music apre exam 3

Franz Joseph Haydn

(1732-1809) Classical compose - form in a small village in Austria- 11 siblings -surrounded by music 1761- hired as assistant music director to the household of the Prince paul - he took pare of a lot of stuff - rote a lot of operas , symphonies ,concert , SRING QUARTETS= homophonic texture = Father of string quartet early quarter wrote 2 great oratorios ; = the creations , and the seasons the farewELL SYMPHONY = written in 1772 to the prince - "joke" quartets" = false rcapitiation

Rondo

- a form featuring a main theme (A) that returns repeatedly after multiple contrasting sections. (ABACA or ABACABA) -features a tuneful main theme(A) that returns several times in alternation with other themes -The main theme is usually lively, pleasing, and simple to remember, and the listener can easily recognize its return. It often serves as a finale, because its liveliness, regularity, and buoyancy bring a happy sense of conclusion.

Multi-movement composition

- a single work with multiple movements. When in four movements (symphony and sonata, sting quartet), the structure is usually Fast-Slow-Dance-Fast. When in three movements (concerto), it is usually Fast-Slow-Fast

differences

- music was balanced proportion clarity and accessibility - Rhythm = multiple rhythmic patters - not like the baroque that just repeated it self texture = melody and an accompaniment / homophony precant - not that much polyphonic bc the importance of the melody -"mostly homophony but not had a moment of polyphony" A lot more options with dynamics- bc of piano; emotion expressed in shades of dynamics use of gradual dynamic chamge, related to developmnet of the piano -end of baso continouo = replaced by light accompaniment = change from base to melody heavily melody over the base

theme and variations

- single part form no larger contrast 'B' section Basic idead presented and then repeated over and over -eaxh repeat ex: frantz Joseph haydn "suprise" symphony no. 94) -second movemt its a theme and variation

The Classical Concerto

- typically a three-movement work for soloist and orchestra, usually features a cadenza -It combines the soloist's virtuosity and interpretive abilities with the orchestra's wide range of tone color and dynamics. -The soloist is very much the star, -The classical love of balance can be seen in the concerto, because soloist and orchestra are equally important. But instead of the symphony's four movements, a classical concerto has three: (1) fast, (2) slow, and (3) fast. In the first movement and sometimes in the last movement, there is a special unaccompanied showpiece for the soloist, the cadenza =A special moment in a concerto where the orchestra stops playing and the soloist plays alone; Designed to be virtuosic and impressive. -Near the end of the movement, the orchestra suspends forward motion by briefly sustaining a dissonant chord. -For several minutes, the soloist, without orchestra, displays virtuosity by playing dazzling scale passages and broken chords. -At the end of a cadenza, the soloist plays a long trill followed by a chord that meshes with the reentrance of the orchestra.

Sonata (genre)

- typically written for keyboard or single instrument with keyboard. Multiple movements (usually 4), and the first movement is almost always in sonata form. =4 movement form = it was only one keyboard , bc they can play multiple notes - but if it was a flute (or vilin) sonata , the flute was the main and the piano helping -moved from harps accord to piano - capable of loud sounds, sounded better bc the strings were being hit not plucked = a solo genre or the piano was "helping" a soloist

chamber music = general heading

-designed to to be played jn a smaller room instead of concert has -4 to 9 players -Intimate music = Most important setting is string quarter -- somnat and vilin -piano trio = string quartet = 2 violin , viola , cello -Ideal balance of between low and high instruments -type of music - had a tun of works -frisrt vilolin plays principal melody while second violinist plays accompanying figures -viloism = first harmony - exact format as a symphiny = 1= fast and serious 2= slow & lyrical 3= graceful 4= fast & lively ex; Haydn string quartet op.76 No. 5 second movement is best

the term classical

-having to do with qualities that endure- timeless -reference to acient greek/romal "basically al this class" -refenence to beuty in clarity/simplicity -apperas to a wide range of people -music that remains in the concert repertoire long after it was first composed \

Franz Joseph Haydn

1732-1809

Classical era

1750-1825 - moves in a much faster paint bc the recordings are saved and more knowledge is being spread

Ludwig van Beethoven

1770-1827 composer whose life spanned both the Classical and Romantic eras. His compositions can be divided into three periods (early, middle, and late). He was completely deaf after 1817, and many of his most famous works were written during this time. -at twelve he had several piano compositions published. -Shortly before his twenty-second birthday, Beethoven left Bonn to study with Haydn in Vienna, where he spent the rest of his life. =He earned good fees from piano lessons and concerts, and publishers were quick to buy his compositions. -Beethoven's victory over despair coincided with an important change in his musical style. Works that he created after his emotional crisis have a new power and heroism.-he composed the gigantic Third Symphony, the Eroica, a landmark in music history. despite mounting personal problems, Beethoven had a creative outburst after 1818 that produced some of his greatest works: the late piano sonatas and string quartets, the Missa solemnis, and the Ninth Symphony—out of total deafness, new realms of sound. not entirely classical - early music is classical , but late = romantic -studied with Haydn - trantison between - Most important artist =3 SOMEYHIHG ERAS = added people to the symphony - changed the forms - started getting his feeling arcoss - early = studied with Haydn AND MOSLY ROTE CHAMBER MUSIC AND KEYBOORD - middle period , most of his music - wrote 6 symphonies , 4 concerto , 5 strings qua, - not as much but madd them a lot LONGER started going deaf - by 1817 he was complexity deaf - "heroic phase" - aware that he was going deaf - famous during the middle - His 5th symphony is really popular - connected the movements with a single motive -LINKS the 3rd and 4th movement =====ADDED , PICALO , Trombone , contrabassoon Late period - last symphony , piano sonata, = his last 9th symphony was really long and good - last 3 years = only string quartet - died at 56 - Uses sonata form - has alot of sudden key change

string quartet

1st Violin 2nd Violin Viola Cello -Chamber Music- -The most important form in classical chamber -Like a symphony, a string quartet usually consists of four movements: (1) fast, (2) slow, (3) minuet or scherzo, (4) fast = 1= fast and serious 2= slow & lyrical 3= graceful 4= fast & lively

Classical Forms

4 movement Fast movement Slow movement Dance-related movement Fast movement =Classical symphonies and string quartets usually follow this four-movement pattern classical sonatas may consist of two, three, or four movements In writing an individual movement of a symphony, string quartet, or sonata, a classical composer could choose from several different forms. One movement of a composition might be in A B A form, whereas another might be a theme and variations. -Classical movements often contrast themes vividly. A movement may contain two, three, or even four or more themes of different character. This use of contrasting themes distinguishes classical music from baroque music, which often uses only one main theme -The classical composer sometimes uses a brief pause to signal the arrival of a new theme.

Johann Stamitz (1717-1757)

= germany = standarize the symphony

classical forms -the way the movements are written

= most things are molty movements - symphonies have 4 movements -instrumental works consist of several movement that contrast in tempo and character "each movement contrast each movement but each movement has constatin within it self" "has a idea of resolving tention- the end had resolved everything' -

Background info

American revolution - the enlightenment that was lead french philosophers - Voltaire and Rousseau= both died in 1778 = "age of reason" -

minuet and trio (minuet)

Another type of ternary form, based on the popular Baroque dance. In triple meter, usually serving as the third movement of a four-movement work. Minuet-contrasting trio section- Minuet (ABA) -The minuet movement of a symphony or string quartet is written for listening, not dancing. It is in triple meter and usually in a moderate tempo. The movement is in A B A form: minuet (A), trio (B), minuet (A). The trio (B) is usually quieter than the minuet (A) section and requires fewer instruments.

Franz Joseph Haydn

Austrian composer who worked for the famous Esterházy family. Wrote many symphonies and string quartets, including the notable Surprise and Farewell symphonies (1732-1809) was born in a tiny Austrian village called Rohrau. Until he was six, his musical background consisted of folksongs and peasant dances -of eight, he went to Vienna to serve as a choirboy in the Cathedral of St. Stephen -Haydn's music became immensely popular all over Europe. -he composed six masses and two oratorios, The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801).

composers

CPE Bach = at the court of Frederick the great in Prussia = transition , son of JS back Johann stamitz = germany = standarize the symphony music was lighter in techture - much more variety than late baroque

Chamber Music-

Designed for an intimate setting, these compositions are for a small group of musicians with a single player per part. The string quartet is the most popular combination of this genre. -It is performed by a small group of two to nine musicians, with one player to a part. Chamber music is lighter in sound than classical orchestral music.

contrabassoon

Double-reed woodwind instrument with a register one octave lower than that of the bassoon.

harpsichord

Early Baroque keyboard instrument in which the strings are plucked by quills instead of being struck with hammers like the piano.

symphony

Genre of extended, multi-movement orchestral composition between 20-40 minutes long; typically four movements (fast-slow-dance-fast) -Beethoven, on the other hand, wrote a symphony only when inspired. His symphonies are longer than Haydn's or Mozart's and were conceived for performance in large concert halls - The opening movement is almost always fast and in sonata form -It is in the slow second movement that we are most likely to find broad, song-like melodies. This movement, by and large, is in either sonata form, A B A form, or theme-and-variations form. -the third movement is generally a minuet and trio, which may be in a moderate or fairly quick tempo. -The final movement of a classical symphony is most often in sonata or sonata-rondo form. 1= fast , sonata form 2= slow, oftenb sonata form somethimes theme and variation 3= fast ussually minute= trio or shergy form 4= fats = usually the fatstes= sonata or rondo form

Galant Style

Mid-eighteenth-century composers entertained their listeners with music offering contrasts of mood and theme. The term style galant(gallant style) was applied to this light, graceful music. The style galant in music is comparable to the rococo style in art.

double bass

Provide foundation in a jazz ensemble

the magic flute

Queen of the Night aria

CPE Bach

Son of J.S. Bach, composed in the gallant style of the early Classical Era, worked at the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia

C.P.E. Bach (1714-1788)

Son of J.S. Bach, composed in the gallant style of the early Classical Era, worked at the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia -Among the important pioneers in this new style were Bach's sons Carl Philipp Emanuel (1714-1788) and Johann Christian (1735-1782). Around the middle of the eighteenth century, composers concentrated on simplicity and clarity, discarding much that had enriched late baroque music. Polyphonic texture was neglected in favor of tuneful melody and simple harmony

Orchestra

Strings: 1st violins, 2d violins, violas, cellos, double basses Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons Brass: 2 French horns, 2 trumpets Percussion: 2 timpani new orchestra evolved during the classical period. Unlike the baroque orchestra, which could vary from piece to piece each had a seaction like a formula =strings mostv importanr - violins = melody = woodwinds= adding to the melody =brass = to bring volume

Minuet form

Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the baroque - must be in triple meter minuet - trio - minuet

POPular forms of music / genres

The SYMPHONY(the most important music of the classical era) -dates about 1730 - Mozarts and Haydn took it to new levels of maturity Started as an overture = got people in music mode/the oppeners -instrumental peace of a opera From the word of Sinfonian - started in the opera but soon attained and independent status and were palyed at concerts rathar than a opera -started at italy than moved to germany to england woth no connection = TALKING ABOUT AS A PEACE RN

Concerto

Work from intrumental soloist and orchersta = 20 to 45 min 3 movemnt - alot more focused with the solist -combines soistxs virtuosity with power and timbres of oche - cadenza = break near end of the firsts and sometimes last movement called cadenza - showpiece for the soloist (orchestra waits) ex; cadenza - beetthoven violin corcerto - anne sophile mutter2

Trombone

a brass instrument consisting of a long tube whose length can be varied by a U-shaped slide

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

a child prodigy on harpsichord and violin, started composing at age 5. Wrote ore than 800 compositions and died at the age of 35. -At the age of eight, he wrote a symphony; at eleven, an oratorio; at twelve, an opera. -Mozart's father, Leopold, a court musician, was eager to show him off. Between the ages of six and fifteen Mozart was continually on tour -When he was fifteen, Mozart returned to Salzburg, which was ruled by a new prince-archbishop. The archbishop was a tyrant who did not appreciate Mozart's music and refused to grant him more than a subordinate seat in the court orchestra -The tragic irony of Mozart's life was that he won more acclaim as a boy wonder than as an adult musician. -In 1786, came Mozart's opera Le Nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro). Vienna loved it, and Prague was even more enthusiastic. "They talk about nothing but Figaro," Mozart joyfully wrote. This success led an opera company in Prague to commission Don Giovanni (Don Juan) the following year. Mozart died of rheumatic fever on December 5, 1791, shortly before his thirty-sixth birthday, leaving the requiem unfinished =Mozart was among the most versatile of all composers. -He wrote masterpieces in all the musical forms of his time—symphonies, string quartets, piano concertos, and operas.

*List some of the main differences between Classical era music and Baroque

a common stress on balance and clarity of structure. These traits can be found in the fully developed classical style in music, which is our focus.

Alberti bass

a pattern of accompaniment whereby, instead of having the pitches of a chord sound all together, the notes are played in succession to provide a continual stream of sound The Alberti Bass If you have a piano, you could play a C chord. You have that option. Sometimes it's super satisfying to play all three notes of the triad together and feel them in harmony. Other times, however, it's a bit boring. But what if you didn't play the notes all at the same time? What if you played them one at a time? What is this, 18th-century Austria? A C Major triad Actually, broken chords have been a part of Western music in many different eras of history. A broken chord is one that is played in sequence, as opposed to being played all at once. For example, instead of playing the C Major triad of CEG, you could break that into three individual notes- C, E, and then G. There are quite a few ways to do this, but one that's been popular in the past is the Alberti bass. Pattern of the Alberti Bass So, what exactly is an Alberti bass? For starters, it's a kind of broken chord known as an arpeggio or one that appears in some kind of ascending or descending order. Specifically, the Alberti bass is an arpeggiated broken chord with a very specific pattern of low, high, middle, high, played repetitively by the left-hand on a keyboard or piano composition in eight or sixteenth notes. In more concrete terms, think back to that C Major chord, the triad of CEG. While your right hand is playing some melody corresponding to the C major chord, your left hand is playing the Alberti bass line of low, high, middle, high. In this case, that would be C, G, E, G, over and over until you switch to a new chord, at which time you'd repeat that pattern in the new chord. That's the Alberti bass So, what exactly does this mean in terms of music? Why would you want to use the Alberti bass line? With its repetitive formula of eighth or sixteenth notes, the Alberti bass creates a rhythmic, flowing motion below the main melody. This can help create a driving force that is still sustainable without feeling aggressive or controlling. The Alberti bass is specifically useful in creating homophonic texture. In music, texture refers to the relationship between lines (like harmonies and melodies) and how they impact the overall depth, richness, and aesthetic of the composition. A homophonic texture contains a primary melody line, as well as an underlying accompaniment line that's not it's own independent melody, but still has its own drive. The Alberti bass, with its driving repetitive pattern, is a very common accompaniment choice for composers seeking to create homophonic texture.

Rondo Form

classical form with at least three statements of the refrain (A) and at least two contrasting sections (at least B and C); placement of the refrain creates symmetrical patterns such as ABACA, ABACABA, or even ABACADA

Sonata - genres

could;d be written for piano = 4 movement form -= it was only one keyboard , bc they can play multiple notes - but if it was a flute (or vilin) sonata , the flute was the main and the piano -moved from harps accord to piano - capable of loud sounds - softer an the bottom but a little =mot being plucked instead they are being hit with a hammer- capable fo a lot more = a solo genre or the piano was "helping" a soloist

Galant Style

fashionable / new style Eighteenth-century musical style that featured songlike MELODIES, short PHRASES, frequent CADENCES, and light accompaniment. 1730-1750

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

father of a violist - sister was a artist - "a child protégée = at 6 was playing the harpsichord brilliantly - for the next 10 years and he would go in tour around Europe - by age 8 he already had music pulblished - wrote a symphony at age 10 - He was overqualified , cost too much, hard to work with - took a job as piano teacher , died at 35, died in poverty - accessible and the profound, appealing to the ammeture =wrote everything - OPERA, SYMPHONY , STING QUATENT , AND SONATA - wrote 41 symphonies - 21 solo concerto = "a re famous opera = the magical flute - DOn giaobany

sonata form

first movment ? =one of the most important exposition, development, recapitulation -type of form also called sonata elegro form = specific movement / one movement - form of ternary [A B A] - 3 main sections has subsefction =exposition - when you have the intial state of whta the sonata starts -symphonies are also in sonata form - has contrasting themes development -taking ideas from the expoosition and ching things thatadds tention -changes the themes = themes used to create something rather than creatignsomething new Recapitation - do the exposition again and resolving this -often conclued with a coda

classical music

has more diorite than baroque - beriation -biraoty

the enlightenment

human over divine -reason over religion - favored clarity - education got better and stupid stuff ent away - more freedom = brotherhood -start being formed - no woman alllowed - free masons -cut across boundaries

new homophony

if there is a clear melody with homonic support - ex- singing with a gutair , playing with the support of another support -

convention of classical music

intrusmnet used for particle types of works - number of movemnts -= certain m=key still linked to ceratin moods = FORM IS REALLY INPORSTant = sonata form aria form minuet and trio form Rondo form = usually the last

SYMPHONY AS A INDEPENDENT THING

jstated at germany johann stamitz = concertmaster and conduct he estanbled the standers orcrestation of a symphony = 4 family of the ocresta - Frings each had a seaction like a formula =strings mostv importanr - violins = melody = woodwinds= adding to the melody =brass = to bring volume 20 - 45 min long! = ambitious stander format = 4 movemnts 1= fast , sonata form 2= slow, oftenb sonata form somethimes theme and variation 3= fast ussually minute= trio or shergy form 4= fats = usually the fatstes= sonata or rondo form ex; Johann stamitz , 1717-1775- symohony in E flat major Op.11 N3

Fortepiano

loud then soft -weighed much less than the modern piano and had thinner strings held by a frame made of wood rather than metal. Its pitch range was smaller, and its tone was smaller and lasted a shorter time. harpsichord only around 1775. Most of the mature keyboard compositions of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were written for the piano, rather than for harpsichord, clavichord, and organ, which had been featured in baroque music.

new musical public

new stuff started to create more of a middle class - which lead to a increase in popularity and created jobs for musitions -new ameture music was created -public concert become common - sheet music was more available = no more simplicity and easy to listen to -more comical opera

Beethoven (1770-1827)

not entirely classical - early music is classical , but late = romantic -studied with Haydn - trantison between - Most important artist =3 SOMEYHIHG ERAS = added people to the symphony - changed the forms - started getting his feeling arcoss - early = studied with Haydn AND MOSLY ROTE CHAMBER MUSIC AND KEYBOORD - middle period , most of his music - wrote 6 symphonies , 4 concerto , 5 strings qua, - not as much but madd them a lot LONGER started going deaf - by 1817 he was complexity deaf - "heroic phase" - aware that he was going deaf - famous during the middle - His 5th symphony is really popular - connected the movements with a single motive -LINKS the 3rd and 4th movement =====ADDED , PICALO , Trombone , contrabassoon Late period - last symphony , piano sonata, = his last 9th symphony was really long and good - last 3 years = only string quartet - died at 56 - Uses sonata form - has alot of sudden key change

opera

opera durign the classical period stated getting standerired

Rondo form ABACA

or ABACBA = large rondo ABACA = small -features a tunerful main theme which retumrs over and over -main theme alternates with other - common rondo pattern beetthocen string quarter op.18 4th meloment

sonata form -sonata-allegro form

refers to the form of a single movement. -should not be confused with the term sonata, which is used for a whole composition made up of several movements - an expanded version of ternary form [A B A] - 3 main sections =The opening fast movement of a classical symphony, sonata, or string quartet is usually in sonata form. This form is also used in slow movements and in fast concluding movements. =A sonata-form movement consists of three main sections: Exposition =in which a main theme and secondary theme are presented First theme in tonic (home) key Bridge containing modulation from home key to new key Second theme in new key Closing section in key of second theme Development -section where the themes are fragmented and played in different keys New treatment of themes; modulations to different keys Recapitulation -which the Exposition themes are played again in the original key First theme in tonic key Bridge Second theme in tonic key Closing section in tonic key Coda In tonic key -rounds off a movement by repeating themes or developing them further. It always ends in the tonic key. -=the exposition, where the themes are presented; the development, where themes are treated in new ways; and the recapitulation, where the themes return. These three main sections are often followed by a concluding section, the coda (Italian for tail)

form was the most important in the classical era

sonata aria munieut rondo form

Opera

stages in wealthy peoples houses, opera houses, or big cities Criticism of baroque opera; -Mythological plot; not realistic - music heavy and complex - staging too complex - almost exclusively sung in Italian -Arias was receptive and interrupted the frow of the - singers too mucha attention to them and make things move slowly Mozart added to the creating opera in german New typ[e = comic opera = -In Italian = opera buffs - in France = opera comique - in German = Singspiel + Comic opera was like a break to a serious opera - in German and French, they stop playing and the charter starts playing

comic opera

stages in wealthy peoples houses, opera houses, or big cities Criticism of baroque opera; -Mythological plot; not realistic - music heavy and complex - staging too complex - almost exclusively sung in Italian -Arias was receptive and interrupted the frow of the - singers too mucha attention to them and make things move slowly Mozart added to the creating opera in german New type = comic opera = -In Italian = opera buffs - in France = opera comique - in German = Singspiel + Comic opera was like a break to a serious opera - in German and French, they stop playing and the charter starts playing

Symphony no.4o in G Minor K.550 complet

textbook example of sonata form - all 3 morms 1st part finishs around 3;something - second ends at like 5 \, so recap at starts at 5 the coda/the end is at 7;40 min- ish -little tag at the end find sonata form -sonata piano motzart

Esterházy family

the richest and most influential among the German-speaking aristocrats of eighteenth-century Hungary, with extensive landholdings southeast of Vienna and a passionate interest in music; patrons of Haydn

Aria form

tuniry form often used as the seco nd movemt of symphoies string quartites and sonatas. A= fast B= slow A=

Vienna, Austria

usic centers of Europe during the classical period, and Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were all active there

theme and variations

usually used as the second movement of a multi-movement work. Contains no contrasting (B) section, but presents a simple theme and repeats it with alterations -widely used in the classical period, either as an independent piece or as one movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet. —the theme—is repeated over and over and is changed each time. This form may be outlined as theme (A), variation 1 (A′), variation 2 (A″), variation 3 (A″), and so on; each prime mark indicates a variation of the basic idea. =Each variation, though usually about the same length as the theme, is unique and may differ in mood from the theme. -The variations may be connected to each other or separated by pauses.

end of baso continouo

walking bass -moving like stairs / bass Arberti bass= made up a continues moving pattern of short notes ex; motzart piano sonata

Vienna, Austria

was the center of music