Nerves

The epidural space contains areolar and adipose tissue, in addition to ____

Blood vessels

Sites where information regarding reflexes is processed include the spinal cord and the ________.

Brain

Which receptor type is located in the dermis, is sensitive to pressure and vibrations, but is tonically active and shows little if any adaptation?

Bulbous corpuscles

________ respond to stretching and distortion of the dermis.

Bulbous corpuscles

In the Which of the following is the correct description of the tarsal plate?

Connective tissue structure that serves as attachment sites for the orbicularis oculi

T or F: Postganglionic fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglion provide parasympathetic innervation to the terminal portions of the large intestine, the kidney and bladder, and the sex organs.

False

T or F: Preganglionic fibers that originate within the collateral ganglia extend throughout the abdominopelvic cavity, innervating visceral tissues and organs.

False

T or F: The arachnoid mater is the outermost covering of the spinal cord and brain.

False

T or F: The connective tissue layers of the spinal dura mater continue from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris as the filum terminale.

False

T or F: The significant organizational differences between the neural tissue of the CNS and that of the PNS are primarily due to differences in the neuron cell populations.

False

names of the 12 cranial nerves

I. Olfactory nerve II. Optic nerve III. Oculomotor nerve IV. Trochlear nerve V. Trigeminal nerve VI. Abducens nerve VII. Facial nerve VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve X. Vagus nerve XI. Accessory nerve XII. Hypoglossal nerve

Which of the following is characteristic of the membranous labyrinth?

It contains a fluid called endolymph.

What is the function of the auditory tube?

It serves to equalize the pressure in the middle ear cavity with external, atmospheric pressure.

A normal patellar reflex indicates that spinal nerves and spinal segments ________ are undamaged.

L2-L4

Each sympathetic chain typically has how many cervical sympathetic ganglia?

3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? (1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane (3) arrival of nerve impulse at an axon terminal in the presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors

3, 1, 5, 2, 4

The neuromuscular synapse is a chemical synapse that releases the neurotransmitter ________.

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic preganglionic axons at their synapses with ganglionic neurons?

acetylcholine

Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is ________

acetylcholine.

Motor patterns that are learned, like walking, are called ________ reflexes.

acquired

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ______

act as phagocytes

The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine function as hormones, and are secreted by which structure?

adrenal medulla

Activation of a sensory neuron results in the conduction of action potentials into the spinal cord along a(n) ________.

afferent fiber

The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the ________.

axon

The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the ________.

axon hillock

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ____

axons of motor neurons

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ________.

axons of motor neurons

Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called __

axoplasmic transport

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon ______

the number of processes that project from the cell body

The ulnar nerve is found in the ________ plexus.

brachial

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the ______

brain and spinal cord

The cell body usually has several branching ________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment.

dendrites

The body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called (a) ________.

dermatome

Motor fibers travel in the ________ of the spinal cord.

descending tracts

Every spinal cord segment is associated with a pair of ________, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

dorsal root ganglia

Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? ependymal cells satellite cells microglia astrocytes oligodendrocytes

ependymal cells

The bloodstream does not contain the enzymes that break down which of the following sympathetic neurotransmitters?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following is defined as the tough, fibrous sheath that forms the outermost layer of a peripheral nerve?

epineurium

T or f: the photoreceptors of the eye and various receptors that monitor body position are examples of phasic receptors.

false

The ventral ramus of each spinal nerve receives motor information from a specific segment of the skin and muscles of the neck and back.

false

t or f: The lateral surface of the malleus attaches to the superior surface of the tympanic membrane at a single point.

false

The short head of the biceps femoris and the tibialis anterior muscles are innervated by the ________ nerve.

fibular

The subarachnoid space is ________.

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Caudally, the spinal dura mater blends with components of the ________ to form the coccygeal ligament.

filum terminale

The simplest receptors are the dendrites of sensory neurons, called ____

free nerve endings

The specialized neurons in the interior of the adrenal gland ______

function as modified sympathetic ganglia

Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________.

function rather than on anatomical grounds

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________.

ganglia

Axons, which cross from one side to the other in the spinal cord, pass through the ________.

gray commissure

The sensory receptors of the inner ear are called ________.

hair cells

If an axon ________, the impulse will be conducted ________.

has a larger diameter; more rapidly

Perilymph ________.

has properties that closely resemble those of cerebrospinal fluid

The gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into anterior, posterior, and lateral ________.

horns

Which autonomic plexus innervates the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs within the pelvic cavity?

hypogastric plexus

Sympathetic activation is controlled by sympathetic centers in which of the following structures?

hypothalamus

Spinal reflexes ________.

include both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes

The term for a reflex that is genetically determined is a(n) ________ reflex.

innate

The spinal nerves form through the fusion of dorsal and ventral nerve roots as they pass through a(n) ________.

intervertebral foramen

Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, ________.

it is rendered incapable of dividing

When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ________.

it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton

During sympathetic stimulation, mobilization of energy reserves occurs through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in ____

muscle and liver cells

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system?

near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS

Which of the following is gray matter?

neural cortex

Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon.

neurofibrils

The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the ________.

neurons

Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called ________.

nodes

The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse.

nonvesicular/electrical

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter at neuroeffector junctions?

norepinephrine

________ sensations are the only sensations that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus.

olfactory sensations

Which of the following is described as a gelatinous matrix that contains densely packed calcium carbonate crystals?

otolith

Conscious awareness of a sensation is called ________.

perception

When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon.

permeability

When sympathetic activation occurs, there is increased activity in the cardiovascular and respiratory centers of the ____

pons and medulla oblongata

Long, unmyelinated axons leaving the ANS ganglia are called ________ fibers.

postganglionic

Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________.

postganglionic fibers

Constriction of small arteries and reduction in the flow of blood to visceral organs are functions of ___

postganglionic fibers of the collateral ganglia

Oligodendrocytes ________.

provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons

The functional classifications of neurons include ________, which carry information toward the CNS.

sensory neurons- (afferent)- transmit from sensory receptors to CNS

Microglia are (the) ________

smallest neuroglial cell

Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria free and fixed ribosomes All of the answers are correct.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Receptors may be classified as ________.

somatic and visceral

Distally, the connective tissue of the ________ is continuous with the connective tissue sheath around each spinal nerve.

spinal dura mater

Which structure contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons that monitor the receptors in the cochlear duct?

spiral ganglion

To transmit a nerve impulse in chemical synapses, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ________ and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

synaptic cleft

Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________.

the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes

The ________ of the spinal nerves is/are the portion(s) that participate(s) in the formation of nerve plexuses.

ventral rami

Which structure is not considered to be part of the membranous labyrinth?

vestibule

Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ______

visceral motor fibers

Reflexes that control the actions of smooth muscles and glands are classified as ________ reflexes.

visceral or autonomic

The enteric nervous system has neurons located in (the) ________.

walls of digestive tract

Areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as __

white matter

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________.

ependymal cells

Which of the following is the correct order of the steps in the production of an auditory sensation? 1 - The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window. 2 - Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. 3 - Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. 4 - Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. 5 - Information concerning the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS. 6 - Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles.

4-6-3-1-2-5

Glial cells are roughly ________ times more prevalent than neurons.

5

Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output integrating and processing data regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities All of the answers are correct.

All are correct

Interneurons ________. are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs are located between sensory and motor neurons are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons All of the answers are correct.

All are correct

The middle layer of the meninges, which consists of simple squamous epithelium, is called (the) ___

Arachnoid mater

Bundles of fiber known as ________ extend from the inner surface of the arachnoid mater to the outer surface of the pia mater.

Arachnoid trabeculae

The median nerve ________.

Aries from both the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus

T or F: Oligodendrocytes are the largest and most numerous of the glial cells, having a variety of functions.

False

________ is the ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus.

Excitability

The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following?

Excitatory or inhibitory responses result.

In the sympathetic division of the ANS, the relationship between the preganglionic fibers and the ganglionic neurons displays ________.

Extensive divergence

T OR F: Paralysis of all four limbs is called paraplegia.

False

T or F: A somatic motor neuron also controls smooth and cardiac muscles.

False

T or F: Exteroceptors provide sensations of deep pressure and pain, as well as the sense of taste.

False

Regarding pathways for auditory sensations, ascending acoustic information travels to which structure?

Medial geniculate nucleas

The chemoreceptors of carotid bodies trigger reflexive adjustments in respiratory and cardiovascular activity via which cranial nerve?

N IX

12 nerves in order (Song)

O O O T T A F V G V A H

The blood vessels that supply the spinal cord are found in the ________.

Pia mater

The ________ arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.

Radial Nerve

During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron continues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the ________ wrap around it along its original path.

Schwann cells

The "rami communicantes" exist for spinal nerves ________

T1 to L2

From which spinal cord segments do the preganglionic fibers arise and form the lumbar splanchnic nerves?

T12 -L2

Which of the following is true regarding visceral reflexes? They control the actions of smooth muscles and glands. They are never classified as autonomic reflexes. They include superficial reflexes. They control skeletal muscle contractions. They include stretch reflexes.

They control the actions of smooth muscles and glands.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the two vestibular nuclei?

They integrate the sensory information concerning balance and equilibrium arriving from each side of the head.

T or F: A neuron, which has several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches is a multipolar neuron.

True

T or F: A small neuron in which there are no anatomical clues to distinguish dendrites from axons is called an anaxonic neuron.

True

T or F: Astrocytes function in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, which isolates the CNS from the general circulation.

True

T or F: Somatic sensory receptors receive information from the skin about touch, pain, and temperature.

True

T or F: The cervical enlargement supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs.

True

T or F: The spinal cord continues to enlarge and elongate until an individual is approximately four years old.

True

T or F: The ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord are lined by ependymal cells, which are cuboidal to columnar in form and have slender processes that branch extensively.

True

T or F: Visceral sensory receptors receive information from internal structures, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and respiratory and digestive organs.

True

All somatic neuromuscular synapses utilize ________.

acetylcholine

A neuronal pool is ________.

a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions

To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system?

along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not

The neurons in the cervical, inferior lumbar, and sacral sympathetic chain ganglia are innervated by preganglionic fibers extending ______

along the length of the chain

Which of the following sympathetic plasma membrane receptors are sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine?

alpha and beta

Hair cells ________.

are the sensory receptors of the inner ear

If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells?

astrocytes

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the _____

autonomic nervous system

The innermost layer of connective tissue fibers and isolated fibrocytes, which surrounds each axon is the ________.

endoneurium

The organ of Corti rests on which structure that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani?

basilar membrane

Olfactory receptor cells are ________ neurons.

bipolar

Displacement of eyelash hair triggers which of the following?

blinking

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? neuroneural synapse neuromuscular synapse neuroglandular synapse both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse neuroaxonic synapses

both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

Sympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via (the) ________.

cardiac plexus

In gross dissection, the filum terminale and the long ventral and dorsal roots are collectively referred to as the ____

cauda equina

The H-shaped mass in the center of the spinal cord is dominated by ________.

cell bodies of neurons and neuroglial cells

The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ______

central and peripheral

Splanchnic nerves from both sides of the body converge on the ______

collateral ganglia

Which ganglia innervate visceral effector organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?

collateral ganglia

The ciliary zonule of the lens is a ring of fibers that attaches the lens to which structure(s)?

colliery processes

In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ________.

communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells

The epithelium covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye is called the ________.

conjunctiva

The ________ is avascular, and there are no blood vessels between this structure and the overlying conjunctiva.

cornea

Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________.

effectors

The ________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands.

efferent

Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS.

electrical synapses

The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs.

endocrine

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? exteroceptors visceral sensory neurons bipolar neurons interoceptors proprioceptors

exteroceptors

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment? Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Proprioceptors Interoceptors Exteroceptors

exteroceptors

Gustatory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is carried to the gustatory cortex of the cerebrum via which cranial nerve?

facial nerve

Parallel processing occurs in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next.

false

T or F: A neuron in which the dendrite and axonal processes are continuous, and the cell body lies off to one side is called a bipolar neuron.

false

T or F: Collateral ganglia lie lateral to each side of the vertebral column.

false

T or f: the brachial plexus is composed of cutaneous and muscular branches of the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4.

false

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________.

its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted

Which structure fills the lacrimal groove of the lacrimal bone?

lacrimal sac

The nuclei in the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the visceral motor neurons are located in (the) ________.

lateral gray horns

Preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division of the ANS are located in the ________ of spinal segments T1-L2.

lateral horns

In the sympathetic division of the nervous system, where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

lateral horns of the spinal cord between T1 and L2

When an individual is shaking the head "no," the hair cells are stimulated in which of the following structures?

lateral semicircular duct

Major effects produced by postganglionic fibers of the collateral ganglia include stimulation of the release of glucose from glycogen reserves in the ________.

liver

The sympathetic division of the ANS has ________

long postganglionic axons. norepinephrine as a transmitter substance. preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord.

In gross dissection, the filum terminale and the long ventral and dorsal roots are collectively referred to as the ______

lumbosacral enlargement

Inferior to the ________, the spinal cord tapers to the conus medullaris.

lumbosacral enlargement

Myelin is (a) ________

made of phospholipids

An inhibitory response ________

makes an action potential less likely

The pia mater is the ________

meninx that forms denticulate ligaments

A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of ________.

microglia

Which of the following selections lists only types of neuroglial cells? astrocytes and parenchymal cells merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells apocrine and exocrine cells None of the answers are correct.

microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells

Each varicosity of axon terminal branches is packed with ________ and neurotransmitter vesicles.

mitochondria

Which of the following is a function of the vascular layer of the eye?

provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics supplying tissues of the eye

Functions of the peripheral nervous system include _____

providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems

The ________ nerve, which is formed by the ventral rami of S2-S4, innervates muscles of the perineum, including the urethral sphincter muscles.

pudendal

The gray and white rami from T1 to L2, which allow information exchange between the spinal nerves and the autonomic ganglia are collectively called the ________.

rami communicantes

Which of the following is NOT a major effect produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves?

reduction of the rate of urine formation at the kidneys

A person having a heart attack may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm. This pain is known as ________.

referred pain

From medial to lateral, brachial plexus structures are organized as which of the following?

roots—trunks—divisions—cords—nerves

Which of the following is described as a thin, membranous partition that separates the perilymph of the cochlear chambers from the air in the middle ear?

round window

Which of the following correctly describes thermoreceptors? There are structural differences between cold and warm thermoreceptors. Thermoreceptors are found in the epidermis of the skin, in smooth muscles, in the liver, and in the epithalamus. They are tonic receptors. Sensations detected by thermoreceptors are conducted along the spinothalamic tracts. Thermoreceptors are very active when the temperature is changing, but they slowly adapt to a stable temperature.

sensations detected by thermoreceptors are conducted along the spinothalamic tracts

A communicating junction acts to facilitate _____

the passage of ions between the cells.

The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon ________.

the presence or absence of a myelin sheath

All of the following are true of fiber tracts in the spinal cord except ________. all axons within a tract relay information in the same direction each tract carries sensory or motor information, but not both axons of a single tract are relatively uniform with respect to myelination the tracts are randomly located with respect to the type of information carried axons of a single tract are relatively uniform in diameter and conduction speed

the tracts are randomly located with respect to the type of information carried

Spinal nerves caudal to the first thoracic vertebra take their names from the vertebra immediately preceding them.

true

t or f: Olfactory receptor cells can undergo mitosis to replace aged cells.

true

t or f: The taste receptors respond most readily to unpleasant rather than to pleasant stimuli.

true

t or f: When a sound vibrates the eardrum, the movements are conducted to the perilymph of the inner ear by the movements of the stapes.

true

Which structure is a thin, semitransparent connective tissue sheet that separates the external ear from the middle ear?

tympanic membrane

If you bump the "funny bone" which nerve function is interrupted?

ulnar

Which taste sensation is produced by receptors sensitive to the presence of the amino acid glutamate?

umami

Postganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system are ______

unmyelinated

Which of the following is/are bony labyrinth feature(s) that provide(s) sensations of gravity and linear acceleration?

utricle and saccule