MUSC 205 Exam 3

Sugarhill Gang. What genre did they release the first hit for, what did they bring to national attention.

"Rapper's Delight" (1979): the first hip hop hit Rhythm guitar/bass line from Chic's disco hit "Good Times" Rapid-fire party lyrics Brought hip-hop music to national attention

Who were the The Clash? What Genres did they mix with Punk?

"The only band that matters" Mick Jones (music), Joe Strummer (lyrics) Broadened the horizons of punk, mixing in: Reggae ("The Guns of Brixton") R&B ("Train In Vain") EX. "London Calling"

Who was Stevie Wonder? Was he always a good artist? What national holiday did he campaign for?

Child star (prodigy) Performer, composer - diverse musical styles Recorded all the instruments and vocal parts Studio pioneer, synthesizer pioneer Social activist - Campaign to have MLK Jr. be recognized as national holiday Music upbeat and funky, or unabashedly sentimental Incomparable musicianship

Who was Vanilla Ice? What made him different form other commercially successful artists of his genre? How did the hip-hop community react to him?

Commercially successful white rapper "Ice Ice Baby" no. 1 pop in 1990 Sample from Queen Ice mocked by the hip-hop community The role of race in this criticism?

Hip hop in the 21st century: how to be both successful and a rebel? What were the three characters types?

1. Hustler = outlaw authenticity (e.g., Jay-Z) Self-made millionaire. Selling out is irrelevant, getting rich is the theme of the music. 2. Rock star: wealth = freedom (e.g., Kanye West) Economic success -> personal freedom 3. Ignore genre boundaries (e.g., Outkast)

What were the two major trends in the music business in the 2000s?

1. Renewed focus on baby boomers Compilations by established artists Focus on the music that baby boomers grew up with. High-end offerings (boxed sets) Boomers and downloading? '60s and '70s rock seen as definitive 2. Search for new income streams Song placement (movies, TV, ringtones etc.) 360-degree deals; Touring The music business is no longer synonymous with the record business People don't buy songs anymore

Origins of Rap Music. What decade and city? What were the themes of original rap music? What did it express?

1970s: the Bronx, devastation Rap began as expression of local identity Pioneered by the DJ

What did Stevie do in the 1970s. What new approach did he take to his music? What did his music begin to reflect? What did his newfound independence allow him to do?

1971: Takes charge of his music and career Now writes, arranges, performs and produces the records Begins to work seriously with synthesizers Music reflects social and spiritual issues EX. "Living For The City" (1973) - Tells the story of a young black man who moves form the country to the inner city. No longer bound to 3-minute Motown format, song is 7 minutes long

The Big Picture of the 1980s. What new technology changed the industry? Who dominated mainstream pop? What new styles arose, how did they relate to earlier popular music?

1980s: digital technology 1980s: mainstream pop dominated by MTV superstars But new styles arose: Heavy Metal, Hardcore Punk, Hip Hop, etc. Each of those new styles a dialogue with earlier popular music

How did rap become mainstream?

1986: Run DMC, Beastie Boys 1987: series of hit singles 1988: Yo! MTV Raps, The Source, The Grammys

What were Gangsta rap conflicts?

1990s: conflict between East- and West-coast hip hop factions NY: Sean "Puffy" Combs, Notorious B.I.G., Bad Boy Records LA: Marion "Suge" Knight, Tupac Shakur, Death Row Records

Springsteen, "Born in the U.S.A." (1984) (Song). What did the song discuss? What new instrument did it use?

A Vietnam vet tries to rebuild his life A despairing message, often misinterpreted The spoken word vs. the sung word Uses the Synthesizer

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, "The Message" (1982). What did it portray? What trend did it establish in rap? What technology is featured in the song.

A grim portrait of inner city life Established the trend of social realism in rap Led to traditions of political rap and gangsta rap: realness, street cred Roland TR-808 drum machine

Prince. What social effects did he have. Was he just an artist, or was he more involved with his music? What genres did his music fuse together? How were his lyrics?

Blurred boundaries of race and sexuality Composed, performed, engineered, and produced his music Music a fusion of rock, funk and soul Sexually explicit lyrics Changed his name to a symbol in 1993. Why?

Run-D.M.C. "Walk This Way" (1986). What genre of song was it a cover of? What made the music video special, how did it promote the crossover between rap and rock?

Cover of an Aerosmith song No. 4 pop: the first top ten rap hit The Def Jam label: Russell Simmons, Rick Rubin Classic video The first rap video shown on MTV Video illustrates the conversation between rap and rock; acts out the process of crossover

Queen Latifah, "U.N.I.T.Y" (1993). How was it different form much of Gangsta rap? What genres did it feature?

Critiques misogyny, harassment, domestic violence, use of words bitch, ho Suggests respect Jazz and R&B sounds

Who was Judas Priest? What genre did they visually define? What made his stage shows interesting (guitars)1?

Defined metal's visual culture: black leather, chains, spikes Extravagant stage shows Two lead guitars EX. "You've Got Another Thing Coming" (1982)

"Black Sabbath", Black Sabbath (1970) (Song). What metal conventions did the song illustrate? Did it get a lot of airplay? If not, how was it promoted?

Depicts a black mass Thunder and rain, church bells; slow tempo suggests a procession Illustrates metal conventions: Much of the song is instrumental Based on a riff Dramatic vocal style Sectional: shifts in tempo, riff, key etc. Black Sabbath is Metal 101 Also typical: Sabbath got little airplay, earned their reputation by touring

Napster (1999).

Developed by Shawn Fanning Allowed users to share music files Sued by RIAA; shut down in 2001 Led to other peer-to-peer (p2p) file-sharing networks Musical democracy? Theft?

Who were the Village People. What genre? What stereotypes did they portray?

Disco Music Group Popular 1978-1979 Portrayed gay stereotypes Songs were gay jokes for those who got them EX. "Macho Man"

What were the aspects of the disco scene? What modern scene did it influence?

Discothèque (dance club using recorded music) In 70s discos added light shows Disco was about communal dance ecstasy—like 90s rave scene, or today's E.D.M. scene

Outkast (Artist). How did they promote Hip Hop differently?

Duo: Andre 3000 and Big Boi Speakerboxxx/The Love Below: 2004 Grammy Record of the Year Hip hop is pop Social commentary with funk: e.g., "Rosa Parks"

Eddie Van Halen. Was his visual style different? How did he effect guitar playing?

Eddie Van Halen (guitar), David Lee Roth (vocals) A different visual style: spandex, teased hair (Hair Metal) Eddie Van Halen revolutionized guitar playing Virtuosity, speed, and especially, new techniques such as tapping EX. Van Halen, "Eruption" (tapping, hammers, pulloffs)

Who was Joni Mitchell? What made here lyrics unique?

Eloquent lyrics, wide ranging musical exploration Early: acoustic songs about love EX. "Chelsea Morning" (1968) Describes the first flush of love The sun is a prominent image 1970s musical experimentation EX. "The Hissing Of Summer Lawns" (1975)

Eurythmics, "Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This)" (1983). What genre was this an example of? What is the song built on?

Example of Electro-Pop Built on a digital loop (synthesizer riff) Low-tech production; hi-tech sound

Who was Radiohead? How did they approach rock, both musically and economically?

Experimental approach to the sound and economics of rock US breakthrough OK Computer (1997) Alternative rock band that integrates electronic music Allowed fans to set their own price for In Rainbows in 2007 EX. "Paranoid Android" from OK Computer

Who is Eminem? How is he different form other rappers?

Fame with The Slim Shady LP in 1999 A white rapper both popular and accepted by hip hop community Best selling artist of the decade 2000-2009 Uses music to exorcise personal demons Is that rock or hip hop? EX. "Cleanin' Out My Closet" (2002)

Ice T: "Cop Killer". What two genres did it merge?

From Body Count (1992) Merge of rap and thrash metal Controversy Censorship

Pearl Jam, "Jeremy" (1991). What influenced the song, how was the video controversial?

From Ten, one of the best selling albums of the '90s Inspired by a 15-year-old who committed suicide in front of his classmates Controversial video

Peter Gabriel, "Sledgehammer" (1986)

From the album So Showed Gabriel's mastery of: Diverse musical styles Digital technology No. 1 in 1986 60s Southern Soul sound Gospel call and response Sexual double entendres Production: the sound of this recording! Success due in part to an innovative video

Who was George Clinton (Parliament, Funkadelic). What was he known for. Which two genres did he mix, who sampled his music,

Funk mixed with rock Spectacular stage shows Innovative concept albums EX. "Give Up The Funk (Tear the Roof Off The Sucker)" (1975): P-Funk sound Clinton frequently sampled by rappers in 90s

N.W.A.'s music. What genre of music did it sample? What "sounds" did it tend to feature? What new tech did it feature?

Funk samples from George Clinton and James Brown Sounds of gunfire and sirens Synthesizer and drum machine dance grooves

Disco. What genre was disco based on. Was disco focused on artists?

Funk-based style of dance music popular 1975-1980 Like Punk, rejected rock "artists" and LP as art Focused instead on DJs, producers, singles, audience

N.W.A. [*****z With Attitude]. What influence did they have on Gangsta rap?

Gangsta rap goes national with their album Straight Outta Compton (1988) Members included Ice Cube, Easy-E, Dr. Dre Attitude, sensibility, and sound influenced by Public Enemy

The 90s: A New Generation. What social/economic aspects effected how they thought, therefore the music?

High unemployment, low income Unemployment was high for the U.S., but no necessarily in other places around the world Divorce: single parent families (tied to low income) Child abuse on the rise Gen X suffered from uncertainty, both economic and emotional Their music was loud, angry, aggressive; reflected frustration, alienation Children would see lots of murders on the news

What happened to Hip Hop in the '90s what did mainstream hip-hop begin to oppose? What genre did it maintain close relationships with?

Hip-Hops commercial success promoted mainstream rap, which opposed alternative styles such as gangsta rap. Close relationships with rock Distinctive regional variants

What were the criticisms of Gangsta rap?

Imagery of videos Treatment of women as objects Rap represents both positive and negative aspects of American life

Public Enemy, "Night Of The Living Baseheads". What did zombie corpses in the music reference?

Imagery of zombie corpses a commentary on the crack cocaine epidemic of the 80s Plays with multiple meanings of words such as dope and bass/base Thick sonic textures built of numerous samples

What genre was known as the "Seattle Sound". How did it reflect GenX ideology?

Long tradition of regional sounds in rock Grunge: blend of metal, punk, pop? Grunge reflects GenX alienation

Bon Jovi, "Livin' On A Prayer". How did the story told in the music relate to the one told in the video.

Lyrics in three sections: verse, pre-chorus, chorus Each tells a different part of the story A story of "romantic transcendence" (Rob Walser) Story is also told in the music The video tells a very different story

Who was Bob Marley? How was he marketed? What people did he become an icon for?

Made reggae global in 1970s Marketed like a rock star Marley an icon for oppressed peoples everywhere EX. "Jamming" (1977)

Snoop Doggy Dogg, "What's My Name". How did was the song an example of censorship in the music industry? What genre/artist did it sample heavily?

Million selling single (clean version) from Doggystyle (1993) Exemplifies Dre's G-funk style Samples heavily from George Clinton Features Snoop's drawl and laidback-but-lethal gangster persona Wordplay includes references to country music, Dr. Dre etc.

Heavy Metal. Which genre influenced heavy medal? When did heavy metal begin / when did it become mainstream? What does the term Heavy Metal reference?

Legacy of the heavy blues of Cream, Hendrix, and Led Zeppelin '70s and early '80s: little airplay or critical acclaim In '80s became mainstream and popular What does the term describe? -Audience -Social practices -Performance style

What was Reggae? What two genres did it mix. What made it unique as a rock style? What social movement influenced it?

Mix of Caribbean folk music and American R&B First rock style to originate in the so-called Third World But not the first import in American pop: Tango (Argentina), Rumba (Cuba), Bossa nova (Brasil) EX. "The Girl From Ipanema" (Antonio Carlos Jobim, Stan Getz, 1964) Influenced by the Rastafari movement and Rude Boy politics Word "reggae" derived from "raggay" or "reggay" Politics: attacks injustice, racism

1980: two signal events

Murder of John Lennon Election of Ronald Reagan

Outkast, "Hey Ya" (2003) (Song) How did the music video reference Motown? What was unique about the chorus?

Music and video reference mid-60s rock and pop Great music video Screaming girls in audience reference to Beatles Dance featured in music video is from the time period Unusual six-beat line Two word chorus? Genius! Hip hop and metaphors: "Shake it like a Polaroid picture"

What were the economics of the early 1980s? How did they effect music companies?

Music industry in recession Result? Fewer records made, companies rely on the big stars Why the decline? Recession, competition, piracy

What country made most Art Rock? Why?

Music made by whites, particularly British musicians British are exposed to Classical music in school The biological metaphor applied to rock

MC Hammer, Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em (1990). Was aspect of the video made it so commercially successful?

One of the best selling rap albums ever Dancing skills in his videos helped Pushed rap further into the mainstream Hammer was criticized EX. "U Can't Touch This" (Rick James sample)

Bon Jovi, Slippery When Wet (1986). What group did it appeal to that most other rock songs hadn't.

One of the best-selling rock albums ever Bon Jovi appealed to women

Who was Run-D.M.C.? What aspect of hip hop did they focus on? What other genre influenced their music.

One of the most influential rap acts Rock influence, rhythmically skilled rapping It's about the rhythm Influential fashion Album Raising Hell (1986)

Who was Duran Duran?

One of the most successful early MTV acts Electro-pop sound Visual, fashion conscious, attractive EX. "Rio" (1982)

Who was the PMRC? What major influence did they have on music censorship?

Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) founded 1985 Congressional hearings, pressure for ratings system/advisory labels The "hypodermic model" of musical effects Famous court cases: Ozzy in 1985 ("Suicide Solution") Judas Priest in 1990 "Backmasking" (or "Backward masking")

What are the major aspects of rap?

Poetry, rhyming in rhythm Antecedents: children's rhymes, oratory of MLK and Muhammed Ali, "the dozens" Competition, the battle

Where was the alternative scene in the late 80s and early 90s? Who produced a lot of alternative music at the time?

Settle Green River Sub Pop Records Significant bands include Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains Red Hot Chili Peppers, Blood Sugar Sex Magic (1991) R.E.M. Automatic for the People (1992) Green Day, Dookie (1994) Hootie and the Blowfish, Cracked Rear View (1994) Alanis Morrissette, Jagged Little Pill (1995)

Bruce Springsteen, Born in the U.S.A. (1984). (Album) What was the genre? What influenced the instrumentation?

Seven Top-10 singles! Roots-based rock 1950s R&B instrumentation A "State of the Union": snapshots of working class America

Blaxploitation Films?

Shaft, score by Isaac Hayes (1971) Superfly, score by Curtis Mayfield (1972) EX. "Theme From Shaft"

What are the musical characteristics of Reggae?

Slow tempo Emphasis on backbeat Heavy bass Interlocking "riddims"

Who was Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott? What did she promote in the rap industry?

Songwriter, rapper Humor An image of strength, open sexuality for women EX. "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)" (1997)

Who was Nirvana? What genre were they?

Sub Pop band Formed in 1987, signed in 1991 with major label DGC and released Nevermind 1992 commercial breakthrough EX. "Smells Like Teen Spirit" Members of Nirvana went on to have very successful careers

New Wave (Post Punk), how did it relate to Punk?

Succeeds punk Punk energy with more polished musicianship, more commercial success

Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force, "Planet Rock" (1982). What genre did it "synthesize"? What piece of 80s tech did it feature.

Synthesized, futuristic funk Illustrates coming of drum machines (TR-808 again) and sampling Also illustrates issues of sampling and copyright (Kraftwerk)

Electro-Pop (or Synth-Pop). What was the dominant instrument?

Synthesizer is the dominant instrument Gary Numan, "Cars" (1980): an early electro-pop hit 1982 a banner year for electro-pop

How did videos effect music in 1980s? What group was most influenced? How did piracy become easier?

The Age of Video American youth watched a lot of TV Video cassette recorder becomes common Video games a major industry

What were the digital tech innovations of 80s?

The Compact Disc (1982) Quickly replaced LP Huge boost for the industry (back catalogs) Drum machines, samplers, sequencers became popular and affordable Yamaha DX7: Digital synthesizer MIDI Satellite Portable cassette players (Sony Walkman)

Dr. Dre, The Chronic (1992). What genre did it feature a lot of samples from?

The G-Funk sound: slow, laid back, bottom heavy, rich with funk samples The Chronic introduced Snoop Doggy Dogg EX. "Nuthin' But A 'G' Thang"

Why was new wave so commercially successful?

The message was pop, not rage or politics It had great hooks: "We Got the Beat," "My Sharona"

The iPod (2001). How did it change the focus of music?

The most popular individual listening device in history iTunes launched 2003: became the top music retailer in the US Focus now is on individual songs, not albums

Paul Simon, Graceland (1986) (Album). What genre was it? What made it unique?

The seminal worldbeat album Simon's interest in world music Political controversy: partly recorded in South Africa (UN embargo) A global album: recorded in 5 locations on 3 continents True artistic collaboration EX. "Homeless"

Thriller (1982)

The top selling album in history Deliberate crossover Promoted by high-quality videos receiving heavy airplay on MTV Remarkable dancing, influential choreography

What new technology did Hip Hop feature? Why was this controversial?

Turntables, drum machines Sampling: sound taken from one recorded medium and used on another 1988: the summit of sampling in hip hop since (Public Enemy, Beastie Boys, NWA) Sampler replaces turntable Is sampling art, or plagiarism?

What was Thrash (or Speed) Metal? What tradition did the genre seek to maintain?

Underground: sought to maintain the "true" metal tradition From hardcore punk: fast tempos, hostile posture, DIY (fanzines, indie labels etc.) From heavy metal: virtuosity, ensemble precision The father in many ways was Lemmy Kilmister and his group Motörhead EX. Motörhead, "Ace Of Spades" (1980)

Van Halen, "Jump" (1984). How did the songs promote mainstream metal?

Video on MTV helped to mainstream metal Synthesizer riff simulates power chords

Musical elements of Heavy Metal

Volume, distortion The power chord EX. Black Sabbath, "War Pigs"

Saturday Night Fever (1977) (Soundtrack)

Watershed moment: this film and soundtrack made disco mainstream Included hits by the Bee Gees The biggest selling record ever at the time EX. "Staying Alive"

What is "world music".

World music (or worldbeat) is a pseudo genre representing many styles Worldbeat is fusion World beat is a marketing category Worldbeat and cultural imperialism?

What was the legal effect of hip-hops use of sampling? How did sampling change?

Series of court cases in the early '90s addressed sampling and fair use Result was a simplified approach to sampling: loops of beats or vocal hooks

Other notable soul artists and groups

Al Green, "Let's Stay Together" (1971) Staple Singers, "I'll Take You There" (1972) Isley Brothers, "That Lady" (1973) Sampled by Kendrick

How did people react to disco music? What influences did this have?

Anti-disco campaign A homophobic reaction? A racist reaction? A musical and aesthetic reaction?

What was Southern Hip Hop? What city did it stem from? What did it embrace?

Atlanta increasingly important Southern hip hop embraces over-the-top personas (Outkast)

Funk. What was Funk based on, what 70s artist influenced Punk?

Back to basics: dance 70s funk was inspired by James Brown 70s: Crossover pop success for Kool and the Gang and others

What are Hip Hop songs based on? How did MCs influence rap music?

Based on the breakbeat, which early DJs and MCs rapped over Rap became more elaborate when the MCs took over

Kanye West. What is Kanye West good at (he's a shit rapper)?

Began as producer, not as a rapper or performer. College Dropout (2004) A pop culture icon known for public outbursts, a rock star! EX. "Stronger" (2007) - samples Daft Punk

Madonna. What kind of artist did Madona begin as? How did she become famous?

Best selling female pop artist in history Began as electro-pop diva ("Holiday") Used video to make herself a star Like A Virgin (1984): elaborate videos and concert tour Controversy

What was Gangsta Rap? Where was it focussed? What did it comment on? How did the theme of social commentary change?

Late 80s: Southern California became a primary center of rap innovation The War on Drugs, crime, prison Social commentary of Public Enemy replaced by outlaw swagger

MTV how did they effect music? Why did labels want their records on MTV?

Launched August 1, 1981 Deregulation and cable TV MTV's precursors MTV's videos were ads, marketing Promoted a second British Invasion: the "New Romantics"

Reggae international (1973) (Film)

Film and soundtrack for The Harder They Come (1973) Early adaptations include: Paul Simon, "Mother and Child Reunion" (1972) Eric Clapton's cover of Bob Marley's "I Shot The Sheriff" (1974)

Who was Arcade Fire? What genre were they, how did they develop that genre?

First "alternative" rock band to win Grammy best album of the year (The Suburbs, 2011) Musically eclectic EX. "Wake Up," from Funeral (2004)

"Smells Like Teen Spirit", Nirvana. What two genres did it mix, how? What was the song's social commentary?

First 90s alternative rock single in Top Ten Heavy metal textures, solid pop writing Three sections marked by different textures Anti-consumerist, "Teen Spirit" was the name of a fancy deodorant

Who were The Beastie Boys? What made them different from other hip-hop?

First commercially successful white act in hip hop Fused punk and hip hop Licensed to Ill (1986): multi-platinum EX. "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party)" (1987)

Megadeth. How did did related to Metallica?

Formed 1983 when Dave Mustaine was kicked out of Metallica Megadeth continued Metallica's thrash style with more speed and intensity Created a progressive strain of heavy metal based on chops and aggression EX. "Mechanix" (1985)

Who was Queen? What kind of rock were they? What made their live shows unique? What made their music video unique?

Glam rock/Hard rock/Stadium rock One of the most popular bands (international appeal) Lavish and theatrical live shows Hard rock anthems ("We Will Rock You") Intricate compositions produced by multi-tracking EX. "Bohemian Rhapsody" (1975) Pathbreaking six-minute single in three movements Pathbreaking video One of the first conceptual (i.e., non-performance) videos

What was Hardcore Punk? How was it different then Punk? Where did it come from? What were the live performances like?

Hardcore developed ca. 1978-1980 A faster, angrier version of punk Pioneered in LA, SF and DC Black Flag, Dead Kennedys, Minor Threat Slam dancing, mosh pits, DIY EX. Black Flag, "Revenge" Washington DC: Bad Brainds, Minor Threat, Fugazi, and Straightedge

What were the factors in Disco's rise?

Inspiration of black dance music New technologies Economic recession of late 70s

Who was Michael Jackson? What was his original group, what were his solo albumns, who was his producer?

Jackson 5 then solo Solo albums: Off the Wall (1979) Thriller (1982) Both produced by Quincy Jones

What was Prog (Progressive) Rock (or Classical Rock, or Art Rock)? What two genres did it merge?

Merging classical music and rock The Moody Blues and Procul Harum led the way

Metallica. What genre did the exemplify? What did their music emphasis?

Metallica exemplifies Thrash (or Speed) Metal New instruments Emphasis on bass frequencies (digital technology, subwoofers) Mass appeal led to debates about "authenticity" EX. "The Four Horsemen" (1983)

"Holiday In Cambodia", Dead Kennedys. What were the lyrics like? What made the guitar unique?

Sarcastic lyrics Fast tempo Guitar pyrotechnics and feedback Dead Kennedys were overtly political

N.W.A. "**** Tha Police" (1988). What did it protest?

Protests racial profiling, police brutality Aggressive sound of Public Enemy, layers of samples Dr. Dre and Ice Cube went on to even greater success

Prince, Purple Rain (1984) (Soundtrack) "When Doves Cry", what made the song unique?

Semi-autobiographical film Soundtrack the best selling album of 1984 EX. "When Doves Cry" A mix of pop genres No bass part Arrangement: two sections Complex timbres and textures

Who was Public Enemy? How did they influence Black America?

Rap is "Black America's CNN" (Chuck D) Socially engaged hip hop A message of black pride and self-determination Dense, multilayered sound created by the "Bomb Squad" It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988)

What was Pro Tools? How did allow music creation to reach the masses?

Recording and editing software introduced in 1991 Allows musicians to set up a home studio on a limited budget; also used by pros Control of every musical parameter Visual interface led to a new way of thinking about music Songs assembled (by cutting and pasting) rather than performed Rather than have to take hundreds of takes, different parts of the song could be stiched together Led to debates about authenticity, perfection The idea of auto-tune, how all our music is machine perfect

The Internet Era: 2000- What changed about rock music? How did computers change the music industry?

Rock is not the center of American pop music Home recording and internet distribution change every aspect of music production, distribution, and consumption The old infrastructure: writers, performers, recording studios, producers, labels, radio etc. The new?

Who we're The Police? What scene did they arise from, what other genre influenced them?

Rose from British punk scene Strong reggae influence An original guitar sound Pop superstars in the 1980s EX. "Roxanne" (1978)

Yes (Album) (1971)

The Yes Album (1971) Extended compositions, instrumental virtuosity EX. "Yours Is No Disgrace" Illustrates a characteristic of prog rock: abrupt transitions (shifts in tempo, style etc.)

Who was Black Sabbath? What genre did they popularize? What group did they express, what did their lyrics reference?

The first Heavy Metal group Used metal to express social and economic powerlessness Black Sabbath (1970) and Paranoid (1971) defined the genre Lyrics: escapist, occult, death and destruction Music: slow tempos, extreme volume

Who was DJ Kool Herc? What was he the first of?

The first true turntablist Brought the Jamaican sound system and concept of toasting to rap Used two turntables to extend the break Break: percussion solo, when all instruments but drums drop out B-boys and b-girls saved their best moves for the break (breakdancing)

Jay-Z. What 21st century character type did he promote? What was the central theme of his music?

The hustler: drug dealer, businessman Complex lyrics over sampled beats A central theme of his music is the pursuit of wealth Business acumen is now a sign of authenticity EX. "I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)" (2000)