music 2.2

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Borque

1450-1600s

Trio sonata

3 melodic lines: basso continuo and two above written as three parts, but performed by four players

Chords and the Basso Continuo

Chords meshed with the melodic line Bass part served as foundation of the harmony

the fugue

Cornerstone of baroque music Polyphonic composition based on one main theme Vocal or instrumental Subject Main theme Presented initially in imitation Each voice enters after previous voice has completed presenting the subject

opera

Drama sung to orchestral accompaniment Opera can be serious, comic, or both Two primary types of solo songs Other types: duet, trio, quartet, quintet, etc.

unity of mood

Expresses one mood throughout piece

Concerto grosso

For small groups of soloists and orchestra Multi-movement work Usually 3 movements Fast Slow (usually quieter) Fast (sometimes dancelike)

Ritornello

Frequently used in first & last movements of concerto grosso Theme repeatedly presented in fragments Contrast between solo sections and tutti

sonata

Instrumental work Multi-movement piece for one to eight instruments

suite

Instrumental, multi-movement work Written for listening, but based upon dance Movements usually in binary form—AABB Often began with a non-dance overture defering in tempo meter and charterer

texture

Late baroque was mostly polyphonic Extensive use of imitation

the oratorio

Like opera Large-scale work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra Contains arias, recitatives, ensembles Unlike opera No acting, scenery, or costumes Based upon biblical stories Not intended for religious services Commonly performed today in both churches and concert halls

Cantata

Multi-movement church work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra Vernacular religious text Resembled opera in its use of choruses, recitatives, arias, and duets

melody

Opening melody heard again and again Continuous expanding of melodic sequence

rhythm

Rhythmic patterns are repeated throughout Provides compelling drive and energy

libretto

Text in opera is called libretto Music is written by a composer Libretto is written y a librettist

dynamics

Volumes are constant with abrupt changes—terraced dynamics

terraced dynamics

abrupt alternation between loud and soft dynamic levels characteristic of baroque

basso continuo

accompaniment played by keyboard instrument following numbers which specifics the chords—similar to modern jazz & pop "fake book" notation

da capo aria

aria is ABA form after the b seaction da capo is written this means from the beginning and indicates a reputation of the opening A section.

French overture

common opening piece : 2 sections 1st slow, dignifed 2nd faster, often beginning as a fugue

da capo

from the beginning an indication usually meaning that the opening section od a piece is to be repeated after the middle section

chorus

groups of actors playing crowd parts

Chorale

hymn tune with German text

librettist

person who writes libretto

answer

second presentation of the subject in a fugue usually in the dominant

Prelude or overture

short musical compostions that open opera acts purely, orchestral intorductions to late acts are callled perlude

Aria

song for solor voice with orchestral accompaniment, expresses emotion, usually a showcase vehicle for the singer

subject

theme of fugue

ground bass (basso ostinato

variation form in which a musical idea in the bass is repeated over and over while the melodies above it continually change

inversion

variation of a fugue subject in which each interval of the subject is reversed in direction

diminution

variation of a fugue subject in which the original time values of the subject are shortened

augmentation

variation of a fugue subject in which the original times values of the subject are lengthen

retrograde

variation of fugue subject in which the subject is presented by beginning with it last note and proceeding backward to the first

Recitative

vocal line of an opera, oratorio, or cantata that imitates the rythms and pitch fluctuations of speech often serving to lead into an aria. presents plot material


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