Music 101

Ensemble

features more than one singer - mainly duos and trio. Highly melodic and repetitive like aria.

Trio Sonata

generally performed in the home.

Classical Sonata (Different from sonata Form)

solo piano + duo piano and another orchestral instrument. For solo sonatas you assume it is just one piano, and for duos if it says "violin sonata" you also assume there is a piano in it.

Retrograde Inversion (Fugal Device)

upside down and backwards

Arcangelo Corelli

was an Italian violinist and composer of the Baroque era. His music was key in the development of the modern genres of sonata and concerto, in establishing the preeminence of the violin, and as the first coalescing of modern tonality and functional harmony.[2]

Minuet Form

(ABA) Evolved from Baroque Era style dance into a Classical form. (Triple Meter)

String quartet

1 Cello, 1 Viola, 2 Violin. (4 strings) Most popular form. 4 movements

Piano Trio

1 piano, 1 cello, 1 violin (piano + 2 strings) 3 movements.

Genres that use variation form?

1. Any genre can use variation form Most frequently used in... 2. Symphony 3. Sonata 4. Chamber Music 5. Solo piano music

What genres use minuet form?

1. Any instrumental genre in the Classical Era can use minuet form. Used most frequently in... 2. Symphony 3. String quartet 4. Wind quartet

What genres use Ritornello form?

1. Concerto and concerto grosso, usually in first movement 2. Opera (vocalist is soloist) 3. Trio sonata, and other chamber music.

Forms used in opera

1. Da capo aria 2. French overture

What forms are used in an oratorio?

1. Da capo aria 2. French overture

Order of Ritornello Form

1. Initial ritornello 2. Solo section occurs during which the soloist is supported by other instruments. 3. After the solo, ritornello section returns, either in full or smaller fragments, it will be enough for audience to recognize it. 4. Remainder of the piece alternates between ritornello and soloists. (Depending on composers preference) (Ritornello/Solo1/Ritornello/Solo2/Ritornello/Solo3/Ritornello/Solo4/Ritornello/Solo5/Ritornello/etc.) (Melody, solo, solo, melody, solo)

Genres that use da capo arias

1. Opera 2. Oratorio 3. Cantata

What genres use castrati?

1. Opera seria 2. Oratorio 3. Mass

Order of 4 movements in symphony

1. SONATA FORM, tonic key, fast tempo,dramatic mood. 2. Whatever form, new key SLOW TEMPO, emphasis on beauty 3. Minuet form, tonic key, triple meter (dance - like), LIGHT AND CHEERFUL 4. Usually RONDO form, tonic key, fastest tempo, playful mood

Forms using symphonies?

1. Sonata form 2. Variation form 3. Minuet form 4. scherzo form

Genres that use French Overture form?

1. Suite 2. Opera 3. Oratorio

Genres that use rondo form?

1. Symphony 2. Sonata 3. Concerto 4. String quartet 5. Other chamber music

Franz Joseph Haydn

1. Worked most of career for the Esterhazy family 2. Wrote a number of compositions with formal titles followed by a nickname.

Movements of Classical Era Concerto

1. fast, serious, SONATA form 2. slow, beautiful, and in any form preferred by composer 3. fastest, playful, RONDO form

Baroque Era Timeframe

1600-1750

Jean - Baptiste Lully

1632 - 1728 Country: Born in Italy, lived primarily in France. Known for: Opera

Antonio Vivaldi's Timeline

1678 - 1741 Country: Italy Known For: Concerti

Johann Sebastian Bach

1685 - 1750 Country: Germany Known For: Cantatas, Concerti, Keyboard Music

George Frideric Handel

1685 - 1759 Wrote mostly operas until the end of his life, then switched to oratorios because he couldn't compete financially with competing opera houses. Oratorios are much cheaper and rehearsal process is much shorter (charged same price as an opera).

Franz Joseph Haydn

1732 - 1809 Country: Austria Known for: Symphony

Classical Era

1750 - 1830

String quintet

5 string instruments

Wind quintet

5 wind instruments, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn. 4 movements.

Ground Bass

A bass line in which the succession of pitches repeat over and over again. Throughout entire piece or sections.

Variation Form

A form that that begins with a theme (or main melody) which is followed by numerous variations on the theme. A' A'' A''' A'''' A''''' A''''''

Opera Buffa

A more comic opera and was more popular in opera houses. Often about the servants triumphing over employer someway.

Baroque Suite (pg. 104)

A multi movement work where the 1st movement is an introduction/prelude and the other movements are based on dances. Not intended for dancing, meant to be listened to. No standard number of movements. All are in the same key.

Chorus

A musical number for a larger group of singers, sung in four - part harmony.

Cantata (pg. 113)

A sacred, dramatic, relatively short musical presentation (like an oratorio) performed in the Lutheran church service. Usually between 15-30 min in length because it had to be shorter than Lutheran church service.

Aria

A section within an opera in which a solo singer reflects on a particular plot point, usually focusing on his/her emotions. Most often use cadenzas

Figured Bass (pg. 90)

A set of symbol written above or below the bass line to help keyboardists realize the bass line. Even though there are suggestions, keyboardists can improvise.

Da capo aria (pg.101)

A song in 3 sections (ABA') A' singer improvises. Da Capo is printed meaning "to the top" when he goes to the top A he sings it in a flashy fashion. With scales to make it more interesting.

Walking Bass (pg. 90)

A technique in which every note in the bass line is the same length. Entire piece, or in sections.

French Overture

AB Form A: Slow, dotted rhythms B: Faster, imitative polyphony In France, I have A Stupid Boy-Friend

What genres use basso continuo?

All orchestral genres: Concerto, orchestral suite, sinfonia. Most vocal genres: Oratorio, cantata, mass Most chamber ensembles

Forms of dance music

Allemande Courante Gigue Minuet Jig Hornpipe

What genres use walking bass?

Any genre

Forms used in sonatas?

Any of the standard forms popular in the Classical Era.

What genres use figured bass?

Anything featuring basso continuo can also feature figured bass.

Retrograde (Fugal Device)

Backwards

Basso Continuo (pg. 89)

Bass keyboard part that should be improvised to fit base line. Chords are improvised by keyboard player. Never hear the same piece twice. Harpsichord and cello play bass line.

What are the performing forces of a suite?

Can be composed for... 1. solo instrument 2. small group of instruments 3. full Baroque Orchestra. Intended to be performed in home.

Fragmentation (Fugal Device)

Chopping the musical material up and using only pieces of it

Mass

Church music. 4 forms of mass, Curie, Sanctus, Gloria, Agnus dei

Performance Venues of Classical Era

Church, court, opera house, and private home continue to be important.

Performing forces of symphony?

Classical Era Orchestra

Episode

Composer reworks the material that has already been presented in the exposition.

Classical Sonata (B)

Development - (B) Reworking earlier material - Lots of modulation, usually quite polyphonic. Retransition - sounds like it's heading to something important

Recitative

Dialogue being sung. Can either be solo or accompanied.

Baroque Sonata (pg. 105)

Domestic genre, intended to be played within the home. Not a set number of movements in era, most common is 4 (slow fast slow fast) (solo instrument + orchestral instrument) OR (solo instrument + basso continuo)

Classical Sonata (A)

Exposition - (A) 1st theme - Hummable melody, tonic key Bridge - Modulates the piece to a new key, can be any length 2nd theme - New hummable melody, in the new key Cadence theme - New hummable melody, stays in the new key, ends with a final-sounding cadence.

Bridge

Extra musical material to stretch piece out a bit. (Can't happen between voices 1 and 2)

Secco recitative

Fairly speech like, dry, less music, little accompaniment

Exposition

First section of a fugue. The main melody being sounded by a single voice. (Or instrument) Most were instrumentals.

Rondo Form

Form that allows the Classical Era composers the most freedom..... (ABABA, ABACA (most common), ABACABA...) Almost always appears in final movement. Hardest to recognize.

What are the performing forces for concerto/concerto grosso?

Generally, a full Baroque orchestra plus soloist(s).

Opera (pg. 108)

Genre in which a story is told through singing and acting, with sets and costumes. Secular story. Developed in the latter half of the Renaissance, but became very popular among the first 30 years of the Baroque Era.

Singspiel

German opera in which the spoken dialogue takes the place of the typical recitative numbers. Most are comical.

Scherzo

Like minuet but much faster, 3/4 time. Much more freedom with the form.

Accompanied recitative

Lots of accompaniment, still speech-like

Subject

Main melody stated by voice one.

Henry Purcell

Mainly composed operas, from England, Known for Dido and Aeneas.

Augmentation (Fugal Device)

Making the note values longer

Diminution (Fugal Device)

Making the note values shorter

Castrati (pg. 101)

Men who were castrates before puberty in order to prevent the pitch of their voice to drop.

If classical sonata only has 3 movements what form is most likely to be excluded?

Minuet

Classical Sonata Form

Most common form in the Classical Era, usually in first movements. (different than genre of sonata) ABA' A = opening section B = contrasting section A'= opening returns

Antonio Vivaldi's life.

Most of career spent in an orphanage/school for girls. Able to experiment/create music. Wrote over 40 operas, yet rarely performed today. Orchestras much more popular. Concerto's and Operas (the four seasons)

Orchestra

Much more instruments, much more structured. Larger. No harpsichord.

Classical Sonata

Multi movement solo for piano OR a duo for piano and one other orchestral instrument. one orchestral instrument + solo instrument (both of equal importance)

Does the genre of trio sonata exist after Baroque Era?

No, it evolved into new genres.

Is ground bass music composed after the Baroque Era?

No, not with any regularity. Sometimes it happens, but not with strictness.

Is Ritornello used in music after the Baroque Era?

Not really, although later forms may.

Fugue (pg. 92)

One of the most popular forms of music in Baroque Era. Features a lot of imitative polyphony (row row row your boat)

Duo Sonata

One solo instrument + basso continuou (3 instruments). Most commonly 4 movements

Solo Sonata:

One solo instrument on its own. Most commonly 4 movements. Typically for piano

Baroque Concerto (Genre) (pg. 103)

One soloist + Baroque Orchestra The focus is on the interplay between the two.

Libretto

Person who works with composer to write operas. They write the words/text of the opera, and the composer puts in music.

Symphony

Piece conducted for an orchestra. (4 movements)

Inversion (Fugal Device)

Played upside down

Classical Sonata (A')

Recapitulation - (A') 1st Theme - In tonic key Bridge - Remains in the tonic key 2nd Theme - Remains in tonic key Cadence Theme - Remains in the tonic key Coda: The end Cadence Theme is extended. (dramatic)

What forms are used in concerti?

Ritornello form (Melody, solo, melody, solo) Cadenza

How are the movements laid out in a concerto grosso?

Same as a symphony I. Fast II. Slow III. Fastest

Technique used in concerti?

Improvised cadenzas by the soloist

Cadenza

In the middle of a concerto movement, orchestra plays cadence chord and stops playing, than a soloist improvises an unaccompanied solo for as long as they deem is appropriate.

Ritornello Form (pg. 98)

Initial music is presented with instrumentals (Usually Baroque orchestra, strings and basso continuo) Alternating between Melody and Solo

Classical Opera (pg. 146)

Same definition as in the Baroque Era. Still recitative, aria, ensemble, and chorus numbers. Differences between Baroque: Recitative is more secco. Mush more conversational sounding. In Baroque, ensembles were very static in terms of moving plot forward, classical era allows each performer to sing own emotions over other. feelings change through ensemble. Move plot forward.

Classical Concerto

Solo Instrument + orchestra (Three movement) 1,2,4 of a symphony.

Does the genre of concerto/concerto grosso exist beyond Baroque Era?

Solo concerto was popular all the way up to present day. Concerto less popular, concerti every once and awhile.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Spent most of life working in Lutheran Church. Wasn't a famous composer during lifetime. Went blind last 10 years of life.

What is the order of a fugue again?

Subject: (First melody) Multiple voices: (voice1, voice2, voice3, etc.) Bridges between voices: (Between 2&3, 3&4, 4&5 etc.) An episode: (Crazy part) Subject return: (First melody returns)

Is Da Capo Aria used after the Baroque Era?

The form is quite unique to the Baroque Era. Still written in ABA, but without the improvisions of second A.

Opera Seria

These were often more "serious" the stories were often of triumph and the Baroque nobility would like to compare themselves to the story. Often sung by higher voice types: soprano, tenor, and castrato.

What genres use ground bass?

They can be used in any genre

Trio Sonata

Two higher pitch instruments + basso continuous (4 instruments) Most commonly 4 movements.

Concerto Grosso (plural: concerti grossi)

Two or more soloists + a Baroque orchestra Initially had many movements, eventually three became standard.

Oratorio

Very similar to opera's (recitatives, arias, ensembles, choruses) No costumes Usually religious Paying $$ audience In an opera house

Performing forces of an opera?

Vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra

Chamber Music

Wealthy person payed someone to write a piece and play it in their home. This genre includes music that is meant for smaller groups to play in a home, often wealthy people would play music to entertain themselves.

Piano Reduction

When the piano replaces the orchestra, usually in student recitals when they can't afford a whole orchestra.

Instruments of Classical Era

Woodwind, brass, string, and keyboard instruments. Most common in classical era is piano. Harpischord no longer essential.

Is walking bass used after the Baroque Era?

Yes, not often in art music. Used in Jazz frequently.

Wind sextet

all 6 wind or brass instruments