MU 471 Exam 2 Study Guide

NAWM 71 Monteverdi's "Cruda Amarilli" Describe the terms of the Artusi v. Monteverdi controversy as it refers to this madrigal. What do the letters "B.S." mean in the score? Is this an early, middle period, or late madrigal? Why do you think so?

-Artusi criticized Monteverdi for the harsh dissonances and contrapuntal liberties in this and other madrigals later published in the Fifth Book of Madrigals; Monteverdi justified his point by saying expressing text through musical means was more important than following traditional rules of counterpoint - B.S. means basso seguente -late madrigal; combines contemporary musical styles and traditional polyphony

NAWM 56 Arcadelt's "Il bianco e dolce cigno" This is an early madrigal. Describe the musical style of the early madrigal in 16th century Italy and compare it to the style of later madrigals. How is this madrigal different from the frottola of the same period? In what ways does the composer use chromaticism? How does the music indicate changes of the speaker? What examples of word painting can you find? Explain them.

-Customarily performed with one voice on each part, intended for the pleasure of performers themselves, rather than the audience -His madrigals best represent the "classic" phase of development of the form, with their clear outline, four-part writing, refinement, and balance -Unlike a frottola, the poem used in a madrigal is not strophic, has no refrain or other repetition and the first three lines do not follow the structure of the poem

NAWM 59 Gesualdo's "Io parto" This is a late sixteenth century madrigal. What does "mannerism" mean in connection with this work? Describe its style with regard to chromaticism, the number of voices, how the speakers in the poem are indicated and the use of word painting

-Gesualdo dramatizes and intensifies the antitheses in the poetry through sudden contrasts between diatonic and chromatic passages, dissonance and consonance, chordal and imitative textures, and slow- and fast-moving rhythmic motives

NAWM 52 Victoria's "O Magnum Mysterium" This is an imitation mass. What does that mean? How does the mass differ from the motet on which it is based with regard to the strictness of its adherence to the rules of modal counterpoint? What other means are used to unify the movements of the mass ordinary musically? Describe other mass types (e.g., cantus firmus, motto, paraphrase, etc). Show an instance in which the motet indulges in license for sake of expression.

-Imitation mass: a polyphonic mass in which each movement is based on the same polyphonic model, normally a chanson or motet, and all voices of the model are used in the mass, but none is used as a cantus firmus -paraphrase mass: polyphonic mass in which each movement is based on the same monophonic melody, normally a chant, which is paraphrased in most or all voices rather than being used as a cantus firmus in one voice. -cantus-firmus mass: polyphonic mass in which the same cantus firmus is used in each movement, normally in the tenor -motto mass: polyphonic mass in which the movements are linked primarily by sharing the same opening motive or phrase

NAWM 65 Byrd's "Flow my Tears" What does tabulature show? Why does this tabulature seem to have a staff of six lines rather than five? How does the lute player know how long the notes last or which symbols in the tabulature refers to which voices of the accompaniment?

-Tablature (or tabulature, or tab for short) is a form of musical notation indicating instrument fingering rather than musical pitches. Tablature is common for fretted stringed instruments such as the lute, vihuela, or guitar, as well as many free reed aerophones such as the harmonica. -because there are six strings on the lute, six lines for six strings.

NAWM 57 Rore's "Da le bell contrade d' oriente" This is a mid sixteenth century madrigal. How is it different from the earlier madrigal with regard to the subject matter of the text, number of voices, chromaticism, imitation, cadences, and the character of the voices?

-There are more voices, usually 5-6 voices, feelings conveyed through striking musical devices, graphic musical images (madgrigalisms)

NAWM 63 Narvaez's "cancion Mille Regretz" What is guardame las vacas? What are differencias? What is a vihuela? What is an intabulation? What could an intabulation tell us about musica ficta in the renaissance?

-This piece was arranged in the sixteenth century for the vihuela, an ancestor of the guitar, and published in Los seys libros del Delphín (1538). It consists of a set of variations on a Spanish folk theme.

NAWM 58 Marenzio's "Solo e pensoso" This is a late sixteenth century madrigal. How is its style different from earlier works with regard to the use of chromaticism, word painting, imitation, and the poetry of Petrarch?

-Vocal lines becoming more complex and harder to sing with each generation -Professional groups of singers usually performed late madrigals

NAWM 49 Byrd's "Sing Joyfully Unto Thee" What is a full anthem and how is it different from a verse anthem? Does this work sound more tonal that earlier, more modal choral works we have looked at? What makes it sound more tonal? Is there any word painting? Describe an example. Is the imitation strict or free?

-anthem for 6 voices -points of imitation succeed one and other -occasionally interspersed with more homophonic declamation -imitation is handled freely, often with changes of interval and rhythm -sounds more tonal because of the V - I chord progressions.

NAWM 40 Ockeghem's "Missa Prolationum" What is a canon? What kind of canon is this? Explain how the two written voices create four voices that are sung. What aspects of this work are "modern" by comparison with earlier music we have looked at. This is not the first mass we have seen in four voices but its four voices are different from those of Machaut with regard to range and character. Explain this. How is the early renaissance style different from that of the fourteenth century as it is illustrated by Machaut's mass? How is the harmony of this work different from that of Machaut? Are different intervals used?

-canon: compositional technique of deriving two or more voices from a single notated voice OR instruction or rule by which these parts were derived -this is a mensuration canon (voices move at different rates of speed) -2 different mensuration signs given and by using the ones given to the top parts you get 2 voices per mensuration signs, used 4 prolations of mensural notation -modern in 4 voices, using 3rds and 6ths, no open 5ths, complete triads on most chords -machaut used isorhythms, more important part had cantus firmus -no parallel 7ths and 2ns, parallel 3rds and 6ths

NAWM 62 Susato's "Danses" Describe the style of this dance with regard to binary form and instrumentation. What is a consort? What are some types of dance music? What dances are often paired together? Describe their style with regard to phrases. What is a canzona and from what vocal work is it derived?

-consort: an ensemble of like instruments -slow dance in duple and fast dance in triple were often paired -canzona: originated from the chanson

NAWM 43 Josquin's "Mille regretz" a chanson but it is different from the chansons of the Burgundians. Describe how it is different from the Burgundians in terms of the number and character of the voices, their ranges, their use of imitation, and the overall form of the work (i.e., this song is not in a fixed form as fourteenth century chansons were. What creates its overall structure if there is no fixed scheme of repetition of small music/textual sections?)

-modal not tonal, no drive to the cadence -4-voice chanson -texture alternates between homophony and imitation -changing combinations of two or three voices -each phrase of text receives its own particular treatment (humanist)

NAWN 72 Caccini's "Vedro I mio sol" what is monody? In what famous collection of music did this work appear? How does this work employ figured bass? How is this figured bass different from that which is taught today? What is the Florentine Camerata and how is it related to this example?

-monody: the ancient style of solo singing Published in collection of music called Le nuove musiche (The New Music) -Figured bass: Caccini added numbers and flats or sharp signs below the bass notes to indicate what notes are to be played, now it's used to tell inversions -Florentine Camerata: a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama

NAWM 44 Josquin's "Ave Maria" In what ways are the voices of this piece equal? Is there any borrowed material in this piece as there is in earlier motets? Show where Josquin uses paired voices in imitation. How does the composer reveal a respect for the text of the work through musical means? Does he delay cadences until a compete sentence of text is sung? Where does this happen? How is the ending of the work personalized?

-music crafted to fit words; each segment given unique musical treatment and concluding cadence -ending: music slows and singers declaim in rhythmic unison and simple harmonies in a two-line prayer -paired voices in imitation: 15-18 soprano and alto, 18-20 tenor and bass -not part of the mass, not values are the same -fauxbordon -transformed into 3

NAWM 45 Josquin's "Missa Pange lingua" This is a paraphrase mass. Explain what that means? Where is the borrowed material used? Does it appear in all the voices? What is the relationship between the cadences of the music and the punctuation of the text? Are there any examples of word painting? Describe one.

-paraphrase mass: mass based on existing polyphonic work (all voices borrowed extensively, reworking motives, points of imitation, general structure; results in cyclic mass) -based on plainchant hymn, Pange lingua gloriosi (Sing, tongue, of the glorious) -paraphrased in all four voices, in each movement -phrases adapted as motives, treated in imitation

NAWM 74 Moteverdi's "L'Orfeo" discuss opera in the 17th century in Mantua, Rome, and Venice. For what kind of audience was this work given? What is monody? What types of singing including monody can be found in Orfeo? How is the orchestra of Orfeo different from that of earlier operas?

Italian opera is a musical art form that had its beginnings in Florence in the late 1500s. It was based on a number of performance genres that preceded it, including Greek Drama, monody (poems sung by a solo vocalist with single instrument backing) and madrigals (a capella singing by 3-6 harmonizing vocalists) -written for an orchestra of 40 different instruments -monody: ancient style of solo singing -elements: the aria, the strophic song, recitative, choruses, dances, dramatic musical interludes -he used all the resources then known within the art of music and tells instrumentalists when to play, which is different than later operas

NAWM 51 Palestrina's "Pope Marcellus Mass" What was the Council of Trent (what were main issues with regard to music). What purpose is served by the fauxbourdon in m.20? How did this composer make the text more intelligible in accordance with the direction of the Council of Trent? What dissonances are used in this work. Describe each type of dissonance.

The council of Trent was a committee that met in the city of Trent that met between 1545 and 1563 to discuss ways to purge the church of abuses and laxities. One thing they were concerned with was the claim that the mass was profaned when based on secular cantus frimi and chansons. Others were concerned that complicated polyphony made it impossible to understand the words of songs. The final complaint that was prioritized by the council was that instrumentalists were using their instruments inappropriately, being irreverent, or having a poor attitude. The composer made the text in accordance with the Council of Trent and their wishes by writing in such a way that made the word easier to understand. He did this by writing words in more unison parts than offset rhythms using polyphony. He also organized the 6 voice choir into smaller parts and reserved using the full 6 voices for instances of impact and significance. One type of dissonance used in this work involves a single voice sustaining a pitch that achieves a nice consonance while a single voice or other voices around it move to create dissonances that later resolve. Another way we see dissonances used in this piece strong downbeats used to create dissonance while upbeats contrast these sounds with consonant more pleasing chords.

NAWM 53 Orlando di Lasso's "Cum essem parvulus" This motet is in G dorian. What does that mean? How does the motet use word painting to illustrate the meaning of the text at the point the text is, "when I was a child etc."?

The motet being in G Dorian means that it is transposed up a 4th and adds a flat to the key signature. During the passage where the lyrics mention being a child, the lyrics are a duet in the higher voice parts to represent the voice of a child in a boys choir and alternate with passages in the 4 lower voice parts to represent Paul as an adult in contrast to the younger sounding voice.

NAWM 64 Weekles' "As Vesta was Descending" What examples of word painting appear in this madrigal? Who is " Oriana"? What was Musica Transalpina and how did it influence the writing of this madrigal? In what ways is the English madrigal different from the Italian madrigal of the late 16th and early 17th centuries?

Word painting: the final phrase "Long live fair Oriana" set to a motive that enters almost 50 times in all voices and transpositions possible -Oriana: Elizabeth I -musica transalpina: a collection of madrigals published in England in 1588, helped Italian madrigals become more popular, native composers cashed in on the trend by writing their own compositions