Bonaparte

born in 1769 on Corsica; studied at a military school in France; commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army in 1785 and was made brigadier general by age 24; became commander of the French army in 1796, winning many victories; led the coup d'etat against the Directory; became first consul for life of the new government in 1802, and was crowned Emperor two years later; exiled twice after the loss of his army to Russia and Waterloo

Louis XVIII

brother to Louis XVI, returned to power after Napoleon's exile

Grand Empire

composed of three parts: the French Empire, dependent states, and allied states

Allied states

countries defeated by Napoleon and forced to join his struggle against Britain, including Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden

Consulate

form of government following the fall of the Directory

Continental System

goal was to prevent British goods from reaching mainland Europe

Elba

island where Napoleon was sent into exile in 1814

Dependent states

kingdoms under the rule of Napoleon's relatives, including Spain, Holland, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Confederation of the Rhine

Duke of Wellington

led the British-Prussian army to Napoleon's defeat

Agreement with the pope

recognised Catholicism as the religion for the majority of the French people; in return, the pope agreed not to ask for the return of the seized church lands

St. Helena

small island in the South Atlantic where Napoleon was once again exiled

Coup d'etat

sudden overthrow of the government

Great Retreat

the brutal march back to Poland after Napoleon's army found Moscow burned to ground, leaving no food and supplies

Nationalism

the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols