Native Finale

which plan did Jefferson express when talking directly to Indians?

"Plan A": "Come and Join Us"

What were Jefferson's three different attitudes and policies towards Indians (Plans A, B, and C)

"Plan A": "Come and Join Us" "Plan B": "Get Out of Our Way" "Plan C": "Resistance is Punishable by Death"

Which plan resembles our modern credit system to some degree?

"Plan B": "Get Out of Our Way"

What did they call the march and gathering at Washington D.C. in 1972?

"Trail of Broken Treaties"

number of acres allotted to individuals; why were lots held "in trust" by the government; meanings of "surplus land", "blood quantum"

160 acres. , so that Indians couldn't sell, lease, or otherwise dispose of their allotments without govt. permission

During which century did many Plains tribes get horses and move onto the Plains?

18th

In what year did the last remaining part of Indian Territory become the state of Oklahoma?

1907

In what year were all Native Americans granted U. S. citizenship?

1924

Two similarities in artifacts between the Kootenais and people of the Great Lakes (in houses and travel)

Mat-Covered Tipis, Canoes

Present day location (state or providence) Ojibway

Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan

Present day location (state or providence) Blackfoot

Montana

Present day location (state or providence) Cree

Montana

Present day location (state or providence) Crow

Montana

Present day location (state or providence) Gros Ventre

Montana

Present day location (state or providence) Assiniboine

Montana, Alberta, and Saskatchewan

European land acquisition: buying, stealing, or something else? (Discussion of Coursepack articles 23a and 23b)

Motley stealing

According to Kevin Kickingwoman, why do the Blackfeet transfer spiritual responsibilities to a person at public gatherings?

Sense of Appreciation, Make Known

What is an indentured servant?

Someone who agrees to work in return for a trip to the Americas.

American Indian Movement (AIM),

- get America's immediate attention and spread awareness of Native American issues and concerns - fight for Native American treaty rights, civil rights, and against racism and discrimination in cities as well as on the reservations - protect tribal sovereignty and traditional cultures - learn and teach their tribal cultures and history - teach the true history of America (MORE RADICAL THEN NCAI)

What did the Europeans get of value from the early stages of intercultural trade compared to the Indians?

- goods that the Euros received in trade: hides, clothing, jewelry, tools, canoes... : interpreters, guides, knowledge about the natural resources of America (foods, medicines, wildlife, etc.), knowledge about land and people - trade goods preferred by Indians: cloth, glass beads, iron kettles

What did AIM accomplish through their radical media presence?

-Ended the Termination and Relocation policies by 1968 -Some terminated tribes restored to federal recognition -Some stolen Indian lands returned in the 1970s, `80s -Major change in B.I.A. policy in 1975

U.S. Grant's Peace Policy of 1871 - recognize 2 things that it did

-Insure welfare of Indians -Helped Education and Medical Programs on reservations

Be sure to read Coursepack articles #20, 21, 22

...

How did the cosmology affect their attitudes toward and relationships with people who were not Christians or differed from them in beliefs and culture?

...

which 2 treaty articles had the most to do with creating economic dependency for Indians on reservations?

1 and 5

in the order in which they normally occurred (chronological sequence)

1. "Friendly" and Reciprocal: 2. Demographic Shift and Conflicts: 3. Establishment of Dominion ("mission accomplished")

Be able to identify the three stages of European/Native American interaction..

1. "Friendly" and Reciprocal: Trade and learning from Indians 2. Demographic Shift & Conflicts: Indians die from diseases, Europeans take over. 3. Establishment of Dominion: European jurisdiction (Indians working for money)

4 basic elements of coyote stories

1. Coyote is on a quest or adventure related to his post-creation mop-up duties, making the world safe for the peoples 2. Coyote demonstrates both weakness and power (example: the encounter with Meadow Lark) 3. Coyote demonstrates both wisdom and craftiness (the "trickster" tendencies) (example: tricking and defeating the ram monster) 4. Coyote ultimately accomplishes his mission and we all learn important moral lessons

the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934; know the four main points; What form of government was imposed on the tribes (if they agreed to accept it)?

1. Ended the Allotment Act policies.. 2. Created Federal Programs for Indian Economic Assistance...3. Restored the Right of Indian Tribes to Have Tribal Governments...Tribal Acceptance of the I.R.A. was Optional...I.R.A.

main impacts of treaties and reservations (Coursepack #33, especially bold print headings and key comments from lecture)

1. Loss of homeland and resource base 2. Tribes restricted to reservation lands 3. Subjected to the authority of agents of the US government 4. Economic dependency on the US government 5. Missionaries had a "captive" audience and had to start boarding schools 6. The chiefs gradually lost authority and respect among their people 7. All above cause starvation, hardships, health problems, poverty, and loss of culture

What were the cultural misunderstandings between Europeans and Indians about land ownership and Native American leadership?

1. Native American leaders were not monarchs with dominion over their people and their homelands. 2. The traditional Native leaders had no authority to sell their Mother, the land, neither did they have any such concept in their cultures. 3. The written records of early colonialists that describe Indian cultures are full of misunderstandings and misconceptions, based on lack of knowledge. That includes their interpretation of Native governments. 4. The majority of colonial era land deeds were presented to the Native people before they had acquired English literacy. The deeds were interpreted for them by English people. 5. Therefore, the vast majority of colonial land deeds are without merit, and certainly not "legal" from the Native people's cultural perspective.

8 impacts of boarding schools on Native American people and tribes described in lecture

1. alienated children from their families and tribes 2. caused loss of language and culture 3. created low self-esteem and negative self-images in the students (internalized racism) 4. gave the Indian students a distorted view of Euro-Americans (both negative and positive distortions) 5. provided the Native American students with some basic literacy and some marketable industrial skills 6. created some people who could not fit well into either the Euro-American world or the world they came from 7. gave some Indians a distrust of and aversion towards Euro- American formal education 8. disrupted and degraded Native American child-raising traditions and nurturing processes

What four areas of Indian life did the Merriam Commission study?

1. health 2. housing 3. employment 4. education

Four U.S. government goals (policies) concerning Indians and their lands after WW II

1. more natural resources needed for the "Cold War" against the Soviet Union and international communism 2. reservation lands have natural resources so the U.S. seeks to acquire more of those lands 3. many in Congress hope to escape from economic obligations to treaty tribes 4. assimilating Indians more into the urban mainstream as another racial minority group rather than as members of sovereign nations seen as the best way to accomplish the above goals

3 purposes of U.S./Indian treaties

1. to take Indian lands for the expansion of the United States 2. to keep Indians "out of the way" of U.S. expansion by confining them to reservations 3. to preserve peace and prevent Indian retaliation 4. to avoid the costs of war

identify the main provisions of Articles 1,2,3, and 5 of the treaties

1.describes the geographic boundaries of the Indian land to be taken by the U.S. 2.reserves a little of the Indian land for the original "owners" defines the boundaries of the reservation 3.preserves some Indian subsistence rights (hunting, fishing, and plant food gathering) 5.establishes Native economic dependency on the U.S. and U.S. economic responsibility for the welfare of Indian people, based on economic promises that the U.S. devised and made in this article (not asked for by the Indians)

How many tribes were officially terminated by 1962?

12

How much reservation land was lost due to the Allotment Act?

2/3 of the land was lost

How many off-reservation boarding schools were there in the U.S. by 1899?

25 in 13 states

how many treaties were made and broken?

370

number of Native Americans who served in WWII

45,000

What percentage of their original homelands were the Salish and Kootenai tribes left with after the creation of the Flathead Indian Reservation?

5.7%

after oil was discovered in Oklahoma, what % of Indian allotments were "lost"?

66%

What was "Indian Territory" and where was it located?; how many tribes were sent there between 1830 and 1889?

A place they sent Indians that got kicked off their homeland. Sent to Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska. 67 tribes

Definition of a reservation

A small remnant of a tribal nation's original homeland, reserved by the U.S. government by treaty for the exclusive use of the tribe, or tribes, named in the treaty, after the U.S. took the rest of their homeland.

How did the Spanish approach to acquiring dominion differ from the English? (Coursepack #22

Acknowledge Christ, pope as highest priest and king and queen of Spain as lords of their lands, if not war will come with help from God and land will be taken, killed if not comply

What was the purpose of the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

An act of Congress which authorized the removal by force of all or any American Indian nation from their homelands in the U.S. to a designated "Indian Territory"

Identify a few impacts of the Removal on the tribes involved. What issues did they have to deal with and what sorts of adjustments did they have to make after they arrived there?

Between ¼ to 1/3 of the deported Native Americans died on the way to Indian Territory...Major adjustment to new ecosystems, new world in I. T.: poverty, economic dependency, sickness, more loss of lives...Conflicts with the tribal nations who were already there...Internal conflicts and divisions within the tribes

Names of the first Indian boarding school and its founder

Carlisle Indian Industrial, by Colonel Richard Pratt

Present day location (state or providence) Lakota

Dakotas

Overview of Coursepack article #28, common elements of wars involving intertribal armies defending their world against the colonialists and the U.S.

During the times those European/US populations were spreading, Indian tribes' formed together to fight. They had huge numbers in their fighting force.

Differences in Cultural Values and Beliefs (Coursepack #20); understand the key differences that we underlined; differences in religion, economics and resource use

Europeans believed lawfully to be able to take land if they left some for natives due to that natives had no fenced in land village or domesticated cattle

What sort of rights regarding the use of natural resources did the people who believed in that cosmology assume?

God ordained social and natural hierarchies humans created in the image of God and the higher ranked humans direct God's will on Earth and bring everything into proper subjection, these beliefs justified the policies and deeds of European colonialism and their establishing of dominion in America

3 new Indian programs (1946, 1952, 1953)-identify the programs, purposes

Indian Claims Commission (ICC) Voluntary Relocation (VR) Termination Resolution (TR)

Mobility modes; which three Plains tribes were NOT nomadic?

Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara

How was John Collier different in attitude towards Indian culture than most of the previous B.I.A. personnel?

Liked Native cultures

Understand the key concepts of "Dominion Theology

Make the world better by changing it

Which tribes on the Plains practiced horticulture?

Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara

Present day location (state or providence) Hidatsa

North Dakota

Present day location (state or providence) Mandan

North Dakota

What was Spain's "Requerimiento"? (Coursepack#22)

Required the Indians to " acknowledge the church as the ruer and superior of the whole world"

In what ways were the people behind these ideas both benevolent and paternalistic?

People where benevolent by trying to "save" the Indians, by trying to make them more European, or helping be re-born, by killing their culture. People where paternalistic by treating the Indians like children, by sending them to boarding schools and making them do things they don't want to do. like cutting there hair, changing their beliefs etc.

What types of traditional songs use actual words instead of just sounds?

Primary, Doctoring

Two reasons for "cowboy culture" among some Native Americans

Ranching and cowhand culture was moving over the surplus lands. Relationship with the horse

differences in dependency on each other's trade goods at the different stages

Stage 1: Europeans dependent on Indians for survival Stage 2: Europeans increase independence from Indians Stage 3: Indians dependent on European way of life\

Four of the most important spiritual and ceremonial traditions on the Plains were and are:

Vision quest, Sun dance, sweat lodge, pipe bundle ceremonies.

Identify the 3 basic social classes in Europe at the time of first contact

The peasants or "serfs," The royals, the merchants and the skilled tradesmen.

Which class was the largest and from which class did most of the immigrants to America come?

The peasants/serfs

Which class of Europeans in that era believed most strongly in the Dominion Theology/Great Chain of Being cosmology? Which class of Europeans was also oppressed by that cosmology?

The royals believed strongly, the peasants and merchants/skilled tradesmen where oppressed

What was the basic premise behind the "Doctrine of Discovery" and how did it match Dominion Theology and the Great Chain of Being?

international legal right to claim lands previously unknown or unclaimed by any European nation goes to the (European or "Christian") nation which first "discovered" it. ....

Motivations for the boarding school and allotment ideas

Two separate but related schemes that reflect Jefferson's "Plan A" - one for the American Indian children (boarding schools), the other for the adults (allotments of land to individuals)

What are the two main legal precedents which establish tribal sovereignty?

U.S. Constitutional Article I Sections 8 and 10, Rulings by Supreme Court of treaties

What was often the first thing that the schools forbade and punished students for when they first arrived at the schools?

Use of native language

Present day location (state or providence) Menominee

Wisconsin

Know the definitions for "treaty"

a binding legal agreement between two or more sovereign nations

What was the new agenda that Collier brought to the B.I.A., and how did that reflect the Merriam Report and treaty obligations?

actually wanted a return to traditional tribal governments. It reflected that they actually wanted to help the Natives

Carl Schurz and Henry Dawes began designing the Allotment Act one year after what major event which created an increased anti-Indian sentiment in America? Why did it take ten years of very difficult compromise to get the law passed?

custer's last stand, huge uprise of anti Native Americans

How did the boarding schools effect Indian cultural continuity, including parenting and nurturing practices?

disrupted and degraded Native American child-raising traditions and nurturing processes

Main motivations of the royals of Europe for sending people to America

dominion, natural resources, wealth for state and church

what motivations did those policies have in common?

economic obligations to treaty tribes...: to encourage Indians to leave their reservations and relocate to the American cities for "their own" economic benefit- to further assimilate Native Americans into U.S. society and culture

True or False: all native men of the Plains always wore their hair in two braids.

false

Did the Indian Claims Commission offer to pay tribes the present-day market value for lands that were taken in the 19th century?

yes

Understand the key concepts of Great Chain of Being."

it details a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God. The chain starts God Angels and Saints Church Ruler (Pope, Anglican Archbishop, etc.) Monarch Bishops, Cardinal Lesser Royals (the other land owners) Lesser Clerics "Ministers" to the Monarch Military Officers (Knights, Captains, etc.) Wealthy Merchants "Peasants," "Serfs," or working class (about 90% of the population) People Outside of the Christian Dominions (a.k.a., "savages," or "heathens") Animal Species Plant Species "Inanimate" Objects ("things")

Was Jefferson opposed to using violence to remove Indian nations from their lands?

no

Was there only one "Trail of Tears

no there was many

Coursepack #23, Economic and Cultural Impact of Early Contact with Europeans; identify the 6 items in bold print- which item of impact was the most significant?

o Epidemic disease o New technology o Loss of homelands o Loss of time o Warfare to new extremes o Devaluation of culture

1934 Indian program

present, modern tribal councils work to protect the interests of their people and nations

Why did the U.S. senate reject all of the treaties with the Indian tribes of California in 1852?

session because the mining interests did not want to have any potential gold or silver mines inaccessible due to being on reservations

Identify a few of the epidemic diseases that were the most devastating to Native American tribes during the colonial era

smallpox, bubonic plague, cholera, measles, tuberculosis

Each sweat lodge has a guardian ___________ and a human ______________, or else you might as well just be having a sauna

spirit, caretaker

What are the two primary types or categories of difference between traditional Native American cultures and European cultures?

spiritual and economic

What was the purpose of the Curtis Act of 1898?

supplants the authority of Indian govts.

Motivations of the peasant class for going to America

to be freed from the oppressive dominion of the royals > to own land and have access to natural resources > to become somewhat like the royals

refer to Coursepack #38, 2 parts: part 1, main points of the Allotment Act , and part 2, impacts of the Allotment Act

to cut up into pieces - to divide the Mother, the land, into plots or "allotments" for individual ownership, which was still a foreign concept to most Indians in the west.

What did it mean for a tribe to be "terminated" by the federal government?

to end the special relationship between tribes and the federal government.

Why did the Removal process focus mostly on the tribal nations of the Deep South? What did the rapid expansion of the cotton industry have to do with it?

to expand the production of cotton, which by 1820 had become the most profitable agricultural crop in U.S. history (32% of export revenue)

Purpose of the boarding schools

to train Native American children in the industrial arts, so they could be accepted in U.S. society

what did the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 do to Indian Territory?

took away the northern 2/3 of Indian Territory

the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

tribal nations united to work together for their common interests to keep their remaining lands and their sovereignty; improve economic conditions and opportunities, including education and job training; promote healing

Karl Bodmer's paintings recorded Plains culture and people about 30 years before they were ever photographed

true