Neolithic & early civilization test (Chpt 5)

List the different jobs people held in Ur.

-Chisel worker made sculptures -gem cutter cut and polished gems -fuller stomped on woven wool to make it soft -metal worker crafted everything from weaons to mirrors. -carpenter made boats and chariots -leatherworker made soldiers' tunics -judges, doctors & musicians

Be able to identify the following on a map: PHYSICAL FEATURES 1. Arabian Sea 2. Taurus Mts. 3. Tigris River 4. Euphrates River 5. Mesopotamia 6. Caspian Sea 7. Sinai Peninsula

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POLITICAL FEATURES OF CITIES: 1. Baghdad 2. Jerusalem 3. Amman 4. Riyadh 5. Damascus 6. Ankara 7. Tehran 8. Beirut 9. Cairo

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POLITICAL FEATURES OF COUNTRIES: 1. Kuwait 2. Iraq 3. Israel 4. Jordan 5. Saudi Arabia 6. Syria 7. Turkey 8. Yemen 9. Oman 10. United Arab Emirates 11. Qatar 12. Iran 13. Lebanon 14. Egypt 15. Bahrain

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What was the initial cause that forced people into farming and herding?

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What other activities did the people engage in Catal Huyuk besides the trade listed above in #8 (List at least 5)

1. Burial Practices-simple graves; shrines or sacred places where people worship 2. Farming economy-self-sufficient meaning they weren't dependent upon others for their survival because of the basic items such as salt, reeds, a limited amount of wood and plenty of mud for shaping brick. The townspeople produced ample grain and cattle 3. Crafts-since not everyone had to farm full time they had crafts. Made needles, beads, hairpins and fish hooks. They also wove woolen cloth, made baskets and fashioned leather into pouches. Fro,m wood they made bowls and boxes with lids 4. instead of just hunting wild animals, they learned to tame them 5. Improved farming methods lead to larger settlements; they began to build villages and then cities

List 5 different features of civilization.

1. stable food supply 2. Specialization of labor 3. A system of government 4. Social levels 5. A highly developed culture that includes art, architecture, religion, music and law. Frequently civilizations also have a system of writing.

Farming was very poor around Umm Dabaghiyah. How did this town survive and grow?

Archaeologists concluded that Umm Dabaghiyah was a hunting and trading outpost.

Define civilization

Civilization is a complex society that usually characterized by a stable food supply, specialization of labor, a government, and a highly developed culture.

About when did the domestication of animals and then plants occur? In what areas did these first occur? What is agriculture?

Domestication of animals occurs around 8500 B.C. in the area of Iraq (Sheep). Domestication of plants occurs around 8000 B.C. in the area of Syria (Wheat). Agriculture is the science, art and business of raising animals and plants to supply food for humans; farming.

List 3 advantages farming had over hunting and gathering societies.

Farmers and herders could raise much more food than hunter-gatherers could collect. They could support more people on small plots of land When the land was fairly fertile, they could move into regions where wild food and game were scarce. Most important of all a farmer could grow more food than he needed to feed the family. The surplus could be traded or stored for winter months.

What is the Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia? Where are they located and what is the difference between the two?

Fertile Crescent of ancient times extended through parts of today's Middle East (Ain Mallaha in present-day Israel). Area gives clues to the changing lifestyle of of hunter-gathers as they started to settle in villages. Fresh, cold water, wildlife and plants to eat are everywhere. Mesopotamia included all of present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Turkey. (Mesopotamia means "the land between the rivers" in greek.) Mesopotamia is a plateau, a broad area of high, flat land. Very hot summers, little rain, few resources and parched, dry land.

ESSAY: Which do you think is a "better" society: a hunting and gathering society or a farming society? Explain why using at least FOUR specific advantages of the society you you chose and THREE disadvantages of the one you did not. Use these reasons within your organized paragraph to explain your opinion (Answer at length in complete sentences.)

I believe that the best society is farming society. Farming society had a stable food supply with surplus that allowed for trading and domesticated animals; specialization of labor so people can have a variety of jobs; a government, and a highly developed culture with art, architecture, religion, music and law. as well as a system of writing. Hunter-gatherer groups would not make up a good civilization because they didn't always have a stable food supply and they didn't develop much specialization of labor. They often had leaders but not organized government.

What was Catal Huyuk's main trading commodity?

Obsidian -a black volcanic glass. It can be chipped to make fine, sharp-edged tools.

define Domestication of animals

Sheep, goats and dogs were among the first domesticated animals. Sheep were domesticated around 8500 B.C. Archaeologists know this because they can tell the difference between the bones of domesticated sheep and those of wild sheep. Over hundreds of years, animals living in a domesticated environment undergo physical changes. The tend to become smaller than wild animals of a related species. Their muzzles become shorter. Horns may disappear entirely or change their shape. Archaeologists can make out these differences in animals bones unearthed at sites

What is specialization of labor? How did domestication of plants and/or animals allow people to broaden and specialize in various skills?

Specialization of labor is when different poeple in a society do different jobs. Since irrigation gave UR abundant crops, not everyone was needed to till the soil. People began to develop skills other than farming. Chisel worker made sculptures; gem cutter cut and polished gems and fuller stomped on woven wool to make it soft. Ur also had judges, doctors and musicians.

What is surplus and what is scarcity?

Surplus is an extra amount; more than is needed. Scarcity is the opposite of a surplus (having less than what is needed)

define Domestication of plants

The first evidence of domesticated plants-wheat, barley & lentils-comes from archaeological sites in the Middle East dated around 8000-7000 B.C. Hunter-gathers probably noticed that some plants were more productive than others. By collecting and sowing the seeds of these plants they could increase their harvest. When animals and plants are domesticated, they rely on humans for survival

List 3 advantages hunting and gathering had over farming societies

They could hunt larger animals because they were wild and not yet domesticated they could steal from farmers they did not have to worry about cattle (Hunter-gatherers searched for areas where they could hunt game, harvest wild grains, gather berries and nuts, and find tasty plants and roots.)

Describe the buildings of Catal Huyuk.

This town had no streets, lanes or alleys and the doors of buildings opened onto roofs. To get from place to place, people walked across their neighbors' roofs. The roofs were at different levels. Ladders allowed people to get from one level to the next. The houses were all about the same size. Most had two rooms. The kitchen area in each house featured both a hearth and a clay oven.

How does having a surplus of something allow people to trade?

When you have a surplus, you have an extra supply of something (example, oranges). If my state grows a surplus of apples and has no oranges and if you have oranges but no apples, we can trade apples for oranges. Note however that each one involved in trade must have something the other wants. One nation may have a surplus of something (coconuts) but unless another nation has a coconut scarcity, trade won't solve problem

What is a ziggurat

Ziggurat is a type of temple tower with a oneroom shrine at the top. The ziggurat had many storerooms in addition to the temple. It also contained a large number of workrooms

What is irrigation

irrigation is the act of supplying dry lands with water by means of canals, ditches, pipes, and streams.