Nervous System Study Guide Plus Vocab and notes

Microglia

act as phagocytic cell within the central nervous system, removing bacterial cells and cellular debris

impulse

bioelectric signals produced by neurons

neurotransmitters

biological messengers produced by neurons

cell body with a process arising from each end one dendrite one axon

bipolar

brain

contains nerve center assocaiated with sensory functions control of motor functions provide personality

prefrontal areas

control emotional behavior produce awareness of the possible consequences of behavior

Dominant

controls language related activities of speech, writing, reading controls complex intellectual functions requiring verbal analytical and computational skills

sympathetic system function

controls the "fight or flight" response; increases level of glucose, produces goose bumps, heart rate increase, constriction of blood vessels

cerebellum

coordinates voluntary muscle movement, balance and equalibruium maintains posture

polarized

electrically charged to inside - charged with respect to outside

synaptic knob

ending of axon

neurons are

excitable due to response to change in their surroundings

Neruotransmitters are considered to be ___ when increase postsynapitc membrane permeabilitiy to sodium ions will brane the postsynaptic membrane closer to threshold may trigger impulses

excitatory

The right cerebral hemisphere controls the muscles in the right hand responsible for writing

false

Axons that are myelinated conduct impulses at a rate______ than myelinated axons

faster

Na ion

major extracellular cation

knee jerk reflex

only uses two neurons initiated by striking the knee tendon

As cations leave the cell, the membrane potential at that part of the membrane is reestablishing resting membrane potiental This phase of resting potential is called________

repolarization

true or false the muscles and glands whose activites are controlled by nervous activity

true

Cell body with a single process that divides into two branches

unipolar

Lack myelin sheath

unmyelinated

action potential

varys in speed

hyperpolarized (inhabitory)As these ions enter the cell the cell membrane undergoes ____ with the membrane potential increasing to a peak of approximately +30 Mv

- more than resting potiental

The Na-K pump actively transports ___ Na ions out of the cell for every K ions transported into the cell. This reestablishes the ion distribution and helps maintain the resting membrane potential

3

The Na/K pump transports

3 Na out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell

Medulla Oblogata

In the brainstem controls vital vicsceral actvities

Membrane permeabillity differs for NA and K. The membrane has more channels for ______ than it has for ______. Therefore as the ions follow their diffusion gradient and helps maintain the resting membrane potiental

K and Na

cerebrum

Largest part of the brain reasoning memory and voluntary responses

An action potential results from the opening of __________. These channels open when the membrane potential reaches a level called

Na channel and Threshold

Myelin is formed by two cells (insulator)

Olgendrites in CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

What cells regenerate

Peripharal Nerves because of neruolemia regenreration is slow

convoltions

Ridge or convolution on the surface of the brain

fissure

a deep grove on the surface of the brain

Where is CSF located what is it and what does it secrete

a liquid located in the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord and the chorioid plexus secretes it

Axon Hillox

closest to cell body the trigger zone many closed gated Na channels

action of the sympathetic nervous

increase peristalis of the intestines

neurotransmitters that make reaching threshold less likely are to be _____ because the chance that an impulse will occur

inhabitory

Frontal

movement

Abdueens Nerves

movement of eye

Non-Dominant

nonverbal functions

Sensory neurons (afferent)

relay and carry impulses between neurons in CNS

basal nuclei

relay motor impulses orginating in the cerebral cortex and passing in the brainstem and spinal cord produce dopamine and controls muscular activites

neuroliga cells in PNS

schwann and sattelite

synaptic cleft

space between a synaptic knob and surface of another cell

frontal

speech

Vagus Nerve

speech swallowing

postsynaptic

stimulated by the presynaptic neuron

volts

the potential electical difference between two points

automatic

unconcious

Bundles of myelinated axons form nervous system

white matter

relative refractory

stronger stimulus triggers impulse

Optic Nerve

vision

Mid-Brain

In the brainstem has auditory and visual reflex center eye and head movements

These ventricles are connected to the single ventricle below it by two

cerebral aqueduct

The brain consists of the ________ diencephalon,brainstem and ______ the most posterior inferior portion

cerebum, cerebellum

neuron cell body

cytoplasm cell membrane lysomomes golgi appratus neurofibrils

axon coated in myelin conduct impulses ______ than unmyeliated axons

faster

Unmyelinated axons, dendrites, neuron cell bodies and synapses are found within the nervous system tissue

gray matter

what is a neuronal pool?

group of neurons that make synaptic connections with each other and work together to perform a common factor

tracts (bundles of neurons)

groups of myelinated nerve fibers in the CNS

parietal lobes

have association areas that help interpret sensory info and aid in understanding speech and chooing words to express thoughts and feelings

Temporal

hearing

Frontal

intellegence

accessory Nerve

muscles of neck and back

degree of change is

portional to intensity of stimulus

Assoicaition area

primary in sensory or motor function

axonal transport

process an axon uses to convey biochemical produced in cell

neurons make

proteins

How many spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

Hypothalamus

In the diencephalon links the endocrine to the neural systems, considered the autonomic control center due to regulation of hormonal secretion and heart rate

As cells wrap around the axon cytoplasm ends up in the outermost wrapping of the cell, this contains the organelles and the nucleus

Neurliema

"fight-or-flight" response

an organisms two choices when threatened

occipital lobes

analyzing visual patterns and combining visual images with other sensory experience

The cytoplasm contains many _____ such as phosphate,sulfate, and proteins. These contribute to the negative charge within the cell

anion

The ____ root is the sensory branch of a spinal nerve by which it joins the spinal cord

asending

Glassopharyngeal Nerve

assoicated with tounge and pharnyx for swallowing

reflexes

automatic subconcious , to maintain homestoasis

nerves

bundles of axons

Motor neurons (efferent)

carry impulses form CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) serves as a processing center for the information

axons

carry info away from neurons

Interneurons

carry links between other neurons

Reflex Arcs

carry out reflexes

It is connected to the ventricle below it by a small canal located in the midbrain called the _______

central canal

The _____ root is the motor branch of a spinal nerve by which it connects it with the spinal cord

decending

Cells of neuron

don't divide

Neurons found within the central nervous system are classified as _________ structurally these are ___________ neurons

interneurons, multipolar

temporal lobes

interpret complex sensory experiences

key to electrical events in neurons

movement of ions

occiptial

perception

The sensory division transmits impulses from the_______

perihperal organs to CNS

synapse

small spaces between a neuron and a cell they communicate with each other

Automatic nervous system (Conscious)

smooth and glands invoulntary movements

The ______ provides two way communication between the CNS and PNS

spinal cord

There are ___ interconnected ventricle in the brain and what are they filled with

4 CSF

suculi

A shallow groove on the surface of the brain

responds to stimulation by the neuron resulting in the behavioral action of the reflex

CNS

The motor divison transmits impulses from the________

CNS to perihperal organs

The nervous system is divided into the _____ which includes the _____ the spinal cord and the _______ nervous system which includes cranial nerves spinal nerves and ganglia

CNS, Brain, PNS

PNS

Cranial and Spinal nerves

Pons

In the brainstem helps regulate breathing

Thalamus

In the diencephalon is a relay area for sensory impulses, afferent pathways pass through and synaspe with neurons

Gaps between neighboring segments of the myelin sheath are____ at these points the axon is not insulated

Nodes of ravier (action potential)

Oculomotor Nerve

Vision, focus lenses, raise eyelid

When the membrane potential reaches threshold volted gated channels open triggering an _____________ at the location

action potential

The local current stimulates the _______________to reach it's threshold

adjacent membrane

absolute refractory

axon membrane can not be stimulated and its the first part of the refractory

divergence

axons may branch at several points diverging axons can amplify an impulse

convergence

axons orginating from different parts of the nervous system leading to same neuron allowing the nervous system to collect process and respond

CNS

brain and spinal cord

The central nervous system is composed of two organs the superior ___ and the inferior ______

brain, spinal cord

The brain is connected to the spinal cord via the ______

brainstem

presynaptic

brings impulse to synapse

Parasympatheic system function

brings the body back to homeostasis after the threat has passed (lowers heart rate and breathing rate and glucose levels) peaceful conditions

collaterals

bunches of axons

When threshold is reached______ of the initial segment open briefly, allowing _____ to diffuse out of the cell

channels , Na

corpus callosum

collection of myelinated axons which connect cerebral hemispheres

plexus

complex network of spinal cords

somatic

concious,

decending tracts

conduct motor impulses away from the brain

acending tracts

conduct sensory impulses to the brain

As these ions enter the cell the cell membrane undergoes ____ with the membrane potential increasing to a peak of approximately +30 Mv

depolarization

The rate of impulses conduction on an axon is dependent upon myelinated and ______ of the axon

diameter

membrane potential

difference across membrane resting potential and membrane potiental of resting neuron

resting potiental

diffusion not being stimulated to send nerve impulse

Dorsal Root

dorsal, sensory branch of spinal nerve by which it joins the spinal cord

meninges from superficial to deep

dura mater arachoid mater and pia mater

what is the correct order of menings from superficial to deep

dura meter , arachoid mater, pia mater

conducts the impulse away from the brain or spinal cord and voluntary skeletal muscles

effector

Decisions about responses are made. Then information is conveyed to _____ via the ______ division of the nervous system

effector, motor

Therefore, a large myelimated axon will conduct impulses ____ than a thin, unmyelinated axon

faster

Epidemymal Cells

form a membrane that covers the choroid plexuses

The _______ is found posterior to the brainstem and anterior to the _______

fourth ventricle, cerebellum

The membrane potential activity dips lower than -70 Mv because the K channels do not close quickly enough this is called _______ (more negative)

hyperpolarization

The cycle continues resulting in action potentials traveling down the axon. This is also called ____________ conduction

impulse

Synaptic Transmission

impulse in presynaptic neuron signals postsynaptic neuron

Motor area

impulses are responsible for fine movements in skeletal muscles

sensory areas

interpret impulses from sensory receptors

visual sensations

interpreted in occipital lobe

taste sensations

interpreted in the bases of the central sulci along the lateral sucli

auditory sensations

intrepreted in the temporal lobe

affectors

involuntary smooth and cardiac

gap joint

join epdymal cells together

Parietal

language processing

Another factor affecting impulse conduction rate is the diameter of an axon. The ______ the diameter of an axon, the faster the impulse is conducted.

larger

Triaminal nerve

largest eyes tear glands forehead upper eyelids upper gum upper lip innervate of the muscle of mastication

cerebral cortex

layer of gray matter contains 75% of neuron cell bodies

what hemisphere is more dominant

left

depolarized (excitatory)

less - than resting potiental

cell body

life support

comprise of parts of the cerebral cortex,diencephalon and other deep nuclei, the ______ represents the area of emotional control

limbic system

Ventricles

line the spaces of the CNS

synaptic potentials

local potiental created by changed in chemically gated ions can depolarize or hyperpolarize the receiveing cell membrane

K ions

major intercellular + ion and contributor to polarization makes it easier to pass through cell membrane

refractory period

make sure impulse is conducted in one direction limits how many action potentials are generated at one time

meninges

membranes to cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

frontal and temporal

memory

Output from the CNS is carried by ________ neurons. These are multipolar neurons that carry impulses out to structures in the periphery called___________

motor, effectors

Trochlear Nerve

moves the eye

cell body with many processes one axon and many dendtires

multipolar

Hyopglossal Nerves

muscles that move tongue

Axons with myelin sheath

myelinated

In _______ axons only the axon membrane exposed the_____ undergo depolarization

myelinated and nodes of ranvier

In a resting neuron the inside of the membrane has more______ charge than the outside of the membrane. The charge difference is called a resting membrane potential

negative

synaptic transmission steps

nerve impulses arrive at axon terminal

Nerve impulses then travel to the CNS along _____. Within the CNS they are __________creating senations memories and emotional reactions.

nerves, integrated

neurons can not exist without what?

neuoliga

Neural tissue consist of two cell types what are they

neurons and nueroliga

withdrawl reflex

occurs when a person touches something painful

Diencephalon

one of the four major portions of the brain surrounds third ventricle

Sodium ions are found in a higher concentration_____ the cell while potassium is more abundant _________ the cell. As a result, NA ions diffuse from ______ and K ions want to diffuse from _____

outside, inside, outside to inside, inside to outside

Frontal

personaility

neurofibrils

proteins

frontal lobe

provide higher intelectual processes

Dendrites

receive input

brainstem

regulates visceral activites and invoulntary, provides basic life support functions breathing and heart stuff

Brocas area

responsible for coordinating complex muscular movements of mouth, tongue and larynx

The _____ is the alert system of the body because of the tracts that provide communication between lower and high brain regions arousing wakefulness when sufficant impulses arrive

reticular formation

Spinal nerves emerges from the cord by two short branches or ____ while lie within the vertebral column

root

The strength of action potiental is ____ The _______ changes

same, frequency

parietal

sensations

Olfactory Nerve

sense of smell

functions of nervous system

sensory imput intergration motor output

Information about our internal and external enviornment is detected by structures called ______ which then convert the information into impulses

sensory receptors

The peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into an afferent ______ division and an efferent ________ division

sensory, motor

Neurons that carry impulses from peripheral receptor to the CNS are classified as ______ neurons. They are typically ____ neurons, though some are bipolar

sensory, unipolar

transverse fissure

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

longitudial fissure

separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

The cell membrane

seperates the electrical charges

chromatophillic substance

similar to RER function in protein synthesis

Somatic Nervous system

skeletal onsist of afferent, sensory nerves voulntary muscle movements

Astrocytes

star shaped are found in CNS provide support and forming the blood -brain barrier (restrict movement of substances between blood and CNS

nerve impulse

start of action potential along axon not graded all or none response

The ventricle is continuous with the _____ of the spinal cord and has openings into the ____ of the meninges

subarachnoid space, interventricular formina

ependymal cells

substances diffuse freely between the interstitial fluid of brain and fluid in ventricles

lumbar englargement

supplies nerves to lower limbs

curvical enlargement

supplies nerves to upper limbs

satlelite cells

support clusters of neuron cell bodies called galinga

Facial nerves

taste recpetors facial expression tear and salivary glands

Neuroliga

the large group of cells within the central and peripheral nervous system serve a supportive function for nervous tissue

Myelin Sheath

these cells wrapped repeatedly around the axon for a coating and it consists of multiple layers of the cell membrane of the neuroglia cells

local potential

they are graded change in the resting potiental is directly proportional to the intenstity of the stimulus

The _____ is a narrow space in the midline of the brain, just below the corpus callosum

third ventricle

Vestbulocohalar Nerve

to maintain equillibruium hearing receptors

An action potential will not occur unless the membrane potential at the _____ reaches a level called _______

trigger zone , threshold

In ______ axons, an impulse is conducted over the entire surface of the axon membrane

unmelyinated

Ventral Root

ventral, motor branch of a spinal nerve by which it connects with the spinal cord

occiptial

vision

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal causes

voltage gated calcium ions channels to open and calcium ions to diffuse into the synaptic knob

as the peak of action potential is reached the Na channels close and the _____open allowing ions to diffuse out of the cell

voltage gated potassium channels