Muscles and Muscle Contraction
Range of Motion
Amount or degree of movement
Force
Attachment point of the muscle
Reciprocal Inhibition
Balance between agonist and antagonist muscle contraction
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle contraction
Active Range of Motion (AROM)
Client contracts muscles to create movement
Fascia
Connective tissue that supports and covers structures of the body
Musculotendinous Junction
Connective tissue where muscle transitions to tendon
Tenoperiosteal Junction
Connective tissue where tendon weaves with the periosteum of the bone
Creatine Phosphate
Converted ATP that provides short bursts of energy
Aerobic Cellular Metabolism
Converts pyruvic acid into ATP with oxygen
Tendon
Cord-like structure that connects muscle to bone
Perimysium
Divides each muscle into several large sections called fascicles
Retinaculum
Fascial bands that help keep tendons in place
Origin
Fixed, non-moving attachment of a muscle
Aponeurosis
Flat sheet of connective tissue
3rd Class Levers
Force between fulcrum and resistance
1st Class Levers
Fulcrum between force and load
Soft End Feel
Gentle resistance from soft tissue
Muscle Fatigue
Inability of muscle to forcefully contract due to lack of oxygen, depleted calcium, and depleted glycogen
Sprain
Injury to a ligament
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary muscle found in organs and blood vessels
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary muscle found in the heart
Fulcrum
Joint acting as a pivot point
Tonic Contraction
Low grade tension with no movement
Insertion
Moving attachment of a muscle that moves a bone
Muscle Fibers
Muscle cells with multiple nuclei and mitochondria
Tetanic
Muscle contraction caused by outside stimuli
Movement of Body Parts
Muscle contraction generates tension that moves bones
Production of Heat
Muscle contractions break down ATP to produce energy, creating heat
Isotonic Contraction
Muscle creates movement
Slow Twitch Fibers
Muscle fibers that are slow to fatigue
Fast Twitch Fibers
Muscle fibers that fatigue quickly
Isometric Contraction
Muscle length does not change
Eccentric Contraction
Muscle lengthens during contraction
Concentric Contraction
Muscle shortens during contraction
Stabilizer
Muscle that helps stabilize the origin end of the prime mover
Antagonist
Muscle that works against the agonist
Synergist
Muscle that works together with the agonist
Contractile
Muscles can forcefully shorten when stimulated
Elastic
Muscles have the ability to lengthen and rebound back to their original shape and length
Posture
Muscles maintain stability and help bones maintain posture
Excitable
Muscles quickly respond to stimuli
Motor Unit
Nerve cell, motor neuron, and fibers it stimulates
Epimysium
Outer envelope around a muscle
Strain
Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon
Neuromuscular Junction
Point where a neuron and muscle fiber meet
Agonist
Prime mover muscle
2nd Class Levers
Resistance between fulcrum and force
End Feel
Resistance felt at the end of range of motion
Hard End Feel
Resistance from bone
Firm End Feel
Resistance from stretched tissue
Sliding Filament Mechanism
Shortening of a sarcomere during muscle contraction
Stabilization of Joints
Skeletal muscles work with ligaments and joint capsules to maintain joint stability
Twitch
Sudden muscle contraction
Belly
The fleshy part of a muscle
Myology
The study of muscles
Resistive Range of Motion (RROM)
Therapist applies resistance to client's active movement
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
Therapist moves client's body without client effort
Sarcomere
Unit of myofibril containing actin and myosin
Anaerobic Cellular Metabolism
Uses glucose for energy, produces lactic acid
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary muscle attached to bones
Load
Weight of the body part or object being moved
Endomysium
Wraps the sections of muscle fiber