Nervous Sys

_________ deafness results from conditions in the middle ear that block the normal transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Conduction

Swellings in the semicircular canals are called _____________.

ampullae

The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the

ampulles

The space between the iris and the cornea is the

anterior chamber

Diffusion across which structure returns excess CSF to venous circulation?

arachnoid granulations

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are

association areas

The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

astrocytes

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

astrocytes

A blind spot in the retina occurs

at the optic disc

A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the

auditory tube

The ______ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.

autonomic

Which structure functions in the subconscious control of muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns?

basal nuclei

The structure that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani is the

basilar membrane

________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells

bipolar

Which of the following is first struck by photons?

bipolar cell

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

The automatic processing center responsible for programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels is the

cerebellum

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the

cerebellum

The midbrain has a slender CSF-filled canal known as the

cerebral aqueduct

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the

cerebrum

The lens focuses the visual image on the photoreceptors by

changing shape

The hearing receptors are located in the

cochlear duct

Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually

connected to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and adipocytes

The fibrous layer of the eye

consists of sclera and cornea

The transparent anterior portion of the eye is called the

cornea

The transparent portion of the fibrous layer of the eye is the

cornea

The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the

corpus callosum

Which pathway begins at the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex?

corticospinal

Which statement regarding sensory reception is correct? a) The larger the receptive field, the better is one's ability to localize a stimulus b) The CNS can tell the difference between a "true" sensation and a "false" one c) Output from higher centers can dampen receptor sensitivity d) The CNS interprets the nature of sensory information entirely on the basis of the area of the brain stimulated e) In general, the stronger the stimulus, the lower the frequency of action potentials

d) The CNS interprets the nature of sensory information entirely on the basis of the area of the brain stimulated

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates? a) epidural space b) dural sinus c) arachnoid villi d) subarachnoid space e) pia mater

d) subarachnoid space

The intensity of vibrations is measured in

decibels

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called

dendrites

The area interior to the central sulcus is the

frontal lobe

Axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other are found in the_______

gray commissures

The vitreous body

helps to stabilize the eye shape

A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close.

hyperopia

Which structure secretes an antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin?

hypothalamus

The abducens nerve innervates which extrinsic eye muscle?

lateral rectus

Treatment of a cataract usually involves removal of the

lens

The ______ establishes emotional states.

limbic system

The visual cortex of the cerebrum is located in the ______.

occipital lobe

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons is in the CNS are formed by

oligodendrocytes

The conscious awareness of a sensation is called

perception

The movement of the shapes at the oval window establishes waves in the

perilymph of the scala vestibuli

The _______ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain.

pia mater

Which structure secretes melatonin?

pineal gland

The daily day/night cycle known as a circadian rhythm involves the

pineal glands

The space between the suspensory ligaments and the iris is the

posterior chamber

The primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the _________.

precentral gyrus

Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions?

prefrontal cortex

An autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS is called a

preganglionic neuron

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the

primary sensory cortex

The ciliary muscle helps to

pull the lens into a more rounded shape

There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to a different color wavelength of light. These cones are designated

red, blue, and green

Which is the most common form of color blindness?

red-green

The frequency of a sound is indicated to the nervous system by the

region of the basilar membrane of the spiral organ that is stimulated

Which of the following is part of the inner layer of the wall of the eye?

retina

Visual pigments are derivatives of

rhodopsin

The photoreceptors of the retina are called

rods and cones

When viewing an object in close distance, the lens should be more

rounded

The fading of a dominant odor some time after one enters a room is an example of experiencing

sensory adaptation

Which of the following occurs from spinal segments T1 to L2?

sympathetic preganglionic fibers join the ventral root of each spinal nerve

Gustation refers to the special sense of

taste

Which of the following arrives at the primary sensory cortex?

taste sensations

The structure that overlies the spiral organ, and which is firmly attached to the walls of the cochlear duct, is the

tectorial membrane

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the

temporal lobe

In the middle ear, which muscle pulls on the malleolus?

tensor tympani

Most neurons in the brain are

multipolar

Nearsightedness is more properly called

myopia

Adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitter _________.

norepinephrine

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

Sound energy is converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane

The ossicles connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window

Which structure of the eye contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

vascular layer

The branch of the cranial nerve that is responsible for monitoring changes in equilibrium is the ________ branch.

vestibular

In a young child, the tympanic membrane vibrates to the frequencies between

20-20,000 Hz

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse? 1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine 2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane 4. Axon terminal depolarizes

4, 1, 3, 2

The vestibular nuclei send reflexive motor commands to which cranial nerve motor nuclei, those that are involved with eye, head, and neck movements?

III, IV, VI, XI

Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes in neurons are known as

Nissl bodies

Night blindness can be treated by administering

Vitamin A

Loss of lens transparency is referred to as

a cataract

Changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant is a process called

accommodation

The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region?

diencephalon

Which statement is correct? a) For distant vision, the ciliary muscle is relaxed and the lens is rounded. b) For close vision, the ciliary muscle is relaxed and the lens is flattened. c) For distant vision, the ciliary muscle is contracted and the lens is flattened. d) The closer the light source, the shorter the focal distance. e) For close vision, the ciliary muscle is contracted and the lens is rounded

e) For close vision, the ciliary muscle is contracted and the lens is rounded

The anterior cavity is

filled with aqueous humor

The ______ ventricles is associated with the pons and upper portion of the medulla oblongata

fourth

The highest concentration of cones is in the _______

fovea centralis

The portion of the eye that contains blood vessels, pigment cells, loose connective tissue, and intrinsic muscle fibers is the

iris

Stimulation of the reticular formation results in

increased attention

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include

increased secretion by digestive glands

Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles is responsible for enabling the eye to roll, look up, and look laterally?

inferior oblique

Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles is responsible for the eye looking down?

inferior rectus

The sense of hearing is provided by receptors of the

internal ear

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure

If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?

loss of the ability to speak

The processing of olfactory sensations and reflex movements associated with eating occurs in the

mammillary bodies

Major centers concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the

medulla oblongata

Which of the following is filled with air? a) middle ear cavity b) cochlea c) vestibule d) semicircular canal e) membranous labryinth

middle ear cavity

Which of the following delivers poorly localized sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature to the primary sensory cortex?

spinothalamic pathway

Movement of the sensory receptors in the ampullae of the semicircular canals

stimulates the receptor cells, alerting us to rotational movement

Visual information received by which structure controls constriction of the pupil and eye movement reflexes?

superior colliculi

Which structure(s) control(s) the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli?

superior colliculi

The shape of the lens is controlled by the

suspensory ligaments

Autonomic neurons that control effectors in the body wall and inside the thoracic cavity are found in

sympathetic chain ganglia

The division of the autonomic nervous system that usually stimulates tissue metabolism is the

sympathetic division

Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)?

sympathetic postganglionic

The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medulla resemble those produced by stimulation of

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

In the visual pathway, each cerebral hemisphere receives visual information from

the lateral half of the retina on the same side, and from the medial half of the retina on the opposite side

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because

these spaces compress and distort the relatively soft tissue of the brain

Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called

tracts