Nerves
The epidural space contains areolar and adipose tissue, in addition to ____
Blood vessels
Sites where information regarding reflexes is processed include the spinal cord and the ________.
Brain
Which receptor type is located in the dermis, is sensitive to pressure and vibrations, but is tonically active and shows little if any adaptation?
Bulbous corpuscles
________ respond to stretching and distortion of the dermis.
Bulbous corpuscles
In the Which of the following is the correct description of the tarsal plate?
Connective tissue structure that serves as attachment sites for the orbicularis oculi
T or F: Postganglionic fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglion provide parasympathetic innervation to the terminal portions of the large intestine, the kidney and bladder, and the sex organs.
False
T or F: Preganglionic fibers that originate within the collateral ganglia extend throughout the abdominopelvic cavity, innervating visceral tissues and organs.
False
T or F: The arachnoid mater is the outermost covering of the spinal cord and brain.
False
T or F: The connective tissue layers of the spinal dura mater continue from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris as the filum terminale.
False
T or F: The significant organizational differences between the neural tissue of the CNS and that of the PNS are primarily due to differences in the neuron cell populations.
False
names of the 12 cranial nerves
I. Olfactory nerve II. Optic nerve III. Oculomotor nerve IV. Trochlear nerve V. Trigeminal nerve VI. Abducens nerve VII. Facial nerve VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve X. Vagus nerve XI. Accessory nerve XII. Hypoglossal nerve
Which of the following is characteristic of the membranous labyrinth?
It contains a fluid called endolymph.
What is the function of the auditory tube?
It serves to equalize the pressure in the middle ear cavity with external, atmospheric pressure.
A normal patellar reflex indicates that spinal nerves and spinal segments ________ are undamaged.
L2-L4
Each sympathetic chain typically has how many cervical sympathetic ganglia?
3
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? (1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane (3) arrival of nerve impulse at an axon terminal in the presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors
3, 1, 5, 2, 4
The neuromuscular synapse is a chemical synapse that releases the neurotransmitter ________.
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic preganglionic axons at their synapses with ganglionic neurons?
acetylcholine
Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is ________
acetylcholine.
Motor patterns that are learned, like walking, are called ________ reflexes.
acquired
Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ______
act as phagocytes
The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine function as hormones, and are secreted by which structure?
adrenal medulla
Activation of a sensory neuron results in the conduction of action potentials into the spinal cord along a(n) ________.
afferent fiber
The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the ________.
axon
The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the ________.
axon hillock
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ____
axons of motor neurons
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ________.
axons of motor neurons
Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called __
axoplasmic transport
The structural classification of a neuron is based upon ______
the number of processes that project from the cell body
The ulnar nerve is found in the ________ plexus.
brachial
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the ______
brain and spinal cord
The cell body usually has several branching ________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment.
dendrites
The body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called (a) ________.
dermatome
Motor fibers travel in the ________ of the spinal cord.
descending tracts
Every spinal cord segment is associated with a pair of ________, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
dorsal root ganglia
Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? ependymal cells satellite cells microglia astrocytes oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
The bloodstream does not contain the enzymes that break down which of the following sympathetic neurotransmitters?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which of the following is defined as the tough, fibrous sheath that forms the outermost layer of a peripheral nerve?
epineurium
T or f: the photoreceptors of the eye and various receptors that monitor body position are examples of phasic receptors.
false
The ventral ramus of each spinal nerve receives motor information from a specific segment of the skin and muscles of the neck and back.
false
t or f: The lateral surface of the malleus attaches to the superior surface of the tympanic membrane at a single point.
false
The short head of the biceps femoris and the tibialis anterior muscles are innervated by the ________ nerve.
fibular
The subarachnoid space is ________.
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Caudally, the spinal dura mater blends with components of the ________ to form the coccygeal ligament.
filum terminale
The simplest receptors are the dendrites of sensory neurons, called ____
free nerve endings
The specialized neurons in the interior of the adrenal gland ______
function as modified sympathetic ganglia
Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________.
function rather than on anatomical grounds
Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________.
ganglia
Axons, which cross from one side to the other in the spinal cord, pass through the ________.
gray commissure
The sensory receptors of the inner ear are called ________.
hair cells
If an axon ________, the impulse will be conducted ________.
has a larger diameter; more rapidly
Perilymph ________.
has properties that closely resemble those of cerebrospinal fluid
The gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into anterior, posterior, and lateral ________.
horns
Which autonomic plexus innervates the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs within the pelvic cavity?
hypogastric plexus
Sympathetic activation is controlled by sympathetic centers in which of the following structures?
hypothalamus
Spinal reflexes ________.
include both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes
The term for a reflex that is genetically determined is a(n) ________ reflex.
innate
The spinal nerves form through the fusion of dorsal and ventral nerve roots as they pass through a(n) ________.
intervertebral foramen
Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, ________.
it is rendered incapable of dividing
When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ________.
it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton
During sympathetic stimulation, mobilization of energy reserves occurs through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in ____
muscle and liver cells
If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system?
near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS
Which of the following is gray matter?
neural cortex
Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon.
neurofibrils
The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the ________.
neurons
Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called ________.
nodes
The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse.
nonvesicular/electrical
Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter at neuroeffector junctions?
norepinephrine
________ sensations are the only sensations that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus.
olfactory sensations
Which of the following is described as a gelatinous matrix that contains densely packed calcium carbonate crystals?
otolith
Conscious awareness of a sensation is called ________.
perception
When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon.
permeability
When sympathetic activation occurs, there is increased activity in the cardiovascular and respiratory centers of the ____
pons and medulla oblongata
Long, unmyelinated axons leaving the ANS ganglia are called ________ fibers.
postganglionic
Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________.
postganglionic fibers
Constriction of small arteries and reduction in the flow of blood to visceral organs are functions of ___
postganglionic fibers of the collateral ganglia
Oligodendrocytes ________.
provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons
The functional classifications of neurons include ________, which carry information toward the CNS.
sensory neurons- (afferent)- transmit from sensory receptors to CNS
Microglia are (the) ________
smallest neuroglial cell
Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria free and fixed ribosomes All of the answers are correct.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Receptors may be classified as ________.
somatic and visceral
Distally, the connective tissue of the ________ is continuous with the connective tissue sheath around each spinal nerve.
spinal dura mater
Which structure contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons that monitor the receptors in the cochlear duct?
spiral ganglion
To transmit a nerve impulse in chemical synapses, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ________ and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
synaptic cleft
Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________.
the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes
The ________ of the spinal nerves is/are the portion(s) that participate(s) in the formation of nerve plexuses.
ventral rami
Which structure is not considered to be part of the membranous labyrinth?
vestibule
Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ______
visceral motor fibers
Reflexes that control the actions of smooth muscles and glands are classified as ________ reflexes.
visceral or autonomic
The enteric nervous system has neurons located in (the) ________.
walls of digestive tract
Areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as __
white matter
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________.
ependymal cells
Which of the following is the correct order of the steps in the production of an auditory sensation? 1 - The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window. 2 - Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. 3 - Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. 4 - Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. 5 - Information concerning the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS. 6 - Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles.
4-6-3-1-2-5
Glial cells are roughly ________ times more prevalent than neurons.
5
Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output integrating and processing data regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities All of the answers are correct.
All are correct
Interneurons ________. are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs are located between sensory and motor neurons are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons All of the answers are correct.
All are correct
The middle layer of the meninges, which consists of simple squamous epithelium, is called (the) ___
Arachnoid mater
Bundles of fiber known as ________ extend from the inner surface of the arachnoid mater to the outer surface of the pia mater.
Arachnoid trabeculae
The median nerve ________.
Aries from both the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus
T or F: Oligodendrocytes are the largest and most numerous of the glial cells, having a variety of functions.
False
________ is the ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus.
Excitability
The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following?
Excitatory or inhibitory responses result.
In the sympathetic division of the ANS, the relationship between the preganglionic fibers and the ganglionic neurons displays ________.
Extensive divergence
T OR F: Paralysis of all four limbs is called paraplegia.
False
T or F: A somatic motor neuron also controls smooth and cardiac muscles.
False
T or F: Exteroceptors provide sensations of deep pressure and pain, as well as the sense of taste.
False
Regarding pathways for auditory sensations, ascending acoustic information travels to which structure?
Medial geniculate nucleas
The chemoreceptors of carotid bodies trigger reflexive adjustments in respiratory and cardiovascular activity via which cranial nerve?
N IX
12 nerves in order (Song)
O O O T T A F V G V A H
The blood vessels that supply the spinal cord are found in the ________.
Pia mater
The ________ arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
Radial Nerve
During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron continues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the ________ wrap around it along its original path.
Schwann cells
The "rami communicantes" exist for spinal nerves ________
T1 to L2
From which spinal cord segments do the preganglionic fibers arise and form the lumbar splanchnic nerves?
T12 -L2
Which of the following is true regarding visceral reflexes? They control the actions of smooth muscles and glands. They are never classified as autonomic reflexes. They include superficial reflexes. They control skeletal muscle contractions. They include stretch reflexes.
They control the actions of smooth muscles and glands.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the two vestibular nuclei?
They integrate the sensory information concerning balance and equilibrium arriving from each side of the head.
T or F: A neuron, which has several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches is a multipolar neuron.
True
T or F: A small neuron in which there are no anatomical clues to distinguish dendrites from axons is called an anaxonic neuron.
True
T or F: Astrocytes function in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, which isolates the CNS from the general circulation.
True
T or F: Somatic sensory receptors receive information from the skin about touch, pain, and temperature.
True
T or F: The cervical enlargement supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs.
True
T or F: The spinal cord continues to enlarge and elongate until an individual is approximately four years old.
True
T or F: The ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord are lined by ependymal cells, which are cuboidal to columnar in form and have slender processes that branch extensively.
True
T or F: Visceral sensory receptors receive information from internal structures, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and respiratory and digestive organs.
True
All somatic neuromuscular synapses utilize ________.
acetylcholine
A neuronal pool is ________.
a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions
To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system?
along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not
The neurons in the cervical, inferior lumbar, and sacral sympathetic chain ganglia are innervated by preganglionic fibers extending ______
along the length of the chain
Which of the following sympathetic plasma membrane receptors are sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine?
alpha and beta
Hair cells ________.
are the sensory receptors of the inner ear
If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells?
astrocytes
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the _____
autonomic nervous system
The innermost layer of connective tissue fibers and isolated fibrocytes, which surrounds each axon is the ________.
endoneurium
The organ of Corti rests on which structure that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani?
basilar membrane
Olfactory receptor cells are ________ neurons.
bipolar
Displacement of eyelash hair triggers which of the following?
blinking
Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? neuroneural synapse neuromuscular synapse neuroglandular synapse both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse neuroaxonic synapses
both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse
Sympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via (the) ________.
cardiac plexus
In gross dissection, the filum terminale and the long ventral and dorsal roots are collectively referred to as the ____
cauda equina
The H-shaped mass in the center of the spinal cord is dominated by ________.
cell bodies of neurons and neuroglial cells
The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ______
central and peripheral
Splanchnic nerves from both sides of the body converge on the ______
collateral ganglia
Which ganglia innervate visceral effector organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?
collateral ganglia
The ciliary zonule of the lens is a ring of fibers that attaches the lens to which structure(s)?
colliery processes
In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ________.
communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells
The epithelium covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye is called the ________.
conjunctiva
The ________ is avascular, and there are no blood vessels between this structure and the overlying conjunctiva.
cornea
Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________.
effectors
The ________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands.
efferent
Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS.
electrical synapses
The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs.
endocrine
Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? exteroceptors visceral sensory neurons bipolar neurons interoceptors proprioceptors
exteroceptors
Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment? Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Proprioceptors Interoceptors Exteroceptors
exteroceptors
Gustatory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is carried to the gustatory cortex of the cerebrum via which cranial nerve?
facial nerve
Parallel processing occurs in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next.
false
T or F: A neuron in which the dendrite and axonal processes are continuous, and the cell body lies off to one side is called a bipolar neuron.
false
T or F: Collateral ganglia lie lateral to each side of the vertebral column.
false
T or f: the brachial plexus is composed of cutaneous and muscular branches of the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4.
false
A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________.
its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted
Which structure fills the lacrimal groove of the lacrimal bone?
lacrimal sac
The nuclei in the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the visceral motor neurons are located in (the) ________.
lateral gray horns
Preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division of the ANS are located in the ________ of spinal segments T1-L2.
lateral horns
In the sympathetic division of the nervous system, where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?
lateral horns of the spinal cord between T1 and L2
When an individual is shaking the head "no," the hair cells are stimulated in which of the following structures?
lateral semicircular duct
Major effects produced by postganglionic fibers of the collateral ganglia include stimulation of the release of glucose from glycogen reserves in the ________.
liver
The sympathetic division of the ANS has ________
long postganglionic axons. norepinephrine as a transmitter substance. preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord.
In gross dissection, the filum terminale and the long ventral and dorsal roots are collectively referred to as the ______
lumbosacral enlargement
Inferior to the ________, the spinal cord tapers to the conus medullaris.
lumbosacral enlargement
Myelin is (a) ________
made of phospholipids
An inhibitory response ________
makes an action potential less likely
The pia mater is the ________
meninx that forms denticulate ligaments
A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of ________.
microglia
Which of the following selections lists only types of neuroglial cells? astrocytes and parenchymal cells merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells apocrine and exocrine cells None of the answers are correct.
microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells
Each varicosity of axon terminal branches is packed with ________ and neurotransmitter vesicles.
mitochondria
Which of the following is a function of the vascular layer of the eye?
provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics supplying tissues of the eye
Functions of the peripheral nervous system include _____
providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems
The ________ nerve, which is formed by the ventral rami of S2-S4, innervates muscles of the perineum, including the urethral sphincter muscles.
pudendal
The gray and white rami from T1 to L2, which allow information exchange between the spinal nerves and the autonomic ganglia are collectively called the ________.
rami communicantes
Which of the following is NOT a major effect produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves?
reduction of the rate of urine formation at the kidneys
A person having a heart attack may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm. This pain is known as ________.
referred pain
From medial to lateral, brachial plexus structures are organized as which of the following?
roots—trunks—divisions—cords—nerves
Which of the following is described as a thin, membranous partition that separates the perilymph of the cochlear chambers from the air in the middle ear?
round window
Which of the following correctly describes thermoreceptors? There are structural differences between cold and warm thermoreceptors. Thermoreceptors are found in the epidermis of the skin, in smooth muscles, in the liver, and in the epithalamus. They are tonic receptors. Sensations detected by thermoreceptors are conducted along the spinothalamic tracts. Thermoreceptors are very active when the temperature is changing, but they slowly adapt to a stable temperature.
sensations detected by thermoreceptors are conducted along the spinothalamic tracts
A communicating junction acts to facilitate _____
the passage of ions between the cells.
The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon ________.
the presence or absence of a myelin sheath
All of the following are true of fiber tracts in the spinal cord except ________. all axons within a tract relay information in the same direction each tract carries sensory or motor information, but not both axons of a single tract are relatively uniform with respect to myelination the tracts are randomly located with respect to the type of information carried axons of a single tract are relatively uniform in diameter and conduction speed
the tracts are randomly located with respect to the type of information carried
Spinal nerves caudal to the first thoracic vertebra take their names from the vertebra immediately preceding them.
true
t or f: Olfactory receptor cells can undergo mitosis to replace aged cells.
true
t or f: The taste receptors respond most readily to unpleasant rather than to pleasant stimuli.
true
t or f: When a sound vibrates the eardrum, the movements are conducted to the perilymph of the inner ear by the movements of the stapes.
true
Which structure is a thin, semitransparent connective tissue sheet that separates the external ear from the middle ear?
tympanic membrane
If you bump the "funny bone" which nerve function is interrupted?
ulnar
Which taste sensation is produced by receptors sensitive to the presence of the amino acid glutamate?
umami
Postganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system are ______
unmyelinated
Which of the following is/are bony labyrinth feature(s) that provide(s) sensations of gravity and linear acceleration?
utricle and saccule