my pop mus Final

new jack swing (Coddington)

*Think of Bobbi Brown - R&B, dance, rap, soft, mainstream* - A fusion genre spearheaded by Teddy Riley and Bernard Belle that became popular around the mid 1980s to the early 1990s - Fused the rhythms and production techniques of hip hop with the urban contemporary sound of R&B - the "swing" influenced by rap's emphasis on the beat (created by the dum machine) - *Illuminated hip hop's relationship with R&B and dance music* -Coddington - Other producers and artists copied Riley's style, which was welcomed on Urban stations that were hesitant to accept rap wholeheartedly. New jack swing's illumination of hiphop's relationship with R&B and dance music helped this style cross over - because new jack swing songs were closer in sound to the R&B-filled playlists at these stations than rap songs that lacked melodies - By integrating melodies with hip hop aesthetics, new jack swing brought rap's sounds to Top 40 radio stations across the country. Like softer slow rap, the style muddied the water between pop and rap, giving programmers another option for playing hip hop as they negotiated the musical terrain between the new style and what they believed their audience and advertisers might tolerate

punk (Azerrad)

- 1970s -Began in NY then spread to the UK and the rest of the US -Represents the refusal of rock conventions (like glam) and the antidote to those conventions -rejection of virtuosity, complexity, machismo -They believed rock became a business and that crushed its spirit -they believed Mainstream vs. culture was complacent & politically disengaged -lyrics can be confrontational & nihilistic (God Save the Queen) - combination of forward looking and nostalgia (because they believed it used to be fun and authentic) -Radio neglected punk but they still made it into the mainstream via MTV -DIY: creativity, working outside mainstream, they handled their own business ( passed out flyers, booked their own shows) - punk is a platform, a way of approaching creativity. an attitude instead of a formula. The Ramones, biggest being Sex Pistols

MTV

- Aired 1981 - HQ in NYC - Target: long white adults - Format: AOR but in videos. - Selling commercials so not in the music business but the advertising/marketing business - caused bands' image to be more important - Started as a small tv show in smaller towns and directly influenced what music people wanted to buy from stores - seen as the towering peak in music promotion. Shocks the music industry, gets credit fro getting youth to spend money on music again. - Brought on the 2nd British Invasion - this music was a lot of punk because the British artists, many punk, had music videos and MTV had little choice of what to put on the show. Lee Abrams kept these bands from AOR radio but they made it to TV - MTV changes radio as Lee Abrams looses popularity with the exposure to newer sounds of punk and rock on MTV - MTV spread to bigger cities eventually like NYC and LA - Critiques: - MTV was domesticating Rock(as kids are just watching it in their living room) - Puts power in the hands of deep pocketed record labels as videos are expensive so there's an argument that a it skewed the playing field - didnt incorporate other genres/audiences (i.e Thriller airmed bc Eddie Van Halen does the guitar & MJs label threatened to pull their other acts. MJ first black on MTV. (Video showed in class of David Bowie criticizing MTV for not playing black artists) But makes Yo MTV Raps late 80's hosted by Fab Five Freddie & its a massive hit. most popular show. allowed rap to leak into mainstream & becomes more incorporated into regular MTV which leads to the demise of Yo MTV Raps

Sly and the Family Stone (George)

- American band from san fran - 1966-1983 - led by Sly Stone who played multiple instrument - pivotal in the development of funk, soul, rock, & psychedelic music - pioneered psychedelic soul - important to popular music as they were the first major band to have a racially integrated male and female lineup. - opened new avenue for black musicians Ranked by Rolling stone as the 43rd greatest artist of all time

country rock

- Artists include Bob Dylan 69 and The Eagles 70, Greatful dead - subgenre of pop music that combined country and rock, - Played on the nostalgic appeals of country music and artists from earlier decades such as Elvis Presley - pedal steel guitars popular, - popular in south and west US in 65- and 70s - "rock records using country themes and vocal styles" - similar to folk rock, country rock achieved success due to its ability to appeal to a "working-class" audience. Also, due to rock and roll's roots within both the rhythm/blues and country music genres, country rock offered a seamless transition between two popular genres.

Grandmaster Flash (George)

- Bronx Dj - drew off influences from Kool Herc - popular in the 70s/80s - who innovated the role of the DJ through technical breakthroughs like: scratching, punch phrasing, break spinning. Also converted a Vaz drum machine into a 'beat box" anticipating the use of drum machines in making rap songs - he was a showman - he mixed and entertained - Part of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

Gary Numan

- English singer/writer/producer - born in london - most popular in the late 70s early 80s - regarded as the pioneer of commercial electronic music - started the synth pop movement late 70's - known for androgynous look in pop culture. - influenced by kraftwerk's musical style - was frontman of a new wave band Tubeway Army then went solo Big single "Cars" Considered a pioneer of synth pop

Kraftwerk

- German band - popular in the late 70s - known as the innovators/pioneers of electronic music-- use of synthesizers and drum machines. - long songs with little vocals, synthesizers as main form of experiment instrumentation - Influenced synthpop, hip hop, techno/dance. - Kraftwerk helped ignite the New York electro-movement - techno

Michael Jackson (Brackett)

- Indiana born pop - american singer, songwriter and dancer - king of pop - one of the moost significant cultuturaal figures of the 20th centery & one of the greatest entertainers of all time. - began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records, - early 1980s, became a dominant figure in popular music - His music videos are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. First black on MTV "Thriller 1982" - Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time - dance techniques of robot and moonwalk were revolutionary, huge influence on the pop industry

Bruce Springsteen (Brackett)

- Jersey shore singer-songwriter who had success in the late 70s through the early 90s, - his folk and rock works stand out the most, strove for the Wall of Sound production technique - Made music nostalgic to Rock and Roll in the 1970s-80s but became popular when videos did - centered his lyrics around the struggles of every day life -acoustic and retro aesthetic -had a "down to earth" image during a time where glam and acting was also popular (Madonna had an act) -was very grown but wrote about what was to come in life like a teenager would -was a populist that appealed to people who opposed capitalism

Stax Records

- Memphis, (independent) record label and studio - production center of Memphis Soul and Funk. - Founded in 1957 and changed name to Stax in 1961 (Had distribution deal with Atlantic & cut deal off in 68) - Seen as more authentic to black southern style (renowned for blues music) - Important because it was a hit factory, had in house songwriters and a band. Focused on 12 bar blues - Booker T. and the MG's were in house band, racially integrated (significant asa there was a lot of racial tension in Memphis & the south) and considered to be one of the best bands of all time - idk what this is about but: Atlantic Records still owns the rights to most of the music produced from 1959-1968 -- had same set of musicians/band-- popular artists include Otis Redding

Madonna (Brackett)

- Michigan born pop artist who became a dominant figure in the 80s, - known as the Queen of Pop, - best selling female recording artist of all time - source of female of empowerment in her songs "Like a Virgin" - known for pushing the boundaries of songwriting in mainstream popular music and for the imagery she uses onstage and in music videos. - Presented a new feminism by controlling her image in sexuality -Changed her physical style a lot like vibrant outfits and different color hair - critics have retrospectively credited her presence, success and contributions with paving the way for every female artist and changing forever the music scene for women in the music history,

payola scandal

- Payola is the illegal practice of payment by record companies for broadcasting of records on commercial radio as part of the normal broadcast without saying that it was paid for. - It arose as station owners wanted to take their power back from Djs. - investigations began in 1959 - derailed Alan Freeds career (Dj who popularized the term Rock n Roll) - almost derailed Dick Clarks career but he sold his stake in his record company and cooperated with the law - as a result Djs die and Top 40 format arises. this is good for radio statioon owners as it made djs interchangeable as DJs don't pick songs anymore.

college radio (Pond)

- Radio stations ran by college students that focused more heavily on AOR radio play - stations had a lot of freedom deciding what to play and the stations often reached off campus -played non-commercial music -not professionals so they did not think much about the market, students were passionate about music. They often were ahead of popular music. Popular music often came from these stations -moved on from music quickly, had a an obligation to be alternative. -commercial free, got money from sponsors - Pond said this is the only truly free-form source of radio left in the country in 1984 - Labels started to supply college radio stations with free records to get their music to a younger audience

the loudness wars

- Songs are getting increasingly louder because of the way we listen to them. we listen through headphones to cancel noise around us so its rivalrous. - producers compensate by raising loudness of songs to compete with the noises of the world and once one producer does it, all producers must follow suit. - less quite parts of songs, songs are compressed so less range of loudness. - songs that are louder catch our attention ex the top songs in the grammy's were the loudest. - critics argue that it reduces sound quality - loudness has been increasing since the 40's but issue gained new attention in the 90's with changes in technology allowing for louder songs - Listeners are starting to get tired of this and we're slowly moving back to quieter music

Skrillex (Reynolds)

- Sonny john moore - american record producer, DJ, singer - cali - One of the current leaders in EDM - First released music in 2004 - Constantly touring across the country and playing festivals -

Soundcloud rap (Caramanica)

- Soundcloud was founded in 2007 in Germany - new movement in hip-hop thanks to rebellious music, volcanic energy and occasional acts of malevolence. -swelling subgenre that takes its name from its creators' preferred streaming service -become the most vital and disruptive new movement in hip-hop thanks to rebellious music, volcanic energy and occasional acts of malevolence -Unpolished, youthful, low-fidelity, insistent, distorted bass -SoundCloud, the streaming service most oriented toward music discovery, and the one with the lowest barrier to entry -Who: lil pump, lil peep, xxxtentacion - high-end streetwear, face tattoos, hair dyed in wild colors, prescription drug ooze. - No traditional gatekeepers, free access - Music has punk-like purity - "so unpolished, so youthful" - In some ways, a response to smoothness of Drake-era major label rap These soundcloud rappers redefined what it means to be a rapper -viral tweets are a must (meme-first generation) -shows are essentially punk-rock shows: we are here to "rage, sweat, scream" -ROWDY, ILLEGAL, PUBLIC BEHAVIOR IS A MUST (maintain an "outlaw reputation") -making outlandish reference points means rise in fame (i.e.: coffin imagery) Direct fan contact means rise in fame.

Max Martin (Seabrook)

- Swedish songwriter who rose to prominence in the 90s after writing songs like "Hit me Baby one more time" and "I want it that way" - Written 22 hot 100 #1 hits Written for Taylor Swift, Maroon 5 and The Weekend - influenced by ABBA - Part of the reason new pop music is homogenous - credited Sweden's musical-education system with his success - As a swed he has computer literacy so he excelled at making music on the computer and sweden's wide access to broadband meant frequent collaboratioon with others online. - He integrated aspects of R&B and pop music but in a way not done before. as he had relative freedom from the racial underpinnings of the long-established American distinction between R. & B. and pop. The resulting hybrid, one could argue, has become the mainstream sound on Top Forty radio today. - rhythmic pop

psychedelia

- The Byrds, Jimi Hendrix (Jimi Hendrix Experience), Grateful Dead - mind expansion music. - Borrows from other styles such as Indian classical music and bebop. - Incorporated stereo technology and made music move from one speaker to the other. - New instrument effects. - late 60's early 70s - Very popular on Freeform radio stations, part of the counterculture - significant because it was known for introducing new guitar techniques and improvisation to a greater degree than Rock N Roll. Also associated with Dr. Sidney Cohen's LSD experiments in 50s. LSD and psychedelic music become part of the counterculture for the younger generation at that time. a style of psychedelic artwork and psychedelic music derived from the experience of altered consciousness that uses highly distorted and surreal visuals, sound effects and reverberation, and bright colors and full spectrums and animation (including cartoons) to evoke and convey to a viewer or listener the artist's experience while using such drugs, originating in the 60s-- important to counterculture and was not played on radio for a long time. Artists include The Grateful Dead and Led Zeppelin

glam

- a genre of rock known for over-the-top, glamorous dress sense including platform shoes, glitter and flamboyant hairstyles, - developed in the UK in the 1970s, - popularized by David Bowie and Freddie Mercury - punk & glam had an oppositional stance from mainstream rock and roll (1 marker being Androgyny) - rejection of trappings and romanticization of authentic working class Influenced Kiss

graffiti (George)

- after WWII when the country was putting a squeaky clean face on its history and architecture, contemporary graffiti began its career as a from of civil nuisance - remained a modest urban irritant until a bronx-inspired explosion in the 70's allowed graffitist to redefine themselves as artists - many artists were puerto rican and white - used as a sales tool for hip hop party promoters - the overuse of graffiti style in advertising has drained the expression - Fab Five Freddie started organizing graffiti artists and promoting them on the downtown art scene then on the punk rock club scene (he though that the aggressive art fit perfect with the anti-establishment attitudes of punk revived in the punk rock scene by Fab Five Freddie and then popularized even more by the hiphop community who used it for visuals, always associated with it in the 80s Shows that hip hop doesn't care about traditional art school techniques

The Byrds

- american rock band from LA - popular in the 60s/70s, frontman Roger McQuinn, - transferred the boundaries between folk/country rock and psychedelia - pioneered folk rock in 65 by melding the influence of british invasion bands with contemporary & traditional folk music on their debut album. - influential in originating psychedelic rock with "8 miles high" - influential in country rock "sweetheart of the rodeo" - The Byrds achieved major commercial success following the release of their debut album "Mr. Tambourine Man", which features a title track (originally by Bob Dylan) by the same name. the band's willingness to collaborate with the works of other contemporary artists such as Bob Dylan, coupled alongside their colloquial lyricism, allowed them to reach a core fan-base of working class individuals. - Furthermore, the success of the 33 ½ inch vinyl (more space) and the rise of rock and roll as the new genre of "expressive rebellion" aided in the bands shift to psychedelic rock in the early 1970s. idk? - regarded as just as influential as the Beatles,

Electric Daisy Carnival Festival (Reynolds)

- electronic music festival held in Las Vegas - First held in 1991 - Generally features electronic dance producers - Partially responsible for the EDM explosion that has occurred in the US this decade - goal is ultimately for EDC to be a place where people can connect, on and off the dance floor. This event welcomes everyone, not discriminating against shape, size, and color. created with the purpose of utilizing music and art to inspire individuals - 2017, it won festival of the year

Fab Five Freddy (George)

- first host of Yo! MTV - 1970s, Freddy became a member of the Brooklyn-based graffiti group the Fabulous 5 - Raps in the late 80s - Helped bridge the gap between graffiti and early rap scene and the downtown art and punk music scenes (organized graffiti artists and promoted them to the downtown art scene and punk rock club scene) - hip hop pioneer

fragmentation

- fragmentation fo music culture. consumer - the demise of shared musical experience. We listen to music alone now. there is a few places where we still share experiences like at concerts (media events). Before we listened to the radio, local performances and even at the gym. Before music was in the air now it's in the ear. - It's good in a way as it democratizes music, let's us chose what we want to hear and when. Gives us more power. - can make it difficult for fans to gain access to the music they enjoy producing music - killer in the music industry - Independent musicians work with so many different service providers that the ultimate outcome of all their efforts is confusion making it difficult for aspiring musicians to share their art universally - Once the digital format debuted and technology became a bigger factor in music delivery, frustration mounted - Artists have to work with so many streaming platforms just to be heard - Different distributors, labels, publishers, and music platforms have different strengths and weaknesses - If fragmentation is the problem, consolidation seems to be a possible solution. Providing a clear path to promotion and distribution would not only benefit independent musicians, but it would also help the music industry capitalize on the one money-making resource that tends to be hidden: music.

folk rock

- genre of music combining elements of folk and rock "working class music" - late 50's/1960s - The Everly Brothers,*The Byrds* (epitome of folk rock), Bob Dylan, - popularized in midwest & south but gains popularity in UK & Canada following success of British Invasion - use of electric guitars common, Beatles had an influence. - Why working class music? (lipsitz) (1) postWW2 folk music portraying aspirations for working class life (2) rock n roll's origins in the working class music of black and white

funk (George)

- genre originating in african american communities in the mid 60s - mixture of soul, jazz, and r&b. - rhythmic danceable new form of music - deemphasizes melody and chord progressions with focus on groove and baseline, relatively slower tempos - originated in mid 60s with James Browns development of a signature grove emphasizing the downbeat. - lots of samples in hip hop come from funk, also laid foundation for psych funk and electronic music

Afrika Bambaataa (George)

- he had the social influence on hip hop - DJ from the Bronx in the 80s - known as the master of records as he had eclectic last and therefore a multiethnic quality to his work - Added Trans-Europe Express to the hip hop canon so helped develop the hip hop genre through electro tracks, - known as the father of electro-funk. - He has spread hip hop culture throughout the world through his connections - Founded Zulu Nation - collective of DJs, breakers, graffiti artists & homeboys that filled the fraternal role gangs play in urban culture. - pioneered native tongues

De La Soul

- hip-hop trio formed in 1987 in Long Island from the suburbs - at the time rap music seemed to exist exclusively in the city. - separated themselves from other mainstream rappers by bringing a new sensibility into rap (brought a new style of rap between pop, gangster and political rap) - first person authenticity, constructing themselves with stereotypes of hiphop/ mainstream rappers. being being confrontational with these other rapers - new masculinity at work ex. Me, Myself & I video theyre getting bullied as they aren't the cool tough kids. - Their music used quirky lyrics and eclectic sampling, suggesting the idea that they were not trying to act "hard." - By taking a stand against rap's characteristics at the time, De La Soul played a major influence in hip hop's current subgenres, promoting this idea of lyrical and musical development. - at the center of expanding rap culture in the 90's - Known for their electric sampling (digital sampler), quirky lyrics, and contribution to the evolution of jazz rap and alternative hip hop subgenres - debut album "3 feet high and rising" is considered to be a hip hop masterpiece - apart of the native tongues movement - conscious rappers - sampled many genres - kaleidoscope of sources Sampled music from unlikely places and sampling became a legal issue when they were sued by The Turtles for sampling their intro "You Showed Me"; they lost and had to pay a huge settlement This lawsuit allowed sampling to be examined more closely and had a major effect to how sampling occurred in hip hop.

Yo! MTV Raps

- hosted by Fab Five Freddie - was the first hip hop show on the network, began airing in the late 80s - unexpectedly was MTVs most popular show - allowed rap to leak into mainstream & becomes more incorporated into regular MTV which leads to the demise of Yo MTV Raps - crucial to the spread of hip hop around the world

hip hop (George)

- is a culture - Community of energetic, creative, naive young people from the Bronx and upper Manhattan who reached adolescent in the 70s. - Niave meaning openhearted innocence that created hip hop culture. - Money wasn't a goal - Like the graffiti artists and break dancers, the DJs did it because they liked it - It was an accidental offhand discovery of a way to distinguish themselves in a very direct self contained and totally controllable way. - Hip hop was not a mass market concept. It took simple tools to make their art and they made their own decisions about what made it good, culture of hip hop MCing, record-scratching, break dancing, and graffiti, is now one of the most popular genres in music today Created by Kool Herc in the bronx Function as a voice for an otherwise underrepresented group

Kool Herc (George)

- jamaican - he was the musical influence on hiphop - 'Break spinning' sought out obscure records and isolated the instrumental breaks, extending them until they sounded like new songs. rise of the "breakbeat" - Employed La Rock and his MC who pioneered rap stables - party motivation slogans like "ya rock and ya don't stop" - originator of hip hop in the 70s, from the Bronx, and never became a commerical figure,

Brill Building songwriters (Starr)

- late 50s/early 60s - Brill Building was a building in NYC - songwriting factory like Tin Pan Alley - songwriters wrote and produced songs for girl groups and teen idols (when songwriting teams flourished) - brill building became subgenre for pop music - Considered to be the center of the music industry in the 60s - Some writers recorded their own music such as Carole King and Neil Diamond extra cool facts if you can remember: -originally Brill Brother's clothing store but closed bc depression so rented space out to music publishers. -Early 60's classic model of vertical integration. Everything was there. you could write a song, sell it to a publisher, get a arrangement, get copies made at the duplication office, book time at the demo studio, hire musicians & singers, cut a demo, then take it to record company/publisher. & even sell it to radio promoter there. - dominated between Elvis Presely's army enlistment 58 & british invasion in 64. Declined after bc of british & american pop & rock music flourishing & bc records

Lee Abrams

- media executive born in Chicago - generally credited with developing the Album Oriented Rock format - Lee Abrams created the "superstars" radio format in the 70's. - radio format between Underground FM and Top 40 where the familiarity factor was the artist rather than the song. - he was a consultant for what to play on AOR stations, therefore making AOR more homogenous. He had a lot of power over what was played on the radio. -Females and Black artists were not played by radio stations -Rock + Soul resegregation

metal

- metal refers to a genre label, a market and a culture - overtime the definition of the genre and the status of the genre changes - genre of rock music developed in late 60s/early 70s mainly in the UK at first - black sabbath/Led Zeppelin are early seeds of heavy metal - not mainstream music/riff-oriented and aggressive/ sullen or nihilist/ alienation, sometimes based on class/masculine mainly but sometimes gender play - audience: working class - distorted instrumentation - became a marketing ploy by pop music (think gothic font). which is a common occurrence in pop culture. business can phenomena on the fringes. mainstream business coopts or absorbs these phenomena and diffuse it diminishing the rebellious aspect. - 80's subgenres developed Artists include Iron Maiden and Black Sabbath *wiki note: provided the soundtrack for a generation increasing disaffected by social injustice and the escalating war in Vietnam. What differentiated these acts from their predecessors was technological advances that enabled new heights in sonic disruption (Blue Cheer - Summertime Blues). These acts were markedly louder not only in volume, but in weaving of brutally blunt social commentary into their lyrics. Heavy Metal began to take shape

The Second British Invasion

- music acts from the UK become popular in the US from 1982 until late 86 because MTV launches - MTV launches in 1981 - Influx of British New Wave bands to US audiences in early 80s because they had ready-made videos when MTV started, - synthpop and new wave dominated - best example is Human League's "Don't You Want Me" in 1981. & David Bowie

soul music (George)

- popular music genre originating in the African American community in the 50s-60s comprised of elements of gospel, r&b and jazz-- soul influenced rock music and the civil rights movement - George calls soul integral to the lives of black America. soul is music that arose out of the black experience in america. reflected african-american identity and stressed the importance of AA culture. boasted pride in being black. - dominated US charts in the 60's - many crossovers - Ray Charles pioneered the genre, James Brown is considered the "Godfather of soul" - subgenres of soul: Motown (R&B & gospel pop music), New Orleans soul (r&b), Philly soul (or Soft soul - orchestral sound with doo-wop-inspired vocals/funky), psychedelic soul (a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music) - late 60's soul music starts to splinter into funk & others - early 70's psychdelic soul characteristics - call & response

synth pop

- prominent in late 70's - Popular music featuring primarily electronic synthesizers as accompaniment rather than traditional instrumentation - kraftwerk influenced this big time - Gary Numan started movement 1979 - The Eurythmics led this movement in the mid-1980's with songs like "Sweet Dreams", - criticized by some for lack of authenticity as the technology does all the work, - also Androgyny critiqued as inauthentic as the artists are essentially in costume.

Sex Pistols

- punk rock band - late 70s from - London-- responsible for initiating the punk movement in UK - regarded as one of the most influential acts in the history of popular music, and were anti-establishment to the core

The Ramones

- punk rock group - Queens in 1974 - known as the first true punk rock group - not popular at first because of FM radio's waves, but considered to be one of the most influential rock bands of all time Blitskreig bop brought the rebelliousness back to music

Motown Records (Starr)

- record label founded by African American Barry Gordy in 1959 - Motor + Town = nickname for Detroit. originally headquartered in Detroit. - "sound of young America" - Played a big role in racial integration of pop music. significant crossover success. - pop music hit factory (stable of singers, songwriters, producers and musicians) - creation of Motown Sound - a style of soul w a distinct pop music influence. (i.e music's roots in gospel and blues) - most successful record label of soul music. had 100 top ten hits in the 60s. - studio musicians: The Funk Brothers - first No.1 hit The Marvellettes "Please Mr.Postman" lead Motown into the mainstream with the supremes landing 5 consecutive no.1 hits starting with "where did our love go" - then "My Girl" - by the Temptations (1964) which is a Motown classic now - Diana Ross is a good example of how white girls were looking up to black lady Barry Gordy Vs Phil Spector the sound: - Spector: 12-bar blues and doo-wop devices - Gordy: blues/gospel that had its own defining characteristic audience: Gordy wider, not just for blacks outside the song: - Gordy interested in performance of the artists (wardrobe, strict codes of conduct on and off the stage, choreography) similarities: - had tight quality control on all levels of production - concentrated on small number of records to yield high proportion of hits

Dolly Parton (Weisbard)

- singer songwriter from Tennesse' - the most important female singer-songwriter in country music history - best known for pioneering the interface between country and pop music styles - popular 70's and 80's - physical appearance challenged authenticity that country critics/audience adored country --> pop --> disco - modern: hybridity and transformation. taking older, more traditional values and transforming them into something new history - Beginning her career as a songwriter in Nashville just after graduating high school, - she joined Porter Wagoner on his television show, releasing a series of duets with him before launching a solo recording career. S - he scored her first solo No. 1 hit in 1970 with "Joshua," and followed up with a string of No. 1 hits that included "Jolene," "I Will Always Love You" and "Love Is Like a Butterfly." - After her break with Wagoner, she crossed over into mainstream stardom with the 1977 album 'Here You Come Again,' - She launched an acting career in 1980 with '9 to 5,' and scored one of the biggest crossover country-pop hits ever - 1986 she launched her own theme park, Dollywood,

James Brown (George)

- singer/songwriter/dancer born in SC, - started as a gospel singer in Georgia - most popular in the 60s, who is widely regarded as the inventor of funk (originated in mid 60s with James Browns development of a signature grove emphasizes the downbeat) - Godfather of Soul, most iconic figure in funk and soul music - live performances, most sampled artist of all time.

Aretha Franklin (George)

- singer/songwriter/pianist/civil rights activist born in Memphis - started singing gospel as her dad was a minister - signed with Columbia at 18 years old and they marketed her as a pop singer - contract up with Columbia in 1966 - signed with Atlantic, her music changes immensely & her career took off after signing - became known as the Queen of Soul and has been popular since - "Respect" (1967) hailed as civil rights and feminist anthem

singer-songwriter music

- solo artists who write, compose and perform their own music - not tied down to a specific time in music history but popularized in 50s-70s - came as an extension of folk music but more personal - lyrics at the forefront with introspective nature - reflective/intimate/confessional lyrics - mainly acoustic instrumentation. Carole King- It's Too Late

Phil Spector (Starr)

- the Bronx, record producer and songwriter popular in the 1960s. -vocalist, guitarist, pianist, producer -- the jack of all trades at ripe age of 17. At 21, in charge of own independent label: Philles Records, he handpicked writers, vocalists, etc. His level of involvement and obsession with detail earned him a great reputation, - songs were 'dense, yet clear' - he produced a 'wall of sound' with thick texture and presence of strings (orchestral aesthetic) → 'teenage symphonies' (such as 'BE MY BABY' sung by RONETTES but produced by PHIL SPECTOR) → became immensely popular. - Starr says he prefer to work with vocal groups than soloists because: 1) intricate + varied vocal textures, but mainly 2) anonymity - NO STAR LEADERS - meaning, personnel could be altered at the will of producer (MORE CONTROL/INFLUENCE) - 1960s, then, golden age for rock 'n' roll vocal groups -- mainly African American girl groups, hierarchical arrangement of power restored tin pan alley model, structural racism (PHIL - WHITE GUY FROM NY), he preferred studio in LA, thus center of pop music production shifted from NY to LA, - Phil proved that producer had more money and power to gain than performer. His crew: 'Wrecking Crew' (equivalent of Motown's in-house "Funk Brothers" band) -convicted of second degree murder in 2009

girl groups

- wave of American female pop music singing groups - late 50s/ealry 60s - competed for sales with Beatlemania, British invasion -Rock and Roll had a new female sound that produced a string of hits -exemplifies the Girl Group tradition. Emotional, direct, intimate, establishing an unambiguously female perspective, "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" is the sound of young women, teenagers from New York City - the song arrives at radio in the very moment that issues around women's rights are beginning to hit a new high point - 1960 the first oral contraceptive pill & 65 the Supreme Court gave married couples the right to use birth control, - groups influenced by doowop, - significant because it made African American female singers a role model to young white & black teenagers at a time where segregation was still an issue - examples include the Ronettes, the Supremes, the Shirelles

Native Tongues

-collective of late 80s and early 90s hip-hop artists - who introduced lycrisim addressing topics from race to spirituality, bonded by afrocentric rooted hip hop and a focus on spreading positivity. -pioneered by Afrika Bambaataa -like minded in what they talked about lyrically (positive, socially conscious lyrics) -started with Jungle Brothers & Queen Latifah - included De La Soul & A Tribe Called Quest -being proud of African heritage - They experimented with jazz, soul, and funk samples and thus were the pioneers of "conscious" rap, alternative hip hop and jazz rap.

AOR

-freeform fm radio turned into album oriented radio/rock. - emphasis on the entire album not just the singles. signaling that they were plaaying for the counterculture. - by the late 70's AOR discaarded the wide range of genres and focuses on rock sound. - Lee Abrams created the "superstars" radio format in the 70's. he was a consultant for what to play on AOR stations, therefore making AOR more homogenous. He had a lot of power over what was played on the radio - he advised against playing new music like punk, as it was to orouugh "Album Oriented Rock", which focused on "album" bands, like Pink Floyd, The Band, Bob Dylan, The Eagles. A separate format from "Top 40" radio, which focused on singles. Popular in the mid 70s and was a form of FM radio that described a capitalist recuperation (a concept of cultural normalization of radical ideas, like cultural appropriation of ideas into mainstream culture).

Break Dancing

A style of hip-hop dancing which included complex spinning motions that are done on the ground, or on cardboard Began in the 70s in the Bronx Afrika Bambaataa formed one of the first breakdancing crews the Zulu Kings unique culture with its own history, lingo, culture and vast assortment of dance moves. has two phases to its history (1) the early 70's coincided with the disco era. Breaking was a medley of moves adapting many sources like from James Brown to MJ. African American community but just a way to dance, not a lifestyle. (2) Puerto Rican teenagers made it competitive. highly stylized form of combat. DJs played hip hop songs but dancers certified them. It was breakers taste, their affirmation of certain tracks as good for breaking and their demand to hear them at parties that influenced the DJs and MCs who pioneered hip hops early sound

The Monkees

American rock band, formed in Los Angeles in 1965, started specifically for TV series The Monkees, band limited in creativity because of this, seen as a Beatles knockoff but still very successful. with their manufactured personae and carefully produced singles, are seen as an original precursor to the modern expansion of studio and corporation-created bands

Beyonce Knowles (Anderson)

American singer, songwriter, actress, director, record producer and dancer Pop artist that started as part of the group Destiny's child (late 90's) then started releasing solo music in 2003 From Houston Strong role model for women and minorities all over the world Portrayed black and female empowerment during the 2013 Super Bowl

David Bowie

English singer - most popular in the 70s, - through his alter ego Ziggy Stardust he pioneered the glam rock era. - rejected gender norms and embraced the idea of a "plastic" rock n roll-- embrace of artifice and excess reanimation. - Overplays the performance aspect of his persona - one of the best selling artists of all time starman - 1972 Glam finds its way into DNA of pop

freeform FM radio

FM radio became popular in the US in 60s-70s and gave rise to album oriented radio (emphasis on the entire album not just signles Gave freeform DJs a platform to escape the "marketplace" game that allowed for lines of flight from the current flow of commodities at the time. Freeform DJs left the legacy of being educational and attempting to broaden the horizons of what radio music is - in the early days of FM, broadcasts were principally educational programming and classical music aimed at a more upmarket listenership (bc only people with money went out to by another radio as AM was fine). - AM stations simply duplicated their programming onto the FM band, widening their audience with little effort. - In 1965, the Federal Communications Commission enacted the FM Non-Duplication Rule - so stations gave Djs more freedom over the FM shows since they couldn't duplicate the top 40. these djs explored different genres and songs that weren't main stream not suitable for top 40. has an amateur vibe as DJs did it just for the love of music. - aimed to broaden the horizons of their audiences, - this style of programming came to be known as freeform - finds an audience and market: middle/upper class white youth that were educated (untapped) - became more common in the late 60's becoming the medium for youth culture. - then started to add ads - developed into Album oriented radio

world beat (Feld)

Feld definitely has a more pessimistic view on world beat in the domain of Africanization/Afro-Americanization, and that many times this appropriation can be seen as the record labels taken advantage of the creatives. The world beat movement started in mid-1980s and encompasses the world music genre that blends pop music or rock music with world or traditional music; contrast between the modern and ethnic musical elements; all about reproducing music from other cultures which caused questions of appropriation revitalization of African/Afro-American music through APPROPRIATION. Huge gap in ownership rights between producer and musician ('laborer') South African groups had influence on American jazz, blues, gospel, soul, but there's a reason why NO ONE KNOWS THIS FACT: Paul Simon worked with many South African and indeed American groups downplayed their contribution by granting them 0% ownership over music Main points: 1) Record Companies make most $ from single products, 2) Major Contract Artists are only granted opportunity to produce own work with sales, 3) Musicians are wage laborers. Artists include Paul Simon and Johnny Clegg

stax records vs atlantic records

It was common in the 1950's and 1960's for small independent labels (LIKE STAX) to sign distribution agreements with larger, more-established labels (LIKE ATLANTIC) to get the music out to radio stations and music stores - Stax provided a killer studio band and an amazing team of writers and producers - Atlantic provided a distribution machine that allowed hit after hit to be disseminated to every radio station and record shop. - churn out hits recorded at the Memphis-based studio through the bulk of the 1960's. - In 1967, Warner Brothers purchased Atlantic Records. so renegotiation of the distribution deal with Stax Records. but under the original agreement between Atlantic and Stax there was a clause that the entire catalogue of recordings made by Stax, regardless of the artist or designation of label, had become property of Atlantic Records. - eventually lead to the undoing of Stax

Beatles (Starr)

John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, George Harrison & their producer George Martin. rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960, most influential band of all time, leaders of British Invasion - Beatlemania (mass devotion to the group) how? JFK assassination so young people hungry for a change in the national mood. Na, more so Capital Records promotional campaign. as a result: 1) a flood of british band recordings entered the american market 2) american musicians mimicked facets of british style 3) so the british invasion accelerated receptivity in america to overt pop music influence from all over the world. model Buddy Holly's group - the Crickets Got concept album idea from Beach Boys Producer Brian Wilson who made concept album Pet Sounds. Beatles made concept album Sgt.Peppers lonely hearts club bank in 1967.helped made pop music become an art form (bridging a cultural divide between popular music and high art, and for providing a musical representation of its generation and the contemporary countercultrue) best selling band ever. Starr says that the choice of the Beatles to stop touring an become more experimental in the studio led to "an ability to copy Tin Pan Alley" eleanor rigby 1966 displayed this innovation (continued the transformation of the Beatles from a mainly rock and roll- and pop-oriented act to a more experimental, studio-based band. ) literally incredibly popular from 60s to now

MOR

Means "Middle of the Road" - commercial radio format that became popularized through the Top 40 radio format -> crossover sounds - product of commercialized radio in the era of the Fm radio in the US - A radio format that played "safe" music so it could appeal to all kinds of people. family-friendly -formatted this way to prevent people from switching stations -they were fighting for an audience bc there were more stations being created (70s) - Heyday was in the 60s and 70s

the "American Indie Movement" (Azerrad)

Movement from 1981-1991 in which independent record labels such as Dischord and Sub Pop increased in popularity with acts such as punk band Sonic Youth encompassed a wide range of styles, from hard-edged, grunge-influenced bands, through do-it-yourself experimental bands like Pavement artists had more control over their music and image Allowed for underground artists to have mainstream success created as a response to mainstream or popular music. created in opposition of mainstream culture and music and often contribute to the formation of oppositional identities among individuals involved in the scene

iTunes Store

Online store run by Apple for purchasing music, movies, TV shows and apps, and downloading podcasts and other media. Released in 2003 Pay for each song as opposed to streaming service Much more popular before Spotify and Apple Music released

Napster

Streaming service founded in 1999 by Shawn Fanning and Sean Parker Started as a peer to peer audio file sharing site, but eventually turned into a paid subscription streaming service Changed the way we listen to music forever One of the first streaming services

Spotify

Swedish streaming service founded in in 2006 by Daniel Ek Changed the way we listen to music forever Provides over 200 million users access to over 40 million songs Has faced criticism for not paying artists enough

sampling

The act of taking riffs, beats or parts of old songs and making it into a new song Extremely popular in the hip-hop community as well as EDM Term originated in the 70s - Sampling is the reuse of a portion or a sample of another sound recording. - It may comprise of the melody, beat, rhythm; this popular in genres of music like hip hop (sampling practices played a key role in shaping hip hop), pop, and electronic music. - Early on hip hop artists could sample without repercussions but it eventually became a legal issue, particularly found in the lawsuit against De La Soul. Without legal permission, sampling breaches copyright laws and an artist can be sued by the rightful owner. - Brings into question what counts as a violation of copyright laws - Impact on popular music industry: It advanced "remix" culture in hip hop and created a discussion to who has the rights of a song (producers, record labels, or musical artist themselves).

The Twist (Starr)

a social dance inspired by rock and roll. it was provocative, individual dance with no contact but boy and girl faced eachother, liberating dance moves. Brought rock n roll to a wider audience as Hank Ballard & the Midnighters - "Twist" (1957) rock 'n' roll song 12-bar blues, appealed to African Americans, tv show 'American Bandstand' popularized the twist dance move.the song helped popularize the dance even more and normalized the dance (everyone, young old fat skinny was doing the twist dance), launched an era of pop music designed specifically for dancing, a dance culture emerged

Bob Marley (Gilroy)

born in British Jamaica and popularity started in the 70s, regarded as a pioneer of reggae music, increased visibility of Jamaican music worldwide, considered a rastafari icon

The British Invasion (Starr)

cultural phenomenon in the mid 60s when rock and pop music acts of the British culture became popular in the US and became significant in the formation of the counterculture, in which future genres of heavy metal, punk rock, and psychedelia played off of. Starr says that the intiating event for the British Invasion came after Capitol Records did major promotions for the Beatles.

soft rock

derivative of pop-ish rock n roll, - origins in late 60s in cali and uk, - prevalent on the radio throughout the 70's - characterized by acoustic instrumentation and slow tempos, mellow, helped with the establishment of MOR Artists include the Bee Gees and Neil Diamond

DIY (Azerrad)

do it yourself, a tenet of punk music in which bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through independent record labels and other informal channels Influenced by acts like Bob Dylan in the 60s, term became popular in the 80s Allowed artists to be creative without outside meddling, adding to their credibility and authenticity Artists include the Ramones and The Sex Pistols

disco (George)

genre of pop music that has origins in philly soul, funk, and psychedelia, started in east coast and was most popular in 70s died down in 80s had a huge influence on EDM Huge part of American urban nightlife scene - created for nightlife scene, music is repetitive and beat oriented. focused on having a good time on the dance floor. music enhanced by colored lights in the disco clubs. Very popular among minorities and the LGBTQ community can be seen as a reaction by the counterculture during this period to both the dominance of rock music and hippies Well known artists include the Bee Gees and Donna Summer

Supremes

girl group formed in 1959 from Detroit who became the premier act and most successful act of Motown Records, most popular throughout the 60s, most successful American vocal group to date, rivaled the Beatles in worldwide popularity you can't hurry love - Supremes 1966

Public Enemy (Light)

hip-hop group formed in Long Island in 1986 known for their politically charged music and criticism of the American media, with an active interest in the frustrations and concerns of the African American community - According to Light, Public Enemy's music offered an extension of rap's familiar outlaw pose, but was grounded in the contemporaries of everyday urban life - Took a rebel stance against American norms yet still found a pop audience - At a time in popular music culture where rap music was crossing over to the rap community, they made sure to center their music so that no one forgot hip hop's roots in the streets. -Much of the music industry and audiences criticized their controversial views; rap was dismissed by many as being hateful and crude due to these unfiltered lyrics.

Run-DMC (Light)

hip-hop group from Queens founded in 1981 first hip-hop group to have a gold album and to be nominated for a Grammy Stressed the importance of the MC and DJ relationship Covered famous Aerosmith song and the resulting collaboration made rap palatable to white youth (music video in discussion: physically broke the barrier between rap & rock - black&white youth) - first rap single on Billboard's Top 10 - then the parent album went platinum LP & Run DMC became first rap act on the cover of Rolling Stone Really showcased rap as a viable form of popular music widely acknowledged as one of the most influential acts in the history of hip hop culture and one of the most famous hip hop acts of the 1980s

Beach Boys/Brain Wilson (Starr)

rock band formed in Hawthorne CA, led by Brain Wilson, 1960s-1970s, known as one the most influential acts of the rock era -musical culture of Surf is related to developments in American life that include the growth of the suburbs, the advance of car culture through the highway system, and, of course, the rise of teenage culture. "Good Vibrations" 1966 - teenage symphony Starr says that Brian Wilson is the mastermind of the band, laying down a framework for future bands/artists by being innovative as a performer, writer, and producer. Did more than anyone in making California the epicenter of rock and roll. His idol was Chuck Berry. Thrived through British Invasion best selling american group of 60s and most nationally and internaationally celebrated american rock group of all time. Phil Spector was their model, and they were the model for the Beatles. Brain Wilson's Pet Sounds was rock n rolls firs concept album an album produced as an integrated whole, with interrelated songs arranged in a deliberate sequence. Paul McCartney affirmed that PET SOUNDS WAS THE SINGLE GREATEST INFLUENCE ON THE BEATLES' LANDMARK 1967 ALBUM SGT. PEPPER'S LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND

The Rolling Stones

rock band formed in London in 1962, Mick Jagger notable band member, influential in the British Invasion and identified with the youthful & rebellious counterculture of the 60s, still popular today, rooted in blues and early rock and roll. started out playing covers but found more success with their own material like I can't get no (satisfaction) 1965 which became international hit. psych rock in mid 60s then went back to bluesy roots late 60s to 70s which is considered the bands best work (their golden age). this is when they were named the greatest rock and roll bank in the world

soft soul

rubin called this "Philly Soul/Sound" wikipedia said it got its rise in Chicago in the 60s , this subgenre has musical elements that are cleanly produced, slower tempos, soul/funk base w/ rich strings and horns on top, Fred Wesley, a pioneer of soft soul, was regarding as "putting the bowtie on funk". kind of an updated version of Motown, this music being more mellow and its contents more mature.

things you may want to read before exam

technology & music consumption http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1134/the-impact-of-technology-on-music-stars-cultural-influence literally everything https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/artandmusicbiographies/chapter/reading-3-rock-and-roll-and-youth-culture/